6,197
Views
69
CrossRef citations to date
0
Altmetric
Articles

Parental PTSD, adverse parenting and child attachment in a refugee sample

, , , &
Pages 273-291 | Received 13 Sep 2015, Accepted 27 Jan 2016, Published online: 16 Mar 2016

References

  • American Psychiatric Association. (2013). Diagnostic and statistical manual of mental disorders DSM-V. Washington, DC: Author.
  • Bar-On, D., Eland, J., Kleber, R.J., Krell, R., Moore, Y., Sagi, A., & Van IJzendoorn, M.H. (1998). Multigenerational perspectives on coping with the Holocaust experience: An attachment perspective for understanding the developmental sequelae of trauma across generations. International Journal of Behavioral Development, 22, 315–338. doi:10.1080/016502598384397
  • Bosquet Enlow, M., Kitts, R.L., Blood, E., Bizarro, A., Hofmeister, M., & Wright, R.J. (2011). Maternal posttraumatic stress symptoms and infant emotional reactivity and emotion regulation. Infant Behavior and Development, 34, 487–503. doi:10.1016/j.infbeh.2011.07.007
  • Bronfman, E., Parsons, E., & Lyons-Ruth, K. (2004). Atypical maternal behavior instrument for assessment and classification (AMBIANCE): manual for coding disrupted affective communication ( 2nd ed.). Boston, MA: Havard University Medical School. Unpublished manual.
  • Cassidy, J., & Marvin, R., & with the MacArthur Working Group. (1992). Attachment organization in preschool children: Procedures and coding manual. Charlottesville: University of Virginia. Unpublished Manuscript.
  • Cloitre, M., Courtois, C. A., Charuvastra, A., Carapezza, R., Stolbach, B.C., & Green, B.L. (2011). Treatment of complex PTSD: Results of the ISTSS expert clinician survey on best practices. Journal of Traumatic Stress, 24, 615–627. doi:10.1002/jts.20697
  • Davies, J., Slade, P., Wright, I., & Stewart, P. (2008). Posttraumatic stress symptoms following childbirth and mothers’ perceptions of their infants. Infant Mental Health Journal, 29, 537–554. doi:10.1002/imhj.v29:6
  • Despars, J., Peter, C., Borghini, A., Pierrehumbert, B., Habersaat, S., Müller-Nix, C., & Hohlfeld, J. (2011). Impact of a cleft lip and/or palate on maternal stress and attachment representations. The Cleft Palate-Craniofacial Journal, 48, 419–424.
  • Fazel, M., Reed, R.V., Panter-Brick, C., & Stein, A. (2012). Mental health of displaced and refugee children resettled in high-income countries: Risk and protective factors. The Lancet, 379, 266–282. doi:10.1016/S0140-6736(11)60051-2
  • Fearon, R.P., & Mansell, W. (2001). Cognitive perspectives on unresolved loss: Insights from the study of PTSD. Bulletin of the Menninger Clinic, 65, 380–396. doi:10.1521/bumc.65.3.380.19845
  • Guo, G., & Zhao, H. (2000). Multilevel modeling for binary data. Annual Review of Sociology, 26, 441–462. doi:10.1146/annurev.soc.26.1.441
  • Herman, J.L. (1997). Trauma and recovery: The aftermath of violence - from domestic abuse to political terror. New York, NY: Basic Books.
  • Hesse, E., & Main, M. (2006). Frightened, threatening, and dissociative parental behavior in low-risk samples: Description, discussion, and interpretations. Development and Psychopathology, 18, 309–343. doi:10.1017/S0954579406060172
  • Hollifield, M., Warner, T.D., Lian, N., Krakow, B., Jenkins, J.H., Kesler, J., … Westermeyer, J. (2002). Measuring trauma and health status in refugees: A critical review. JAMA: Journal of the American Medical Association, 288, 611–621. doi:10.1001/jama.288.5.611
  • Hox, J. (2010). Multilevel analysis: Techniques and applications. Oxford: Routledge Academic.
  • Khaylis, A., Polusny, M.A., Erbes, C.R., Gewirtz, A., & Rath, M. (2011). Posttraumatic stress, family adjustment, and treatment preferences among national guard soldiers deployed to OEF/OIF. Military Medicine, 176, 126–131. doi:10.7205/MILMED-D-10-00094
  • Kleijn, W., Hovens, J., & Rodenburg, J. (2001). Posttraumatic stress symptoms in refugees: Assessments with the harvard trauma questionnaire and the Hopkins symptom checklist-25 in different languages. Psychological Reports, 88, 527–532. doi:10.2466/pr0.2001.88.2.527
  • Lauterbach, D., Bak, C., Reiland, S., Mason, S., Lute, M.R., & Earls, L. (2007). Quality of parental relationships among persons with a lifetime history of posttraumatic stress disorder. Journal of Traumatic Stress, 20, 161–172. doi:10.1002/(ISSN)1573-6598
  • Lester, P., Peterson, K., Reeves, J., Knauss, L., Glover, D., Mogil, C., & Beardslee, W. (2010). The long war and parental combat deployment: Effects on military children and at-home spouses. Journal of the American Academy of Child & Adolescent Psychiatry, 49, 310–320.
