References
- Ammaniti, M., Speranza, A. M., Tambelli, R., Muscetta, S., Lucarelli, L., Vismara, L., Odorisio, F., & Cimino, S. (2006). A prevention and promotion intervention program in the field of mother–infant relationship. Infant Mental Health Journal, 27(1), 70–90. https://doi.org/https://doi.org/10.1002/imhj.20081
- Bakermans-Kranenburg, M. J., & van Ijzendoorn, M. H. (2009). The first 10,000 adult attachment interviews: Distribution of adult attachment representations in clinical and non-clinical groups. Attachment & Human Development, 11(3), 223–263. https://doi.org/https://doi.org/10.1080/14616730902814762
- Barone, L., & Carone, N. (2020). Childhood abuse and neglect experiences, Hostile-Helpless attachment, and reflective functioning in mentally ill filicidal mothers. Attachment & Human Development, 23(6), 771–794. https://doi.org/https://doi.org/10.1080/14616734.2020.1738510
- Belvederi Murri, M., Ferrigno, G., Penati, S., Muzio, C., Piccinini, G., Innamorati, M., Ricci, F., Pompili, M., & Amore, M. (2017). Mentalization and depressive symptoms in a clinical sample of adolescents and young adults. Child and Adolescent Mental Health, 22(2), 69–76. https://doi.org/https://doi.org/10.1111/camh.12195
- Bowlby, J. (1969). Attachment and loss: Vol.1. Attachment. Basic Books.
- Bowlby, J. (1980). Attachment and loss: Vol. 3. Loss, sadness and depression. Basic Books.
- Bressi, C., Fronza, S., Minacapelli, E., Nocito, E. P., Dipasquale, E., Magri, L., Lionetti, F., & Barone, L. (2016). Short-term psychodynamic psychotherapy with mentalization-based techniques in major depressive disorder patients: Relationship amongalexithymia, reflective functioning, and outcome variables – A pilot study. Psychology and Psychotherapy: Theory, Research and Practice, 90(3), 299–313. https://doi.org/https://doi.org/10.1111/papt.12110
- Buchheim, A., Hörz-Sagstetter, S., Doering, S., Rentrop, M., Schuster, P., Buchheim, P., & Fischer-Kern, M. (2017). Change of unresolved attachment in borderline personality disorder: RCT study of transference focused psychotherapy. Psychotherapy and Psychosomatics, 86(5), 314–316. https://doi.org/https://doi.org/10.1159/000460257
- Carlson, E. A., Egeland, B., & Sroufe, L. A. (2009). A prospective investigation of the development of borderline personality symptoms. Development and Psychopathology, 21(4), 1311–1334. https://doi.org/https://doi.org/10.1017/S0954579409990174
- Chiesa, M., & Fonagy, P. (2014). Reflective function as a mediator between childhood adversity, personality disorder and symptom distress. Personality and Mental Health, 8(1), 52–66. https://doi.org/https://doi.org/10.1002/pmh.1245
- Cohen, J., Cohen, P., West, S. G., & Aiken, L. S. (2003). Applied multiple regression /correlation analysis for the behavioral sciences (3rd ed.). Lawrence Erlbaum.
