References
- Arao, Danilo A. 2021. “Press Freedom is no Joke in the Philippines,” November 7, 2021. https://www.eastasiaforum.org/2021/11/07/press-freedom-is-no-joke-in-the-philippines/.
- Bennett, W. Lance, Regina G. Lawrence, and Steven Livingston. 2007. When the Press Fails: Political Power and the News Media from Iraq to Katrina. Chicago, IL: University of Chicago Press.
- Block, Elena, and Ralph Negrine. 2017. “The Populist Communication Style: Toward a Critical Framework.” International Journal of Communication 11: 178–197.
- Brubaker, Rogers. 2017. “Why Populism?” Theory and Society 46 (5): 357–385. https://doi.org/10.1007/s11186-017-9301-7.
- Bulletin. 2018a. “Palace: No Surprise If Some Church Members Work to Oust Duterte,” July 2, 2018. https://mb.com.ph/2018/07/02/palace-no-surprise-if-some-church-members-work-to-oust-duterte/.
- Bulletin. 2018b. “Catholic Church a ‘Hypocritical Institution’ – Duterte,” August 15, 2018. https://mb.com.ph/2018/08/15/catholic-church-a-hypocritical-institution-duterte/.
- Bulletin. 2019. “Catholic Church to Survive a Hundred Dutertes – Bishops,” February 27, 2019. https://mb.com.ph/2019/02/27/catholic-church-to-survive-a-hundred-dutertes-bishops/.
- Center for Media Freedom and Responsibility. 2007. “Philippine Press Freedom Report 2007.” http://www.cmfr-phil.org/wp-content/uploads/2009/03/philippine-press-freedom-report-2007.pdf.
- Committee to Protect Journalists. 2022. “Killing with Impunity: Vast Majority of Journalists’ Murderers Go Free,” November 1, 2022. https://cpj.org/reports/2022/11/killing-with-impunity-vast-majority-of-journalists-murderers-go-free/.
- Coronel, Sheila S. 2001. “The Media, the Market and Democracy: The Case of the Philippines.” Javnost – The Public 8 (2): 109–126. https://doi.org/10.1080/13183222.2001.11008774.
- Esser, Frank, Agnieszka Stępińska, and David Nicolas Hopmann. 2017. “Populism and the Media: Cross-National Findings and Perspectives.” In Populist Political Communication in Europe, edited by Toril Aalberg, Frank Esser, Carsten Reinemann, Jesper Strömbäck, and Claes H. de Vreese, 365–380. New York, NY: Routledge.
- Fürsich, Elfriede. 2009. “In Defense of Textual Analysis: Restoring a Challenged Method for Journalism and Media Studies.” Journalism Studies 10 (2): 238–252. https://doi.org/10.1080/14616700802374050.
- Gitlin, Todd. 2003. The Whole World Is Watching: Mass Media in the Making and Unmaking of the New Left. Berkeley, CA: University of California Press.
- Inquirer. 2016a. “Duterte Defies Catholic Church’s Belief on Family Planning,” May 22, 2016. https://newsinfo.inquirer.net/786977/duterte-defies-catholic-churchs-belief-on-family-planning.
- Inquirer. 2016b. “Duterte Slams Church as Hypocritical Institution,” May 23, 2016. https://newsinfo.inquirer.net/787033/duterte-slams-church-as-hypocritical-institution.
- Inquirer. 2019. “Duterte is Sole Threat to Catholic Church, Says De Lima,” February 27, 2019. https://newsinfo.inquirer.net/1090388/duterte-is-sole-threat-to-catholic-church-saysde- lima.
- International Federation of Journalists. 2018. “Underneath the Autocrats: South East Asia Media Freedom Report 2018.” https://www.ifj.org/fileadmin/user_upload/Underneath_the_Autocrats_-_IFJ_SEAJU_2018_-_SP_HR.pdf.
- Krämer, Benjamin. 2014. “Media Populism: A Conceptual Clarification and Some Theses on Its Effects.” Communication Theory 24: 42–60. https://doi.org/10.1111/comt.12029.
- Lanuza, Gerry M. 2020. “The Theological Squabble of Duterte Against the Catholic Church: Discourse Analysis of Duterte’s God-Talk Based on the Verses Found in Online News.” Plaridel 17 (1): 35–73. https://doi.org/10.52518/2020.17.1-02lanuza.
- Larson, Sarah. 2015. “‘Spotlight’ and Its Revelations.” The New Yorker, December 8, 2015. https://www.newyorker.com/culture/sarah-larson/spotlight-and-its-revelations.
- Lent, John A. 1966. “The Press of the Philippines: Its History and Problems.” Journalism & Mass Communication Quarterly 43 (4): 739–752. https://doi.org/10.1177/107769906604300416.
- McCarthy, Tom. 2015. Spotlight. Universal City, CA: Open Road; Anonymous Content; Rocklin/Faust.
- McKee, Alan. 2003. Textual Analysis: A Beginner’s Guide. London: Sage.
- Mudde, Cas, and Cristóbal Rovira Kaltwasser. 2017. Populism: A Very Short Introduction. New York, NY: Oxford University Press.