  • Lombardo, K.L., & Motta, R.W. (2008). Secondary trauma in children of parents with mental illness. Traumatology, 14, 57–67. doi:10.1177/1534765608320331
  • Luijk, M.P., Tharner, A., Bakermans-Kranenburg, M.J., Van IJzendoorn, M.H., Jaddoe, V.W., Hofman, A., & Tiemeier, H. (2011). The association between parenting and attachment security is moderated by a polymorphism in the mineralocorticoid receptor gene: Evidence for differential susceptibility. Biological Psychology, 88, 37–40. doi:10.1016/j.biopsycho.2011.06.005
  • Lyons-Ruth, K., & Block, D. (1996). The disturbed caregiving system: Relations among childhood trauma, maternal caregiving, and infant affect and attachment. Infant Mental Health Journal, 17, 257–275. doi:10.1002/(ISSN)1097-0355
  • Lyons-Ruth, K., Bronfman, E., & Parsons, E. (1999). Atypical attachment in infancy and early childhood among children at developmental risk: IV. Maternal frightened, frightening, or atypical behavior and disorganized infant attachment patterns. Monographs of the Society for Research in Child Development, 64(3), 67–96.
  • Madigan, S., Bakermans-Kranenburg, M.J., Van IJzendoorn, M.H., Moran, G., Pederson, D.R., & Benoit, D. (2006). Unresolved states of mind, anomalous parental behavior, and disorganized attachment: A review and meta-analysis of a transmission gap. Attachment & Human Development, 8, 89–111. doi:10.1080/14616730600774458
  • Madigan, S., Moran, G., & Pederson, D.R. (2006). Unresolved states of mind, disorganized attachment relationships, and disrupted interactions of adolescent mothers and their infants. Developmental Psychology, 42, 293–304. doi:10.1037/0012-1649.42.2.293
  • Main, M., & Hesse, E. (1990). Parents’ unresolved traumatic experiences are related to infant disorganized attachment status: Is frightened and/or frightening parental behavior the linking mechanism? In M. T. Greenberg, D. Cicchetti, & E.M. Cummings (Eds.), Attachment in the preschool years: Theory, research, and intervention (pp. 161–182). Chicago: University of Chicago Press.
  • Main, M., & Hesse, E. (1998). Frightening, frightened, dissociated, deferential, sexualized and disorganized parental behavior: A coding system for parent-infant interactions (6th ed.). Berkeley: University of California. Unpublished manual.
  • Main, M., & Morgan, H. (1996). Disorganization and disorientation in infant strange situation behavior. In L.K. Michelson & W.J. Ray (Eds.), Handbook of dissociation: Theoretical, empirical, and clinical perspectives (pp. 107–138). New York, NY: Plenum Press.
  • Mollica, R.F., Caspi-Yavin, Y., Bollini, P., & Truong, T. (1992). The Harvard trauma questionnaire: Validating a cross-cultural instrument for measuring torture, trauma, and posttraumatic stress disorder in Indochinese refugees. The Journal of Nervous and Mental Disease, 180, 111–116. doi:10.1097/00005053-199202000-00008
  • Mollica, R.F., McInnes, K., Poole, C., & Tor, S. (1998). Dose-effect relationships of trauma to symptoms of depression and posttraumatic stress disorder among Cambodian survivors of mass violence. The British Journal of Psychiatry, 173, 482–488. doi:10.1192/bjp.173.6.482
  • Mollica, R.F., McInnes, K., Sarajlić, N., Lavelle, J., Sarajlić, I., & Massagli, M.P. (1999). Disability associated with psychiatric comorbidity and health status in Bosnian refugees living in Croatia. JAMA: The Journal of the American Medical Association, 282, 433–439. doi:10.1001/jama.282.5.433
  • Moss, E., Bureau, J., Cyr, C., Mongeau, C., & St-Laurent, D. (2004). Correlates of attachment at age 3: Construct validity of the preschool attachment classification system. Developmental Psychology, 40, 323–334. doi:10.1037/0012-1649.40.3.323
  • Muthén, B.O., & Muthén, L.K. (2013). Mplus (version 7.11). Los Angeles, CA: Muthén & Muthén.
  • Out, D., Bakermans-Kranenburg, M.J., & Van IJzendoorn, M.H. (2009). The role of disconnected and extremely insensitive parenting in the development of disorganized attachment: Validation of a new measure. Attachment & Human Development, 11, 419–443. doi:10.1080/14616730903132289
  • Out, D., Cyr, C., Pijlman, F., Beijersbergen, M., Bakermans-Kranenburg, M.J., & Van IJzendoorn, M.H. (2009). Disconnected and extremely insensitive parenting (DIP). Leiden: Rommert Casimir Publishers.