- Cordes, K., Smith-Nielsen, J., Tharner, A., Katznelson, H., Steele, H., & Væver, M. (2017). Reflective functioning in postpartum depressed women with and without comorbid personality disorder. Psychoanalytic Psychology, 34(4), 414–421. https://doi.org/https://doi.org/10.1037/pap0000135
- Corruble, E., Ginestet, D., & Guelfi, J. D. (1996). Comorbidity of personality disorders and unipolar major depression: A review. Journal of Affective Disorders, 37(2–3), 157–170. https://doi.org/https://doi.org/10.1016/0165-0327(95)00091-7
- Cyranowski, J. M., Frank, E., Young, E., & Shear, K. (2000). Adolescent onset of the gender difference in lifetime rates of major depression. Archives of General Psychiatry, 57(1), 21–27. https://doi.org/https://doi.org/10.1001/archpsyc.57.1.21
- Dagan, O., Facompré, C. R., & Bernard, K. (2018). Adult attachment representations and depressive symptoms: A meta-analysis. Journal of Affective Disorders, 236, 274–290. https://doi.org/https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jad.2018.04.091
- Ekeblad, A., Falkenström, F., & Holmqvist, R. (2016). Reflective functioning as predictor of working alliance and outcome in the treatment of depression. Journal of Consulting and Clinical Psychology, 84(1), 67–78. https://doi.org/https://doi.org/10.1037/ccp0000055
- Ensink, K., Bégin, M., Normandin, L., & Fonagy, P. (2016). Maternal and child reflective functioning in the context of child sexual abuse: Pathways to depression and externalising difficulties. European Journal of Psychotraumatology, 7(1), 10. https://doi.org/https://doi.org/10.3402/ejpt.v7.30611
- Fava, M., Farabaugh, A. H., Sickinger, A. H., Wright, E., Alpert, J. E., Sonawalla, S., Nierenberg, A. A., & Worthington, J. J., 3rd. (2002). Personality disorders and depression. Psychological Medicine, 32(6), 1049–1057. https://doi.org/https://doi.org/10.1017/S0033291702005780
- Fava, M. (2003). Diagnosis and definition of treatment-resistant depression. Biological Psychiatry, 53(8), 649–659. https://doi.org/https://doi.org/10.1016/S0006-3223(03)00231-2
- Fischer-Kern, M., Fonagy, P., Kapusta, N. D., Luyten, P., Boss, S., Naderer, A., Blüml, V., & Leithner, K. (2013). Mentalizing in female inpatients with major depressive disorder. The Journal of Nervous and Mental Disease, 201(3), 202–207. https://doi.org/https://doi.org/10.1097/NMD.0b013e3182845c0a
- Fischer-Kern, M., Nolte, T., Kadi, B., & Naderer, A. (2014). Bindungsrepräsentation bei stationär behandelten chronisch-depressiven Patientinnen. Psychotherapeut, 59(6) , 467–473. https://doi.org/https://doi.org/10.1007/s00278-014-1079-8
- Fischer-Kern, M., Tmej, A., Kapusta, N. D., Naderer, A., Leithner-Dziubas, K., Löffler-Stastka, H., & Springer-Kremser, M. (2008). The capacity for mentalization in depressive patients: A pilot study (Mentalisierungsfähigkeit bei depressiven Patientinnen: Eine Pilotstudie). Zeitschrift für Psychosomatische Medizin und Psychotherapie, 54(4), 368–380. https://doi.org/https://doi.org/10.13109/zptm.2008.54.4.368
- Fischer-Kern, M., & Tmej, A. (2019). Mentalization and depression: Theoretical concepts, treatment approaches and empirical studies –an overview. Zeitschrift für Psychosomatische Medizin und Psychotherapie, 65(2), 162–177. https://doi.org/https://doi.org/10.13109/zptm.2019.65.2.162
- Fizke, I., Buchheim, A., & Juen, F. (2013). Activation of the attachment system and mentalization in depressive and healthy individuals – An experimental control study. Psihologija, 46(2), 161–176. https://doi.org/https://doi.org/10.2298/PSI1302161F
- Fonagy, P., Gergely, G., Jurist, E. J., & Target, M. (2002). Affect regulation, mentalization, and the development of the self. Other Press.
- Fonagy, P., Leigh, T., Steele, M., Steele, H., Kennedy, R., Mattoon, G., Target, M., & Gerber, A. (1996). The relation of attachment status, psychiatric classification, and response to psychotherapy. Journal of Consulting and Clinical Psychology, 64(1), 22–31. https://doi.org/https://doi.org/10.1037/0022-006X.64.1.22
- Fonagy, P., & Luyten, P. (2009). A developmental, mentalization-based approach to the understanding and treatment of borderline personality disorder. Developmental Psychopathology, 21(4), 1355–1381. https://doi.org/https://doi.org/10.1017/S0954579409990198
- Fonagy, P., Target, M., Steele, H., & Steele, M. (1998). Reflective-functioning manual, version 5.0, for application to adult attachment interviews. University College London.
