Validity of the TAS-45 as a measure of toddler–parent attachment: preliminary evidence from Early Head Start families

References

• Advisory Committee on Services for Families with Infants and Toddlers . 1994 . Statement of the Advisory Committee on Services for Families with Infants and Toddlers , Washington, DC : Department of Health and Human Services, Administration for Children and Families .
   Google Scholar
• Ainsworth , M. S. , Blehar , M. C. , Waters , E. and Wall , S. 1978 . Patterns of attachment: A psychological study of the strange situation , Hillsdale, NJ : Lawrence Erlbaum Associates, Inc .
   Google Scholar
• Andreassen , C. , Fletcher , P. and Park , J. 2006 . “ Toddlers Security of Attachment Status ” . In Early Childhood Longitudinal Study, Birth Cohort (ECLS-B) Psychometric report for the 2-year data collection (NCES 2006-045) , 8 Washington, DC : US Department of Education, National Center for Education Statistics .
   Google Scholar
• Andreassen , C. and West , J. 2007 . Measuring socioemotional functioning in a national birth cohort study . Infant Mental Health Journal , 28 : 627 – 646 .
   Google Scholar
• Bakermans-Kranenburg , M. J. , van IJzendoorn , M. H. and Juffer , F. 2003 . Less is more: Meta-analyses of sensitivity and attachment interventions in early childhood . Psychological Bulletin , 129 : 195 – 215 .
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Bates , J. , Maslin , C. and Frankel , K. 1985 . “ Attachment security, mother–child interaction, and temperament as predictors of behavior-problem ratings at age 3 years ” . In Growing points of attachment theory and research. Monographs of the Society for Research in Child Development, 50 (1–2, Serial No. 209) Edited by: Bretherton , I. and Waters , E. 167 – 193 .
   Google Scholar
• Belsky , J. and Rovine , M. 1987 . Temperament and attachment security in the Strange Situation: An empirical rapprochement . Child Development , 58 : 787 – 795 .
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Bimler , D. and Kirkland , J. 2002 . Unifying versions and criterion sorts of the Attachment Q-Set with a spatial model . Canadian Journal of Infant Studies , 9 : 2 – 18 .
   Google Scholar
• Bimler , D. and Kirkland , J. 2004 . The ABC(D) of the TAS-45 (Toddler Attachment Set – 45): A lay figure's guide to analysis and interpretation of TAS-45 data (version 2.2) Unpublished manuscript, Massey University, New Zealand
   Google Scholar
• Bimler , D. , Kirkland , J. , Yuhara , N. , Kurosaki , M. and Coxhead , E. 2005 . “Trilemmas”: Characterizing the Japanese concept of “amae” with a three-way forced-ranking technique . Quality & Quantity , 39 : 779 – 800 .
   Google Scholar
• Blair , C. 2002 . School readiness: Integrating cognition and emotion in a neurobiological conceptualization of children's functioning at school entry . American Psychologist , 57 : 111 – 127 .
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Block , J. 1961 . The Q-sort method in personality assessment and psychological research , Palo Alto, CA : Consulting Psychologists Press .
   Google Scholar
• Braungart-Rieker , J. M. , Garwood , M. M. , Powers , B. P. and Wang , X. 2001 . Parental sensitivity, infant affect, and affect regulation: Predictors of later attachment . Child Development , 72 : 252 – 270 .
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Briggs-Gowan , M. J. and Carter , A. S. 2001 . The Brief Infant-Toddler Social and Emotional Assessment (BITSEA) Manual. Version 1.0 , New Haven, CT : Yale University .
   Google Scholar
• Capps , L. , Sigman , M. and Mundy , P. 1994 . Attachment security in children with autism . Development and Psychopathology , 6 : 249 – 261 .
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Carlson , E. A. and Sroufe , L. A. 1995 . “ Contribution of attachment theory to developmental psychopathology ” . In Developmental psychopathology, Vol. 1: Theory and methods. Wiley series on personality processes , Edited by: Cicchetti , D. and Cohen , D. J. 581 – 617 . New York : Wiley .
   Google Scholar
• Carter , A. S. and Briggs-Gowan , M. J. 2000 . The Infant-Toddler Social and Emotional Assessment (ITSEA) Unpublished manual, University of Massachusetts
   Google Scholar
• Cassidy , J. 1994 . Emotion regulation: Influences of attachment relationships . Monograph of the Society for Research in Child Development , 59 ( 2–3 ) : 228 – 249 .
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Condon , M. C. and Spieker , S. J. 2008 . It's more than a measure: Reflections on a University-Early Head Start Partnership . Infants & Young Children , 21 ( 1 ) : 70 – 81 .
