Violence against women in politics as an unintended consequence of democratization

References

• Ackerly, Brooke A., and Jacqui True. 2020. Doing Feminist Research in Political and Social Science. London: Red Globe Press.
   Google Scholar
• ACOBOL (Association of Female Councilors of Bolivia). 2010. Acoso y violencia política en razón de género afectan el trabajo político y gestión pública de las mujeres. Revista de la Asociacion de Concejalas de Bolivia 5.
   Google Scholar
• Albaine, Laura. 2013. “Paridad de género y violencia política: nuevos derechos, viejas prácticas.” VII Jornadas de Jóvenes Investigadores. Gino Germani Research Institute, Faculty of Social Sciences, University of Buenos Aires.
   Google Scholar
• Alvarez, Sonia E., Elisabeth Jay Friedman, Ericka Beckman, Maylei Blackwell, Norma Stoltz Chinchilla, Nathalie Lebon, Marysa Navarro, and Marcela Ríos Tobar. 2003. “Encountering Latin American and Caribbean Feminisms.” Signs: Journal of Women in Culture and Society 28 (2): 537–579.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Anria, Santiago. 2019. When Movements Become Parties: The Bolivian MAS in Comparative Perspective. New York: Cambridge University Press.
   Google Scholar
• Arboleda, Maria. 2012. Apoyo al fortalecimiento del consenso de Quito para el empoderamiento de las mujeres. Quito: UN Women, AMUME, and AECID. Accessed November 25, 2021. https://iknowpolitics.org/sites/default/files/estudio_avp_ecuador_abril_2012.pdf.
   Google Scholar
• Archenti, Nélida, and Laura Albaine. 2014. “Los desafíos de la paridad de género: tensión normativa y violencia política en Bolivia y Ecuador.” Revista Punto Género 3: 195–219.
   Google Scholar
• Archenti, Nélida, and María Inés Tula. 2017. “Critical Challenges of Quotas and Parity in Latin America.” In Women, Politics, and Democracy in Latin America, edited by Tomáš Došek, Flavia Freidenberg, Mariana Caminotti, and Betilde Muñoz-Pogossian, 29–44. New York: Palgrave Macmillan.
   Google Scholar
• Asamblea Legislativa Plurinacional. nd. Reglamento General de la Cámara de Diputados. La Paz: Asamblea Legislativa Plurinacional.
   Google Scholar
• Baldez, Lisa. 2007. “Primaries vs Quotas: Gender and Candidate Nominations in Mexico, 2003.” Latin American Politics and Society 49 (3): 69–96.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Baldez, Lisa, and Patricia Brañez. 2005. “¿Cuánto hemos avanzado las mujeres con las cuotas? El caso boliviano.” In Nadando contra la corriente: mujeres y cuotas políticas en los países Andinos, edited by Magdalena León and Lisa Baldez, 141–168. New York: United Nations Development Fund for Women.
   Google Scholar
• Bardall, Gabrielle, Elin Bjarnegård, and Jennifer M. Piscopo. 2020. “How Is Political Violence Gendered? Disentangling Motives, Forms, and Impacts.” Political Studies 68 (4): 916–935.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Berliner, Daniel, and Aaron Erlich. 2015. “Competing for Transparency: Political Competition and Institutional Reform in Mexican States.” American Political Science Review 109 (1): 110–128.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Berry, Marie E. 2017. War, Women, and Power: From Violence to Mobilization in Rwanda and Bosnia-Herzegovina. New York: Cambridge University Press.
   Google Scholar
• Berry, Marie E., Yolande Bouka, and Marilyn Muthoni Kamuru. 2020. “Implementing Inclusion: Gender Quotas, Inequality, and Backlash in Kenya.” Politics & Gender, 1–25. Accessed November 25, 2021. https://doi.org/https://doi.org/10.1017/S1743923X19000886.
   Google Scholar
• Brinks, Daniel M., Steven Levitsky, and Maria Victoria Murillo. 2019. Understanding Institutional Weakness: Power and Design in Latin American Institutions. New York: Cambridge University Press.