- Friborg, O., Martinsen, E. W., Martinussen, M., Kaiser, S., Overgård, K. T., & Rosenvinge, J. H. (2014). Comorbidity of personality disorders in mood disorders: A meta-analytic review of 122 studies from 1988 to 2010. Journal of Affective Disorders 152-154, 1–11. https://doi.org/https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jad.2013.08.023
- Fydrich, T., Renneberg, B., Schmitz, B., & Wittchen, H. U. (1997). SKID-II. Strukturiertes Klinisches Interview für DSM-IV, Achse II: Persönlichkeitsstörungen. Hogrefe.
- George, C., Kaplan, N., & Main, M. (1985). The adult attachment interview. Department of Psychology.
- Goldberg, D. (2011). The heterogeneity of “major depression.” World Psychiatry, 10(3), 226–228. https://doi.org/https://doi.org/10.1002/j.2051-5545.2011.tb00061.x
- Hamilton, M. (1960). A rating scale for depression. Journal of Neurology, Neurosurgery & Psychiatry, 23(1), 56–62. https://doi.org/https://doi.org/10.1136/jnnp.23.1.56
- Hasin, D. S., Sarvet, A. L., Meyers, J. L., Saha, T. D., Ruan, W. J., Stohl, M., & Grant, B. F. (2018). Epidemiology of adult DSM-5 major depressive disorder and its specifiers in the United States. JAMA Psychiatry, 75(4), 336–346. https://doi.org/https://doi.org/10.1001/jamapsychiatry.2017.4602
- Hautzinger, M., Bailer, M., Worall, H., & Keller, F. (1994). Beck-Depressions-Inventar (BDI) Testhandbuch. Hans Huber.
- Hesse, E., & Main, M. (1999). Second-generation effects of unresolved trauma in nonmaltreating parents: Dissociated, frightened, and threatening parental behaviour. Psychoanalytic Inquiry, 19(4), 481–540. https://doi.org/https://doi.org/10.1080/07351699909534265
- Hesse, E., & Main, M. (2000). Disorganized infant, child, and adult attachment: Collapse in behavioral and attentional strategies. Journal of the American Psychoanalytic Association, 48(4), 1097–1127. https://doi.org/https://doi.org/10.1177/00030651000480041101
- Hesse, E. (2016). The adult attachment interview: Protocol, method of analysis, and selected empirical studies: 1985-2015. In J. Cassidy & P. R. Shaver (Eds.), Handbook of attachment: Theory, research, and clinical applications (3rd ed., pp. 553–597). Guilford Press.
- Hopwood, C. J., Malone, J. C., Ansell, E. B., Sanislow, C. A., Grilo, C. M., McGlashan, T. H., Pinto, A., Markowitz, J. C., Shea, M. T., Skodol, A. E., Gunderson, J. G., Zanarini, M. C., & Morey, L. C. (2011). Personality assessment in DSM-5: Empirical support for rating severity, style, and traits. Journal of Personality Disorders, 25(3), 305–320. https://doi.org/https://doi.org/10.1521/pedi.2011.25.3.305
- Ivarsson, T., Granqvist, P., Gillberg, C., & Broberg, A. G. (2010). Attachment states of mind in adolescents with obsessive-compulsive disorder and/or depressive disorders: A controlled study. European Child & Adolescent Psychiatry, 19(11), 845–853. https://doi.org/https://doi.org/10.1007/s00787-010-0120-x
- Katznelson, H. (2014). Reflective functioning: A review. Clinical Psychology Review, 34(2), 107–117. https://doi.org/https://doi.org/10.1016/j.cpr.2013.12.003
- Kessler, R. C., Berglund, P., Demler, O., Jin, R., Koretz, D., Merikangas, K. R., Rush, A. J., Walters, E. E., & Wang, P. S. (2003). The epidemiology of major depressive disorder: Results from the National Comorbidity Survey Replication (NCS-R). JAMA, 289(23), 3095–3105. https://doi.org/https://doi.org/10.1001/jama.289.23.3095
- Köhler, S., Chrysanthou, S., Guhn, A., & Sterzer, P. (2019). Differences between chronic and nonchronic depression: Systematic reviews and implications for treatment. Depression and Anxiety, 36(1), 18–30. https://doi.org/https://doi.org/10.1002/da.22835
- Lehrl, S. (2005). Mehrfachwahl-Wortschatz-Intelligenztest MWT-B. Spitta Verlag.