   Google Scholar
• Cooper , G. , Hoffman , K. , Powell , B. and Marvin , R. 2005 . “ The Circle of Security intervention: Differential diagnosis and differential treatment ” . In Enhancing early attachments: Theory, research, intervention and policy , Edited by: Berlin , L. J. , Ziv , Y. , Amaya-Jackson , L. and Greenberg , M. T. 127 – 151 . New York : Guilford Press .
   Google Scholar
• Crittenden , P. M. 1992 . Children's strategies for coping with adverse home environments: An interpretation using attachment theory . Child Abuse and Neglect , 16 : 329 – 343 .
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Crittenden , P. M. 2008 . Raising parents: Attachment, parenting, and child safety , Portland, OR : Willan Publishing .
   Google Scholar
• DeKlyen , M. and Greenberg , M. T. 2008 . “ Attachment and psychopathology in childhood ” . In Handbook of attachment: Theory, research, and clinical applications , 2nd ed , Edited by: Cassidy , J. and Shaver , P. R. 637 – 697 . New York : Guilford Press .
   Google Scholar
• De Wolff , M. S. and van IJzendoorn , M. H. 1997 . Sensitivity and attachment: A meta-analysis on parental antecedents of infant attachment . Child Development , 68 : 571 – 591 .
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Egeland , B. , Pianta , R. and O'Brien , M. A. 1993 . Maternal intrusiveness in infancy and child maladaptation in early school years . Development and Psychopathology , 5 : 359 – 370 .
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Erickson , M. , Sroufe , L. and Egeland , B. 1985 . “ The relationship between quality of attachment and behavior problems in preschool in a high-risk sample ” . In Growing points of attachment theory and research. Monographs of the Society for Research in Child Development, 50 (1–2, Serial No. 209) Edited by: Bretherton , I. and Waters , E. 147 – 166 .
   Google Scholar
• Fagot , B. I. and Kavanagh , K. 1990 . The prediction of antisocial behavior from avoidant attachment classification . Child Development , 61 : 864 – 873 .
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Fenichel , E. 2000 . “ Infant mental health and social policy ” . In WAIMH handbook of infant mental health. Infant Mental Health in groups at high risk , Edited by: Osofsky , J. D. and Fitzgerald , H. E. Vol. 4 , 485 – 520 . New York : Wiley .
   Google Scholar
• Greenspan , S. 1999 . Building healthy minds , Cambridge, MA : Perseus Publishing .
   Google Scholar
• Juffer F. Bakermans-Kranenburg M. J. van IJzendoorn M. H. Promoting positive parenting: An attachment-based intervention Lawrence Erlbaum Associates New York 2008
   Google Scholar
• Keller , T. E. , Spieker , S. J. and Gilchrist , L. 2005 . Patterns of risk and trajectories of preschool problem behaviors: A person-oriented analysis of attachment in context . Development & Psychopathology , 17 : 349 – 384 .
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Kirkland , J. , Bimler , D. , Drawneek , A. , McKim , M. and Schölmerich , A. 2004 . An alternative approach for the analyses and interpretation of attachment sort items . Early Child Development and Care , 174 : 701 – 719 .
   Google Scholar
• Klein , P. S. 1996 . Early intervention: Cross-cultural experiences with a meditational approach , New York : Garland Publishing, Inc .
   Google Scholar
• Main , M. and Solomon , J. 1990 . “ Procedures for identifying infants as disorganized/disoriented during the Ainsworth Strange Situation ” . In Attachment in the preschool years: Theory, research, and intervention , Edited by: Greenberg , M. T. 121 – 160 . Chicago, IL : University of Chicago Press .
   Google Scholar
• Mangold , P. 2007 . INTERACT Software (Version 8.1) , Arnstorf, , Germany : Mangold International GmbH .
   Google Scholar
• Mann , T. L. 1997 . Promoting the mental health of infants and toddlers in Early Head Start: Responsibilities and partnerships . Zero to Three , 18 ( 2 ) : 37 – 40 .
   Google Scholar
• Munson , J. A. , McMahon , R. J. and Spieker , S. J. 2001 . Structure and variability in the developmental trajectory of children's externalizing problems: Impact of infant attachment, maternal depressive symptomatology, and child sex . Development and Psychopathology , 13 : 277 – 296 .
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Pipp-Siegel , S. , Siegel , C. H. and Dean , J. 1999 . Atypical attachment in infancy and early childhood among children at developmental risk. II. Neurological aspects of the disorganized/disoriented attachment classification system: Differentiating quality of the attachment relationship from neurological impairment . Monographs of the Society for Research in Child Development , 64 ( 3 ) : 25 – 44 . discussion 213–220
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Posada , G. , Kaloustian , G. , Richmond , M. K. and Moreno , A. 2007 . Maternal secure base Support and preschoolers' secure base behavior in natural environments . Attachment & Human Development , 9 : 393 – 411 .
