Parent–child attachment and executive functioning in relation to ADHD symptoms in middle childhood

References

• American Psychiatric Association . 1994 . Diagnostic and statistical manual of mental disorders , (4th ed.) , Washington , DC : Author .
   Google Scholar
• Barkley , R.A. 1997 . ADHD and the nature of self-control , New York , NY : Guilford Press .
   Google Scholar
• Barkley , R.A. 1998 . Attention-deficit/hyperactivity disorder: A handbook for diagnosis and treatment , (3rd ed.) , New York , NY : Guilford Press .
   Google Scholar
• Baron , R.M. and Kenny , D.A. 1986 . The moderator-mediator variable distinction in social psychological research: Conceptual, strategic, and statistical considerations . Journal of Personality and Social Psychology , 51 : 1173 – 1182 .
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Belsky , J. , Fearon , R.M.P. and Bell , B. 2007 . Parenting, attention and externalizing problems: Testing mediation longitudinally, repeatedly and reciprocally . Journal of Child Psychology and Psychiatry , 48 : 1233 – 1242 .
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Berlin , L. and Bohlin , G. 2002 . Response inhibition, hyperactivity, and conduct problems among preschool children . Journal of Clinical Child and Adolescent Psychology , 31 : 242 – 251 .
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Berlin , L. , Rydell , A.-M. and Bohlin , G. 2003 . Relations between response inhibition, executive functioning, and ADHD-symptoms: A longitudinal study from age 5 to 8½ . Child Neuropsychology , 9 : 255 – 266 .
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Biederman , J. , Monuteaux , M.C. , Doyle , A.E. , Seidman , L.J. Wilens , T.E. 2004 . Impact of executive function deficits and attention-deficit/hyperactivity disorder (ADHD) on academic outcomes in children . Journal of Consulting and Clinical Psychology , 72 : 757 – 766 .
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Bretherton , I. , Ridgeway , D. and Cassidy , J. 1990 . “ Assessing internal working models of the attachment relationships. An attachment story completion task for 3-year-olds ” . In Attachment in the preschool years: Theory, research, and intervention , Edited by: Greenberg , M. , Cicchetti , D. and Cummings , M. 273 – 308 . Chicago , IL : University of Chicago Press .
   Google Scholar
• Clarke , L. , Ungerer , J. , Chahoud , K. , Johnson , S. and Steifel , I. 2002 . Attention deficit hyperactivity disorder is associated with attachment insecurity . Clinical Child Psychology and Psychiatry , 7 : 179 – 198 .
   Google Scholar
• Cohen , J. 1992 . A power primer . Psychological Bulletin , 112 : 155 – 159 .
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• DeKlyen , M. and Greenberg , M.T. 2008 . “ Attachment and psychopathology in childhood ” . In Handbook of attachment: Theory, research and clinical applications , (2nd ed.) , Edited by: Cassidy , J. and Shaver , P.R. New York , NY : Guildford Press .
   Google Scholar
• DuPaul , G.J. , Power , T.J. , Anastopoulos , A.D. and Reid , R. 1998 . ADHD rating scale-IV. Checklists, norms, and clinical interpretation , New York , NY : Guilford Press .
   Google Scholar
• DeVito , C. and Hopkins , J. 2001 . Attachment, parenting, and marital dissatisfaction as predictors of disruptive behaviour in preschoolers . Development and Psychopathology , 13 : 215 – 231 .
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• George , C. and Solomon , J. 2000 . Six-Year Attachment Doll Play Classification System , Oakland , CA : Unpublished classification manual, Mills College .
   Google Scholar
• Gerstadt , C.L. , Hong , Y.J. and Diamond , A. 1994 . The relationship between cognition and action: Performance of children 31/2–7 years old on a Stroop-like day-night test . Cognition , 53 : 129 – 153 .
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Gloger-Tippelt , G. , Gomille , B. , Koenig , L. and Vetter , J. 2002 . Attachment representations in 6-year-olds: Related longitudinally to the quality of attachment in infancy and mothers' attachment representations . Attachment & Human Development , 4 : 318 – 339 .
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Goldwyn , R. , Stanley , C. , Smith , V. and Green , J. 2000 . The Manchester Child Attachment Story Task: Relationship with parental AAI, SAT and child behavior . Attachment & Human Development , 2 : 71 – 84 .
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Green , J. , Stanley , C. and Peters , S. 2007 . Disorganized attachment representation and atypical parenting in young school age children with externalizing disorder . Attachment & Human Development , 9 : 207 – 222 .
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Green , J.M. and Goldwyn , R. 2002 . Annotation: Attachment disorganization and psychopathology: New findings in attachment research and their potential implications for developmental psychopathology in childhood . Journal of Child Psychology and Psychiatry , 43 : 835 – 846 .
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Green , J.M. , Stanley , C. , Smith , V. and Goldwyn , R. 2000 . A new method of evaluating attachment representations on young school age children – the Manchester child attachment story task . Attachment & Human Development , 2 : 42 – 64 .
   Google Scholar
• Greenberg , M.T. , DeKlyen , M. , Speltz , M.L. and Endriga , M.C. 1997 . “ The role of attachment processes in externalizing psychopathology in young children ” . In Attachment and psychopathology , Edited by: Atkinson , L. and Zucker , K.J. 196 – 222 . New York , NY : Guilford .
   Google Scholar
• Greenberg , M.T. , Speltz , M.L. and DeKlyen , M. 1993 . The role of attachment in the early development of disruptive behavior problems . Development and Psychopathology , 3 : 413 – 430 .
   Google Scholar
• Greenberg , M.T. , Speltz , M.L. , DeKlyen , M. and Jones , K. 2001 . Correlates of clinic referral for early conduct problems: Variable- and person-oriented approaches . Development and Psychopathology , 13 : 255 – 276 .