- Lemma, A., Target, M., & Fonagy, P. (2010). The development of a brief psychodynamic protocol for depression: Dynamic interpersonal therapy (DIT). Psychoanalytic Psychotherapy, 24(4), 329–346. https://doi.org/https://doi.org/10.1080/02668734.2010.513547
- Li, E. T., Carracher, E., & Bird, T. (2020). Linking childhood emotional abuse and adult depressive symptoms: The role of mentalizing incapacity. Child Abuse & Neglect, 99, 104253. https://doi.org/https://doi.org/10.1016/j.chiabu.2019.104253
- Luyten, P., Fonagy, P., Lemma, A., & Target, M. (2012). Depression. In A. W. Bateman & P. Fonagy (Eds.), Handbook of mentalizing in mental health practice (pp. 385–418). American Psychiatric Publishing Inc.
- Luyten, P., & Fonagy, P. (2018). The stress–reward–mentalizing model of depression: An integrative developmental cascade approach to child and adolescent depressive disorder based on the Research Domain Criteria (RDoC) approach. Clinical Psychology Review, 64, 87–98. https://doi.org/https://doi.org/10.1016/j.cpr.2017.09.008
- Main, M., Goldwyn, R., & Hesse, E. (2003). Adult attachment scoring and classification systems, version 7.2. University of California at Berkeley.
- Main, M., & Hesse, E. (1990). Parents’ unresolved traumatic experiences are related to infant disorganized attachment status: Is frightened and/or frightening parental behavior the linking mechanism? In M. T. Greenberg, D. Cicchetti, & E. M. Cummings (Eds.), Attachment in the preschool years: Theory, research, and intervention (pp. 161–182). University of Chicago Press.
- Main, M., & Solomon, J. (1986). Discovery of a new, insecure-disorganized/disoriented attachment pattern. In M. Yogman & T. B. Brazelton (Eds.), Affective development in infancy (pp. 95–124). Ablex Publishing.
- McMahon, C. A., Barnett, B., Kowalenko, N. M., & Tennant, C. C. (2006). Maternal attachment state of mind moderates the impact of postnatal depression on infant attachment. Journal of Child Psychology and Psychiatry, 47(7), 660–669. https://doi.org/https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1469-7610.2005.01547.x
- Meins, E., Fernyhough, C., Fradley, E., & Tuckey, M. (2001). Rethinking maternal sensitivity: Mothers’ comments on infants’ mental processes predict security of attachment at 12months. Journal of Child Psychology and Psychiatry, 42(5), 637–648. https://doi.org/https://doi.org/10.1017/S0021963001007302
- Murray, L., Halligan, S. L., Adams, G., Patterson, P., & Goodyer, I. M. (2006). Socioemotional development in adolescents at risk for depression: The role of maternal depression and attachment style. Development and Psychopathology, 18(2), 489–516. https://doi.org/https://doi.org/10.1017/S0954579406060263
- Nazzaro, M. P., Boldrini, T., Tanzilli, A., Muzi, L., Giovanardi, G., & Lingiardi, V. (2017). Does reflective functioning mediate the relationship between attachment and personality? Psychiatry Research, 256, 169–175. https://doi.org/https://doi.org/10.1016/j.psychres.2017.06.045
- Newton-Howes, G., Tyrer, P., Johnson, T., Mulder, R., Kool, S., Dekker, J., & Schoevers, R. (2014). Influence of personality on the outcome of treatment in depression: Systematic review and meta-analysis. Journal of Personality Disorder, 28(4), 577–593. https://doi.org/https://doi.org/10.1521/pedi_2013_27_070
- Newton-Howes, G., Tyrer, P., & Johnson, T. (2006). Personality disorder and the outcome of depression: Meta-analysis of published studies. British Journal of Psychiatry, 188(1), 13–20. https://doi.org/https://doi.org/10.1192/bjp.188.1.13