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Roisman , G. I. and Fraley , R. C. 2008 . A behavior-genetic study of parenting quality, infant attachment security, and their covariation in a nationally representative sample . Developmental Psychology , 44 : 831 – 839 .
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Shaw , D. S. and Vondra , J. I. 1995 . Infant attachment security and maternal predictors of early behavior problems: A longitudinal study of low-income families . Journal of Abnormal Child Psychology , 23 : 335 – 357 .
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Siegel , D. J. 2001 . Toward an interpersonal neurobiology of the developing mind: Attachment relationships, “mindsight,” and neural integration . Infant Mental Health Journal , 22 : 67 – 94 .
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Slade , A. , Sadler , L. S. and Mayes , L. C. 2005 . “ Minding the baby: The promotion of attachment security and reflective functioning in a nursing/mental health home visiting program ” . In Enhancing early attachments: Theory, research intervention, and policy , Edited by: Berlin , L. J. , Ziv , Y. , Amaya-Jackson , L. and Greenberg , M. T. 152 – 177 . New York : Guilford Press .
   Google Scholar
• Solomon , J. and George , C. 2008 . “ The measurement of attachment security and related constructs in infancy and early childhood ” . In Handbook of attachment: Theory, research, and clinical applications , 2nd ed , Edited by: Cassidy , J. and Shaver , P. R. 383 – 416 . New York : Guilford Press .
   Google Scholar
• Spieker , S. J. and Crittenden , P. M. in press . Comparing two classification methods applied to preschool Strange Situations . Clinical Child Psychology and Psychiatry , 15 : 97 – 120 .
   Google Scholar
• Spieker , S. J. , Nelson , D. C. , Petras , A. , Jolley , S. N. and Barnard , K. E. 2003 . Joint influence of child care and infant attachment security for cognitive and language outcomes of low-income toddlers . Infant Behavior & Development , 26 : 326 – 344 .
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Thompson , R. A. 2008 . Measure twice, cut once: Attachment theory and the NICHD Study of Early Child Care and Youth Development . Attachment & Human Development , 10 : 287 – 297 .
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Thompson , R. A. and Raikes , H. A. 2003 . Toward the next quarter-century: Conceptual and methodological challenges for attachment theory . Development and Psychopathology , 15 : 691 – 718 .
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Van Bakel , H. J.A. and Riksen-Walraven , J. M. 2004 . AQS security scores: What do they represent? A study in construct validation . Infant Mental Health Journal , 25 : 175 – 193 .
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• van IJzendoorn , M. , Dijkstra , J. and Bus , A. 1995 . Attachment, intelligence, and language: A meta-analysis . Social Development , 4 : 115 – 128 .
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• van IJzendoorn , M. H. , Schuengel , C. and Bakermans-Kranenburg , M. J. 1999 . Disorganized attachment in early childhood: Meta-analysis of precursors, concomitants, and sequelae . Development and Psychopathology , 11 : 225 – 249 .
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• van IJzendoorn , M. H. , Vereijken , C. M. , Bakermans-Kranenburg , M. J. and Riksen-Walraven , J. M. 2004 . Assessing attachment security with the Attachment Q Sort: meta-analytic evidence for the validity of the observer AQS . Child Development , 75 : 1188 – 1213 .
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Velderman , M. K. , Bakermans-Kranenburg , M. J. , Juffer , F. and van IJzendoorn , M. H. 2006 . Effects of attachment-based interventions on maternal sensitivity and infant attachment: differential susceptibility of highly reactive infants . Journal of Family Psychology , 20 : 266 – 274 .
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Waters , E. 1987 . Attachment Behavior Q-Set (Revision 3.0) , Stony Brook, NY : State University of New York at Stony Brook, Department of Psychology .
   Google Scholar
• Waters , E. and Deane , K. 1985 . “ Defining and assessing individual differences in attachment relationships: Q-methodology and the organization of behavior in infancy and early childhood ” . In Growing points of attachment theory and research. Monographs of the Society for Research in Child Development, 50 (1–2, Serial No. 209) Edited by: Bretherton , I. and Waters , E. 41 – 65 .
   Google Scholar
• Wetherby , A. M. and Prizant , B. 2002 . CSBS DP Manual: Communication and Symbolic Behavior Scales Development Profile , Baltimore : Paul H. Brookes Publishing Co., Inc .
   Google Scholar
• Zimmerman , I. L. , Steiner , V. G. and Pond , R. E. 2002 . Preschool Language Scale, Fourth Edition (PLS-4) English Edition , San Antonio, Texas : Harcourt Assessment, Inc .
   Google Scholar