   Google Scholar
• Bruhn, Kathleen. 2003. “Whores and Lesbians: Political Activism, Party Strategies, and Gender Quotas in Mexico.” Electoral Studies 22 (1): 101–119.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Bueno-Hansen, Pascha. 2009. “Feminicidio: Making the Most of an ‘Empowered Term’.” In Terrorizing Women, edited by Marcela Lagarde and Mercedes Olivera, 290–311. Durham, NC: Duke University Press.
   Google Scholar
• Burnet, Jennie E. 2008. “Gender Balance and the Meanings of Women in Governance in Post-Genocide Rwanda.” African Affairs 107 (428): 361–386.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Carroll, Susan J., and Kira Sanbonmatsu. 2013. More Women Can Run: Gender and Pathways to the State Legislatures. Oxford: Oxford University Press.
   Google Scholar
• Cámara de Diputados. 2012. 49 Sesión Ordinaria, Legislatura 2012–2013. La Paz: El Redactor.
   Google Scholar
• Centellas, Miguel. 1999. “The Consolidation of Polyarchy in Bolivia, 1985–1997.” SSRN Scholarly Paper ID 2526655. Rochester, NY: Social Science Research Network.
   Google Scholar
• Centellas, Miguel. 2015. “Reformas electorales en Bolivia (1985–2014).” Proyecto de Reformas Políticas en América Latina (1978–2015). Washington DC: Secretaría de Asuntos Políticos de la Organización de los Estados Americanos (SAP/OEA). Accessed November 25, 2021. https://reformaspoliticas.org/wp-content/uploads/2015/04/miguelcentellas-sistemaelectoral.pdf.
   Google Scholar
• Cerva, Daniela. 2014. “Participación política y violencia de género en México.” Revista Mexicana de Ciencias Políticas y Sociales 59 (222): 117–140.
   Google Scholar
• Clayton, Amanda, Cecilia Josefsson, and Vibeke Wang. 2017. “Quotas and Women’s Substantive Representation: Evidence from a Content Analysis of Ugandan Plenary Debates.” Politics & Gender 13 (2): 276–304.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Coordinadora de la Mujer. nd. Organizaciones de mujeres demandan a Senado paridad y alternancia. La Paz: Coordinadora de la Mujer.
   Google Scholar
• Corz, Carlos. 2012. “Juana Quispe fue impedida de ejercer 20 meses la concejalía.” La Razón, April 16. Accessed January 5, 2022. https://eju.tv/2012/04/sufri-acoso-y-fue-asesinada-juana-quispe-fue-impedida-de-ejercer-20-meses-la-concejala/.
   Google Scholar
• Cyr, Jennifer. 2015. “Making or Breaking Politics: Social Conflicts and Party-System Change in Democratic Bolivia.” Studies in Comparative International Development 50 (3): 283–303.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• EjuTV. 2014. “Concejales del MAS se lavan las manos por acoso político y no cumplen resolución del TCP.” EjuTv, February 18. Accessed November 25, 2021. http://eju.tv/2014/02/concejales-del-mas-se-lavan-las-manos-por-acoso-poltico-y-no-cumplen-resolucin-del-tcp/.
   Google Scholar
• Encarnación, Omar G. 2017. “The Patriarchy’s Revenge.” World Policy Journal 34 (1): 82–91.
   Google Scholar
• Escalante, Ana Cecilia, and Nineth Mendez. 2011. Sistematización de experiencias de acoso político que viven o han vivido las mujeres que ocupan puestos de elección popular en el nivel local. Santo Domingo: ONU Mujeres.
   Google Scholar
• Ewig, Christina. 2018. “Forging Women’s Substantive Representation: Intersectional Interests, Political Parity, and Pensions in Bolivia.” Politics & Gender 14 (3): 433–459.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Franceschet, Susan, Mona Lena Krook, and Jennifer M. Piscopo. 2012. The Impact of Gender Quotas. New York: Oxford University Press.