- Nolte, T., Bolling, D. Z., Hudac, C., Fonagy, P., Mayes, L. C., & Pelphrey, K. A. (2013). Brain mechanisms underlying the impact of attachment-related stress on social cognition. Frontiers in Human Neuroscience, 7, 816. https://doi.org/https://doi.org/10.3389/fnhum.2013.00816
- Patrick, M., Hobson, R. P., Castle, P., Howard, D., & Maughan, B. (1994). Personality disorder and mental representation of early social experience. Development and Psychopathology, 6(2), 375–388. https://doi.org/https://doi.org/10.1017/S0954579400004648
- R Core Team. (2016). R: A language and environment for statistical computing. Vienna, Austria: R Foundation for Statistical Computing. Retrieved from https://www.R-project.org/
- Raby, K. L., Verhage, M. L., Fearon, R. P., Fraley, R. C., Roisman, G. I., Van Ijzendoorn, M. H., & Wong, M. S. (2020). The latent structure of the adult attachment interview: Large sample evidence from the collaboration on attachment transmission synthesis. Development and Psychopathology, 1–13. https://doi.org/https://doi.org/10.1017/S0954579420000978
- Reiner, I., Bakermans-Kranenburg, M. J., Van IJzendoorn, M. H., Fremmer-Bombik, E., & Beutel, M. (2016). Adult attachment representation moderates psychotherapy treatment efficacy in clinically depressed inpatients. Journal of Affective Disorders, 195, 163–171. https://doi.org/https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jad.2016.02.024
- Rifkin-Zybutz, R. P., Moran, P., Nolte, T., Feigenbaum, J., King-Casas, B., Fonagy, P., & Montague, R. P. (2021). Impaired mentalizing in depression and the effects of borderline personality disorder on this relationship. Borderline Personality Disorder and Emotion Dysregulation, 8(15), 1–6. https://bpded.biomedcentral.com/articles/10.1186/s40479-021-00153-x
- Rosenstein, D. S., & Horowitz, H. A. (1996). Adolescent attachment and psychopathology. Journal of Consulting and Clinical Psychology, 64(2), 244–253. https://doi.org/https://doi.org/10.1037//0022-006X.64.2.244
- Scott, L. N., Kim, Y., Nolf, K. A., Hallquist, M. N., Aidan, G. C., Wright, A. G. C., Stepp, S. D., Morse, J. Q., & Pilkonis, P. A. (2013). Preoccupied attachment and emotional dysregulation: Specific aspects of borderline personality disorder or general dimensions of personality pathology? Journal of Personality Disorder, 27(4), 473–495. https://doi.org/https://doi.org/10.1521/pedi_2013_27_099
- Shear, M. K., Simon, N., Wall, M., Zisook, S., Neimeyer, R., Duan, N., Reynolds, C., Lebowitz, B., Sung, S., Ghesquiere, A., Gorscak, B., Clayton, P., Ito, M., Nakajima, S., Konishi, T., Melhem, N., Meert, K., Schiff, M., O’Connor, M.-F., Sareen, J., … Keshaviah, A. (2011). Complicated grief and related bereavement issues for DSM-5. Depression and Anxiety, 28(2), 103–117. https://doi.org/https://doi.org/10.1002/da.20780
- Slade, A. (2005). Parental reflective functioning: An introduction. Attachment & Human Development, 7(3), 269–281. https://doi.org/https://doi.org/10.1080/14616730500245906
- Spielmans, G. I., Berman, M. I., Linardatos, E., Rosenlicht, N. Z., Perry, A., Tsai, A. C., & Hay, P. J. (2013). Adjunctive atypical antipsychotic treatment for major depressive disorder: A meta-analysis of depression, quality of life, and safety outcomes. PLoS Medicine, 10(3), e1001403. https://doi.org/https://doi.org/10.1371/journal.pmed.1001403
- Staun, L., Kessler, H., Buchheim, A., Kächele, H., & Taubner, S. (2010). Mentalization and chronic depression [in German]. Psychotherapeut, 55(4), 299–305. https://doi.org/https://doi.org/10.1007/s00278-010-0752-9
- Stovall-mcclough, C., & Dozier, M. (2016). Attachment States of Mind and Psychopathology in Adulthood. In J. Cassidy & P. R. Shaver (Eds.), Handbook of attachment: Theory, research, and clinical applications (3rd ed., pp. 715–738). Guilford Press.