  • Overbeek, T., Schruers, K., & Griez, E. (1999). MINI: Mini international neuropsychiatric interview. Dutch version 5.0.0 DSM-IV. Maastricht: University of Maastricht.
  • Peat, J. (2001). Health science research: A handbook of quantitative methods. Sydney: Allen & Uwin.
  • Samper, R.E., Taft, C.T., King, D.W., & King, L.A. (2004). Posttraumatic stress disorder symptoms and parenting satisfaction among a national sample of male Vietnam veterans. Journal of Traumatic Stress, 17, 311–315. doi:10.1023/B:JOTS.0000038479.30903.ed
  • Schechter, D.S., Coates, S.W., Kaminer, T., Coots, T., Zeanah, C.H., Davies, M., & Myers, M.M. (2008). Distorted maternal mental representations and atypical behavior in a clinical sample of violence-exposed mothers and their toddlers. Journal of Trauma and Dissociation, 9, 125–147. doi:10.1080/15299730802045666
  • Schechter, D.S., Coots, T., Zeanah, C.H., Davies, M., Coates, S.W., Trabka, K.A., … Myers, M.M. (2005). Maternal mental representations of the child in an inner-city clinical sample: Violence-related posttraumatic stress and reflective functioning. Attachment & Human Development, 7, 313–331. doi:10.1080/14616730500246011
  • Schechter, D.S., Willheim, E., Hinojosa, C., Scholfield-Kleinman, K., Turner, J.B., McCaw, J., … Myers, M.M. (2010). Subjective and objective measures of parent-child relationship dysfunction, child separation distress, and joint attention. Psychiatry: Interpersonal and Biological Processes, 73, 130–144. doi:10.1521/psyc.2010.73.2.130
  • Schuengel, C., Bakermans-Kranenburg, M.J., & Van IJzendoorn, M.H. (1999). Frightening maternal behavior linking unresolved loss and disorganized infant attachment. Journal of Consulting and Clinical Psychology, 67, 54–63. doi:10.1037/0022-006X.67.1.54
  • Steel, Z., Silove, D., Phan, T., & Bauman, A. (2002). Long-term effect of psychological trauma on the mental health of Vietnamese refugees resettled in Australia: A population-based study. The Lancet, 360, 1056–1062. doi:10.1016/S0140-6736(02)11142-1
  • Stovall-McClough, K.C., & Cloitre, M. (2006). Unresolved attachment, PTSD, and dissociation in women with childhood abuse histories. Journal of Consulting and Clinical Psychology, 74, 219–228. doi:10.1037/0022-006X.74.2.219
  • Teti, D.M. (1999). Conceptualizations of disorganization in the preschool years: An integration. In J. Solomon & C. George (Eds.), Attachment disorganization (pp. 213–242). New York, NY: Guilford.
  • United Nations High Commissioner for Refugees. (2014). War’s human cost, UNHCR global trends 2013. Geneva: Author.
  • Van Ee, E., Kleber, R.J., & Mooren, T.T.M. (2012). War trauma lingers on: Associations between maternal posttraumatic stress disorder, parent–child interaction, and child development. Infant Mental Health Journal, 33, 459–468. doi:10.1002/imhj.21324
  • van Ee, E., Sleijpen, M., Kleber, R.J., & Jongmans, M.J. (2013). Father-involvement in a refugee sample: Relations between posttraumatic stress and caregiving. Family Process, 52, 723–735. doi:10.1111/famp.12045
  • Van IJzendoorn, M.H. (1995). Adult attachment representations, parental responsiveness, and infant attachment: A meta-analysis on the predictive validity of the adult attachment interview. Psychological Bulletin, 117, 387–403. doi:10.1037/0033-2909.117.3.387
  • Van IJzendoorn, M.H., & Sagi-Schwartz, A. (2008). Cross-cultural patterns of attachment, universal and contextual dimensions. In J. Cassidy & P. R. Shaver (Eds.), Handbook of attachment. Theory, research, and clinical applications (2 nd ed., pp. 880–905). New York, NY: The Guilford Press.
  • Van IJzendoorn, M.H., Schuengel, C., & Bakermans-Kranenburg, M.J. (1999). Disorganized attachment in early childhood: Meta-analysis of precursors, concomitants, and sequelae. Development and Psychopathology, 11, 225–250. doi:10.1017/S0954579499002035

Reprints and Corporate Permissions

Please note: Selecting permissions does not provide access to the full text of the article, please see our help page How do I view content?

To request a reprint or corporate permissions for this article, please click on the relevant link below:

Academic Permissions

Please note: Selecting permissions does not provide access to the full text of the article, please see our help page How do I view content?

Obtain permissions instantly via Rightslink by clicking on the button below:

If you are unable to obtain permissions via Rightslink, please complete and submit this Permissions form. For more information, please visit our Permissions help page.