   Google Scholar
• Franceschet, Susan, and Jennifer M. Piscopo. 2008. “Gender Quotas and Women’s Substantive Representation: Lessons from Argentina.” Politics & Gender 4 (3): 393–425.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Franceschet, Susan, and Jennifer M. Piscopo. 2013. “Equality, Democracy, and the Broadening and Deepening of Gender Quotas.” Politics & Gender 9 (3): 310–316.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Fregoso, Rosa Linda, and Cynthia L. Bejarano. 2010. Terrorizing Women: Feminicide in the Americas. Durham, NC: Duke University Press.
   Google Scholar
• Freidenberg, Flavia, and Cristhian Uribe. 2018. Las reformas político-electorales en América Latina (2015–2018). Washington DC: Secretaría de Asuntos Políticos de la Organización de los Estados Americanos (SAP/OEA). Accessed November 30, 2021. https://reformaspoliticas.org/wp-content/uploads/2019/03/Freidenberg-Uribe-Reformas-Electorales-en-America-Latina.pdf.
   Google Scholar
• Friedman, Elisabeth Jay. 2003. “Gendering the Agenda: The Impact of the Transnational Women’s Rights Movement at the UN Conferences of the 1990s.” Women’s Studies International Forum 26 (4): 313–331.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Friedman, Elisabeth Jay. 2009. “Re(gion)alizing Women’s Human Rights in Latin America.” Politics & Gender 5 (3): 349–375.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Friedman, Elisabeth Jay, Felicitas Rossi, and Constanza Tabbush. 2020. Género, sexualidad e izquierdas latinoamericanas: el reclamo de derechos durante la marea rosa. Buenos Aires: CLACSO.
   Google Scholar
• Gatto, Malu A. C., and Kristin N. Wylie. 2021. “Informal Institutions and Gendered Candidate Selection in Brazilian Parties.” Party Politics, 1–12. Accessed November 25, 2021. https://doi.org/https://doi.org/10.1177/13540688211008842.
   Google Scholar
• Gil, Karen. 2019. “El olvido de una muerte anunciada.” Agencia de Noticias Fide. September 2. Accessed November 25, 2021. https://www.noticiasfides.com/nacional/sociedad/el-olvido-de-una-muerte-anunciada-400457.
   Google Scholar
• Gray, Tricia. 2003. “Electoral Gender Quotas: Lessons from Argentina and Chile.” Bulletin of Latin American Research 22 (1): 52–78.
   Google Scholar
• Herrera, Morena, Mitzy Arias, and Sara García. 2012. Hostilidad y violencia política: develando realidades de mujeres autoridades municipales. Santo Domingo: UN Women.
   Google Scholar
• Hevia Rocha, Teresa, and Laura Peniche Cabal. 2017. Violencia política contra las mujeres con elementos de género o los hombres que no amaban a las mujeres. Mexico City: CEAMEG.
   Google Scholar
• Htun, Mala. 2016. Inclusion without Representation in Latin America: Gender Quotas and Ethnic Reservations. New York: Cambridge University Press.
   Google Scholar
• Htun, Mala, and S. Laurel Weldon. 2012. “The Civic Origins of Progressive Policy Change: Combating Violence against Women in Global Perspective, 1975–2005.” American Political Science Review 106 (3): 548–569.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Hughes, Melanie. 2013. “The Intersection of Gender and Minority Status in National Legislatures: The Minority Women Legislative Index.” Legislative Studies Quarterly 38 (4): 489–516.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Husted, Bryan W. 2002. “Culture and International Anti-Corruption Agreements in Latin America.” Journal of Business Ethics 37 (4): 413–422.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• IPU (Inter-Parliamentary Union). 2018. Sexism, Harassment and Violence against Women in Parliaments in Europe. Geneva: IPU.
   Google Scholar
• IPU (Inter-Parliamentary Union). 2020. Women in National Parliaments Statistical Archive. Geneva: IPU.