- Taubner, S., Hörz, S., Fischer-Kern, M., Doering, S., Buchheim, A., & Zimmermann, J. (2013). Internal Structure of the Reflective Functioning Scale. Psychological Assessment, 25(1), 127–135. https://doi.org/https://doi.org/10.1037/a0029138
- Taubner, S., Kessler, H., Buchheim, A., Kächele, H., & Staun, L. (2011). The role of mentalization in the psychoanalytic treatment of chronic depression. Psychiatry, 74(1), 49–57. https://doi.org/https://doi.org/10.1521/psyc.2011.74.1.49
- Taubner, S., Schulze, C. L., Kessler, H., Buchheim, A., Kächele, H., & Staun, L. (2015). Veränderungen der mentalisierten Affektivität nach 24 Monaten analytischer Psychotherapie bei Patienten mit chronischer Depression. Psychotherapie Forum, 20(1–2), 1–9. https://doi.org/https://doi.org/10.1007/s00729-015-0032-9
- Taylor, P., Rietzschel, J., Danquah, A., & Berry, K. (2015). Changes in attachment representations during psychological therapy. Psychotherapy Research, 25(2), 222–238. https://doi.org/https://doi.org/10.1080/10503307.2014.886791
- Tmej, A., Fischer-Kern, M., Doering, S., Alexopoulos, J., & Buchheim, A. (2018). Changes in attachment representation in psychotherapy: Is reflective functioning the crucial factor? Zeitschrift für Psychosomatische Medizin und Psychotherapie, 64(3), 222–236. https://doi.org/https://doi.org/10.13109/zptm.2018.64.3.222
- van Ijzendoorn, M. H., Caspers, K., Bakermans-Kranenburg, M. J., Beach, S. R. H., & Philibert, R. (2010). Methylation matters: Interaction between methylation density and 5HTT genotype predicts unresolved loss or trauma. Biological Psychiatry, 68(5), 405–407. https://doi.org/https://doi.org/10.1016/j.biopsych.2010.05.008
- Waters, E., Treboux, D., Fyffe, C., Crowell, J., & Corcoran, D. (2005). Scoring secure versus insecure and dismissing versus preoccupied attachment as continuous variables: Discriminant analysis using AAI state of mind scales [Unpublished manuscript]. Stony Brook.
- Wittchen, H. U., Zaudig, M., & Fydrich, T. (1997). SKID-I. Strukturiertes Klinisches Interview für DSM-IV, Achse I. Hogrefe.
- Yeomans, F. Y., Clarkin, J. F., & Kernberg, O. F. (2014). Transference-focused psychotherapy for borderline personality disorder: A clinical guide. American Psychiatric Association Publishing.
- Zhou, X., Keitner, G. I., Qin, B., Ravindran, A. V., Bauer, M., Del Giovane, C., Zhao, J., Liu, Y., Fang, Y., Zhang, Y., & Xie, P. (2015). Atypical antipsychotic augmentation for treatment-resistant depression: A systematic review and network meta analysis. International Journal of Neuropsychopharmacology, 18(11), pyv060. https://doi.org/https://doi.org/10.1093/ijnp/pyv060