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Lahey , B.B. , Rathouz , P.J. , Van Hulle , C. , Urbano , R.C. , Krueger , R.F. Applegate , B. 2008 . Testing structural models of DSM-IV symptoms of common forms of child and adolescent psychopathology . Journal of Abnormal Child Psychology , 36 : 187 – 206 .
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Main , M. and Solomon , J. 1990 . “ Procedures for identifying infants as disorganized/disoriented during the Ainsworth Strange Situation ” . In Attachment in the preschool years: Theory, research, and intervention , Edited by: Greenberg , M.T. , Cicchetti , D. and Cummings , M.E. 121 – 160 . Chicago , IL : University of Chicago Press .
   Google Scholar
• Martinussen , R. , Hayden , J. , Hogg-Johnson , S. and Tannock , R. 2005 . A meta-analysis of working memory impairments in children with attention deficit/hyperactivity disorder . Journal of American Academy of Child and Adolescent Psychiatry , 44 : 377 – 384 .
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Moss , E. , Cyr , C. and Dubois-Comtois , K. 2004 . Attachment at early school age and developmental risk: Examining family contexts and behavior problems of controlling–caregiving, controlling–punitive, and behaviorally disorganized children . Developmental Psychology , 40 : 519 – 532 .
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• NICHD Early Child Care Research Network . 2003 . Do children's attention processes mediate the link between family predictors and school readiness? . Developmental Psychology , 39 : 581 – 593 .
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Nigg , J.T. 2006 . What causes ADHD? Understanding what goes wrong and why , New York , NY : Guilford Press .
   Google Scholar
• Nigg , J.T. , Willcutt , E.G. , Doyle , A.E. and Sonuga-Barke , E.J.S. 2005 . Causal heterogeneity in Attention-Deficit/Hyperactivity Disorder: Do we need neuropsychologically impaired subtypes? . Biological Psychiatry , 57 : 1224 – 1230 .
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Park , S. , Holzman , P.S. and Goldman-Rakic , P.S. 1995 . Spatial working memory deficits in the relatives of schizophrenic patients . Archives of General Psychiatry , 52 : 831 – 838 .
   Google Scholar
• Pillow , D.R. , Pelham , W.E. , Hoza , B. , Molina , B.S.G. and Stultz , C.-H. 1998 . Confirmatory factor analyses examining attention deficit hyperactivity disorder symptoms and other childhood disruptive behaviors . Journal of Abnormal Child Psychology , 26 : 293 – 309 .
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Pinto , C. , Turton , P. , Hughes , P. , White , S. and Gillberg , C. 2006 . ADHD and infant disorganized attachment: A prospective study of children next-born after stillbirth . Journal of Attention Disorders , 10 : 83 – 91 .
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Pliszka , S.R. 1998 . Comorbidity of Attention-Deficit/Hyperactivity Disorder with psychiatric disorder: An overview . Journal of Clinical Psychiatry , 59 ( suppl. 7 ) : 50 – 79 .
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Robinson , J. , Mantz-Simmons , L. , MacFie , J. , Kelsay , K. and Holmberg , J. 2004/2007 . MacArthur Narrative Coding Manual , Unpublished manuscript, University of Connecticut . the MacArthur Narrative Working Group
   Google Scholar
• Rutter , M. , Tizard , J. and Whitmore , K. 1970 . Education, health and behavior , London : Longman Group .
   Google Scholar
• Sobel , M.E. 1982 . “ Asymptotic intervals for indirect effects in structural equations models ” . In Sociological methodology 1982 , Edited by: Leinhart , S. 290 – 312 . San Francisco , CA : Jossey-Bass .
   Google Scholar
• Solomon , J. , George , C. and DeJong , A. 1995 . Children classified as controlling at age six: Evidence for disorganised representational strategies and aggression at home and at school . Development and Psychopathology , 7 : 447 – 463 .
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Sroufe , A.L. , Carlson , E. , Levy , A. and Egeland , B. 1999 . Implications of attachment theory for developmental psychopathology . Development and Psychopathology , 11 : 1 – 13 .
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Stroop , J.R. 1935 . Studies of interference in serial verbal reactions . Journal of Experimental Psychology , 18 : 643 – 661 .
   Google Scholar
• Thorell , L.B. 2007 . Do delay aversion and executive function deficits make distinct contributions to the functional impact of ADHD symptoms: A study of early academic skill deficits . Journal of Child Psychology and Psychiatry , 48 : 1061 – 1070 .
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Thorell, L.B., & Wåhlstedt . 2006 . Executive functioning deficits in relation to symptoms of ADHD and/or ODD in preschool children . Infant and Child Development , 15 : 503 – 518 .
   Google Scholar
• van IJzendoorn , M.H. , Schuengel , C. and Bakermans-Kranenburg , M.J. 1999 . Disorganised attachment in early childhood: Meta-analysis of precursors, concomitants and sequelae . Development and Psychopathology , 11 : 225 – 249 .
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• von der Lippe , A. , Eilertsen , D.E. , Hartmann , E. and Killèn , K. 2010 . The role of maternal attachment in children's attachment and cognitive executive functioning: A preliminary study . Attachment & Human Development , 12 : 429 – 444 .
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Wåhlstedt , C. , Thorell , L.B. and Bohlin , G. 2009 . Heterogeneity in ADHD: Neuropsychological pathways, comorbidity and symptom domains . Journal of Abnormal Child Psychology , 37 : 551 – 564 .
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Wechsler , D. 1991 . Wechsler Intelligence Scale for Children , (3rd ed.) , Edited by: AB , (Psykologiförlaget , Stockholm, and Trans.) . New York , NY : The Psychological Corporation .
   Google Scholar