   Google Scholar
• IPU (Inter-Parliamentary Union). 2021. “Monthly Ranking of Women in National Parliaments.” IPU Database. Accessed November 25, 2021. https://data.ipu.org/women-ranking?month=10&year=2021.
   Google Scholar
• JNE (Jurado Nacional de Elecciones). 2015. Reporte sobre resultados de la encuesta de acoso político a candidatas regionales en las elecciones regionales y municipales 2014. Lima: JNE.
   Google Scholar
• Johnson, Niki. 2016. “Keeping Men In, Shutting Women Out: Gender Biases in Candidate Selection Processes in Uruguay.” Government and Opposition 51 (3): 393–415.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Jones, Mark P. 1998. “Gender Quotas, Electoral Laws, and the Election of Women: Lessons from the Argentine Provinces.” Comparative Political Studies 31 (1): 3–21.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Krook, Mona Lena. 2020. Violence against Women in Politics. New York: Oxford University Press.
   Google Scholar
• Krook, Mona Lena, and Juliana Restrepo Sanín. 2016. “Gender and Political Violence in Latin America: Concepts, Debates, and Solutions.” Política y Gobierno 23 (1): 127–162.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Krook, Mona Lena, and Juliana Restrepo Sanín. 2020. “The Cost of Doing Politics? Analyzing Violence and Harassment against Female Politicians.” Perspectives on Politics 18 (3): 740–755.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Kuperberg, Rebecca. 2018. “Intersectional Violence against Women in Politics.” Politics & Gender 14 (4): 685–690.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Lagarde, Marcela. 2007. “Por los derechos humanos de las mujeres: la Ley General de Acceso de las Mujeres a una Vida Libre de Violencia.” Revista Mexicana de Ciencias Políticas y Sociales 49 (200): 143–165.
   Google Scholar
• Lagarde, Marcela. 2008. “Antropología, feminismo y política: violencia feminicida y derechos humanos de las mujeres.” In Retos teóricos y nuevas prácticas, edited by Margaret Louise Bullen and María Carmen Díez Mintegui, 209–240. Mexico DF: Ankulegi.
   Google Scholar
• Langston, Joy, and Francisco Javier Aparicio. 2011. “Gender Quotas Are Not Enough: How Background Experience and Campaigning Affect Electoral Outcomes.” CIDE 40, Accessed November 25, 2021. http://mobile.repositorio-digital.cide.edu/handle/11651/1353.
   Google Scholar
• Levine, Daniel H., and José Enrique Molina, eds. 2011. The Quality of Democracy in Latin America. Boulder, CO: Lynne Rienner.
   Google Scholar
• Linz, Juan J., and Alfred C. Stepan. 1996. Problems of Democratic Transition and Consolidation: Southern Europe, South America, and Post-Communist Europe. Baltimore, MD: Johns Hopkins University Press.
   Google Scholar
• Machicao, Ximena. 2004. Acoso político: un tema urgente que afrontar. La Paz: PADEP-GTZ.
   Google Scholar
• Mainwaring, Scott. 2018. Party Systems in Latin America: Institutionalization, Decay, and Collapse. New York: Cambridge University Press.
   Google Scholar
• Marx, Jutta, Jutta Borner, and Mariana Caminotti. 2009. “Gender Quotas, Candidate Selection, and Electoral Campaigns.” In Feminist Agendas and Democracy in Latin America, edited by Jane S. Jaquette, 45–64. Durham, NC: Duke University Press.
   Google Scholar
• Massolo, Alejandra. 2006. Participación política de las mujeres en el ámbito local en América Latina. Santo Domingo: United Nations International Research and Training Institute for the Advancement of Women.
   Google Scholar
• Mayka, Lindsay. 2018. Building Participatory Institutions in Latin America: Reform Coalitions and Institutional Change. New York: Cambridge University Press.