- Mungiu-Pippidi, Alina. 2013. “Freedom Without Impartiality. The Vicious Circle of Media Capture.” In Media Transformations in the Post-Communist World: Eastern Europe’s Tortured Path to Change, edited by Peter Gross, and Karol Jakubowicz, 33–46. Lanham, MD: Lexington Books.
- Nielsen, Rasmus Kleis. 2017. “Media Capture in the Digital Age.” In The Service of Power: Media Capture and the Threat to Democracy, edited by Anya Schiffrin, 33–41. Washington, DC: National Endowment for Democracy.
- Pickard, Victor. 2019. “The Violence of the Market.” Journalism 20 (1): 154–158. https://doi.org/10.1177/1464884918808955.
- Ragragio, Jefferson Lyndon D. 2022. “Framing Media Populism: The Political Role of News Media Editorials in Duterte’s Philippines.” Journalism 23 (6): 1301–1318. https://doi.org/10.1177/1464884920959505.
- Ragragio, Jefferson Lyndon D. 2023. “Media Populism and the Metanarrative of God in the Philippines.” Communication, Culture and Critique 16 (1): 49–56. https://doi.org/10.1093/ccc/tcad001.
- Rappler. 2017. “FilAm, Church Groups Ask Duterte to Condemn EJKs, Probe Killings,” December 30, 2017. https://www.rappler.com/nation/filipino-american-group-letter-duterte-drug-war.
- Rappler. 2019a. “Sotto Seeks to Mediate Between Duterte, Catholic Church,” January 14, 2019. https://www.rappler.com/nation/sotto-seeks-mediate-between-duterte-catholic-church.
- Rappler. 2019b. “More Priests Bare Death Threats Under Duterte’s Watch,” March 11, 2019. https://www.rappler.com/nation/more-priests-bare-death-threats-under-duterte-administration.
- Rappler. 2020a. “Internat’l Church Groups: Killings in PH Fueled by Duterte’s ‘Unabashed Incitement to Violence,’” September 17, 2020. https://www.rappler.com/nation/international-church-groups-slam-killings-philippines-duterte-violence.
- Rappler. 2020b. “Church Groups Remind Filipinos: ‘Despotic’ Duterte Is Failing the Country,” September 21, 2020. https://www.rappler.com/nation/church-groups-statements-martial-law-anniversary-2020.
- Reporters Without Borders. 2017. “Print,” January 4, 2017. https://philippines.mom-rsf.org/en/media/print/.
- Schiffrin, Anya. 2018. “Introduction to Special Issue on Media Capture.” Journalism 19 (8): 1033–1042. https://doi.org/10.1177/1464884917725167.
- Similarweb. 2023. “Top Websites Ranking: Most Visited News & Media Publishers Websites in Philippines,” July 1, 2023. https://www.similarweb.com/top-websites/philippines/news-and-media/.
- Star. 2018. “Sereno: Duterte Violated Constitution in ‘Stupid God’ Remark,” June 29, 2018. https://www.philstar.com/headlines/2018/06/29/1828903/sereno-duterte-violated-constitution-stupid-god-remark.
- Star. 2019. “Palace Tells Bishops: Take What You Unleash,” January 13, 2019. https://www.philstar.com/headlines/2019/01/13/1884668/palace-tells-bishops-take-what-you-unleash.
- Star. 2021. “‘Church Can’t Remain on Sidelines’: Radyo Veritas Launches 2022 Election Initiative,” September 2, 2021. https://www.philstar.com/headlines/2021/09/02/2124403/church-cant-remain-sidelines-radyo-veritas-launches-2022-election-initiative.
- Tandoc, Edson C. 2017. “Watching Over the Watchdogs: The Problems That Filipino Journalists Face.” Journalism Studies 18 (1): 102–117. https://doi.org/10.1080/1461670X.2016.1218298.
- Tapsell, Ross. 2021. “Divide and Rule: Populist Crackdowns and Media Elites in the Philippines.” Journalism 23 (10): 1–16. https://doi.org/10.1177/1464884921989466.
- Teodoro, Luis V. 2014. “Notes on the Dominant Press (Updated),” July 22, 2014. https://cmfr-phil.org/inmediasres/luis-teodoro/notes-on-the-dominant-press-2/.
- Vreese, Claes H., Frank Esser, Toril Aalberg, Carsten Reinemann, and James Stanyer. 2018. “Populism as an Expression of Political Communication Content and Style: A New Perspective.” The International Journal of Press/Politics 23 (4): 423–438. https://doi.org/10.1177/1940161218790035.
- Waisbord, Silvio. 2012. “Democracy, Journalism, and Latin American Populism.” Journalism 14 (4): 504–521. https://doi.org/10.1177/1464884912464178.
- Wettstein, Martin, Frank Esser, Anne Schulz, Dominique S. Wirz, and Werner Wirth. 2018. “News Media as Gatekeepers, Critics, and Initiators of Populist Communication: How Journalists in Ten Countries Deal with the Populist Challenge.” The International Journal of Press/Politics 23 (4): 476–495. https://doi.org/10.1177/1940161218785979