   Google Scholar
• Mazzuca, Sebastián L. 2010. “Access to Power versus Exercise of Power: Reconceptualizing the Quality of Democracy in Latin America.” Studies in Comparative International Development 45 (3): 334–357.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Menjívar, Cecilia, and Shannon Drysdale Walsh. 2017. “The Architecture of Feminicide: The State, Inequalities, and Everyday Gender Violence in Honduras.” Latin American Research Review 52 (2): 221–240.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Morgan, Jana. 2011. Bankrupt Representation and Party System Collapse. University Park, PA: Pennsylvania State University Press.
   Google Scholar
• NIMD (Netherlands Institute for Multiparty Democracy). 2016. Mujeres y participación política en Colombia: el fenómeno de la violencia contra las mujeres en política. Bogotá: NIMD.
   Google Scholar
• Novillo, Mónica. 2011. Paso a paso. Así lo hicimos: avances y desafíos en la participación política de las mujeres. La Paz: Coordinadora de la Mujer.
   Google Scholar
• OEA-CIM (Organization of American States–Inter-American Commission for Women), ONU Mujeres, and Laura Albaine. 2020. Violencia contra las mujeres en política en América Latina: mapeo legislativo y proyectos parlamentarios. Washington, DC: OEA-CIM and ONU Mujeres.
   Google Scholar
• Ortiz, Kenia. 2021. “Performance feminista ‘un violador en tu camino’: el cuerpo como territorio de resistencia y subversiva resignificación.” Encartes 4 (7): 265–291.
   Google Scholar
• Pando, Amalia. 2016. “Juana Quispe, sacrificada por el odio político.” YouTube, March 24. Accessed November 25, 2021. https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=nxR5mjmggSI.
   Google Scholar
• Piatti-Crocker, Adriana, Gregory D. Schmidt, and Clara Araujo. 2017. Gender Quotas in South America’s Big Three: National and Subnational Impacts. Lanham, MD: Lexington Books.
   Google Scholar
• Piscopo, Jennifer M. 2015a. “Democracy as Gender Balance: The Shift from Quotas to Parity in Latin America.” Politics, Groups, and Identities 4 (2): 214–230.
   Google Scholar
• Piscopo, Jennifer M. 2015b. “States as Gender Equality Activists: The Evolution of Quota Laws in Latin America.” Latin American Politics and Society 57 (3): 27–49.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Quintanilla, Tammy. 2012. Estudio sobre el acoso político hacia las mujeres en el Perú. Lima: Centro de la Mujer Peruana Flora Tristán.
   Google Scholar
• Quisbert Carvajal, Gladys, and Katya López Rossel. 2018. Acoso y violencia política en órganos legislativos departamentales de La Paz, Tarija y Beni. La Paz: Observatorio de Paridad Democrática, Órgano Electoral Plurinacional.
   Google Scholar
• Reinharz, Shulamit, and Lynn Davidman. 1992. Feminist Methods in Social Research. New York: Oxford University Press.
   Google Scholar
• Restrepo Sanín, Juliana. 2018. Violence against Women in Politics in Latin America. New Brunswick, NJ: Rutgers University.
   Google Scholar
• Restrepo Sanín, Juliana. 2020a. “Violence against Women in Politics: Latin America in an Era of Backlash.” Signs: Journal of Women in Culture and Society 45 (2): 302–310.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Restrepo Sanín, Juliana. 2020b. “Criminalizing Violence against Women in Politics: Innovation, Diffusion, and Transformation.” Politics & Gender, 1–32. Accessed November 25, 2021. https://doi.org/https://doi.org/10.1017/S1743923X20000173.
   Google Scholar
• Restrepo Sanín, Juliana. 2021. “Latin America Leads the Way in Fighting Violence and Harassment against Women in Politics.” European Journal of Politics and Gender 4 (3): 463–465.
   Google Scholar
• Rojas Valverde, María Eugenia. 2010. “Gender-Based Political Harassment and Violence: Effects on the Political Work and Public Roles of Women.” New Solutions: A Journal of Environmental and Occupational Health Policy 20 (4): 527–535.
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Rojas Valverde, María Eugenia. 2012. Acoso y violencia política en contra de mujeres autoridades públicas electas en los gobiernos locales-municipales en Bolivia. La Paz: UN Women, Association of Female Councilors of Bolivia, and Spanish Agency for International Development Cooperation.
   Google Scholar
• Rosales, Mario. 2012. “Descentralización en América Latina y tareas del municipalismo.” Revista Análisis Público 1 (1): 103–131.
   Google Scholar
• Rousseau, Stéphanie. 2011. “Indigenous and Feminist Movements at the Constituent Assembly in Bolivia: Locating the Representation of Indigenous Women.” Latin American Research Review 46 (2): 5–28.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Saccomano, Celeste. 2017. “El feminicidio en América Latina: ¿vacío legal o déficit del estado de derecho?/Feminicide in Latin America: Legal Vacuum or Deficit in the Rule of Law?” Revista CIDOB d’Afers Internacionals 117: 51–78.
   Google Scholar
• Salguero, Elizabeth. 2008. Agenda política desde las mujeres 2008–2011. La Paz: United Nations.
   Google Scholar
• Sánchez, María del Carmen, and Katia Uriona. 2014. De tejidos y entramados: sistematización de experiencias colectivas de las mujeres en el proceso constituyente, post constituyente y autonómico en Bolivia. La Paz: Coordinadora de la Mujer.
   Google Scholar
• Schilling-Vacaflor, Almut. 2016. New Constitutionalism in Latin America: Promises and Practices. New York: Routledge.
   Google Scholar
• Segato, Rita Laura. 2003. “La argamasa jerárquica: violencia moral, reproducción del mundo y eficacia simbólica del derecho.” Série Antropologia. 20. Accessed November 25, 2021. http://repositorio.ciem.ucr.ac.cr/jspui/handle/123456789/150.
   Google Scholar
• Segato, Rita Laura. 2014. “Las nuevas formas de la guerra y el cuerpo de las mujeres.” Sociedade e Estado 29 (2): 341–371.
   Google Scholar
• Sternbach, Nancy Saporta, Marysa Navarro-Aranguren, Patricia Chuchryk, and Sonia E. Alvarez. 1992. “Feminisms in Latin America: From Bogotá to San Bernardo.” Signs: Journal of Women in Culture and Society 17 (2): 393–434.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Torres García, Isabel. 2017. Violencia contra las mujeres en la política: investigación en partidos políticos de Honduras. Honduras: USAID, NDI, and PADF. Accessed November 25, 2021. https://www.ndi.org/sites/default/files/Investigacio%CC%81n%20violencia%20poli%CC%81tica-ISBN.pdf.
   Google Scholar
• Towns, Ann E. 2010. Women and States: Norms and Hierarchies in International Society. New York: Cambridge University Press.
   Google Scholar
• Transparency International. 2019. Barómetro global de la corrupción: América Latina y el Caribe 2019: opiniones y experiencias de los ciudadanos en materia de corrupción. Berlin: Transparency International.
   Google Scholar
• Valdini, Melody Ellis. 2019. The Inclusion Calculation: Why Men Appropriate Women’s Representation. New York: Oxford University Press.
   Google Scholar
• Valdez, Vargas, and José Luis. 2018. SUP-JDC-304/2018. Sala Superior del Tribunal Electoral del Poder Judicial de la Federación.
   Google Scholar
• Vidal Correa, Fernanda. 2014. “Federalism and Gender Quotas in Mexico: Analysing Propietario and Suplente Nominations.” Representation 50 (3): 321–335.
   Google Scholar
• Wylie, Kristin, Pedro dos Santos, and Daniel Marcelino. 2019. “Extreme Non-Viable Candidates and Quota Maneuvering in Brazilian Legislative Elections.” Opinião Pública 25 (1): 1–28.
   Google Scholar
• Xydias, Christina V. 2007. “Inviting More Women to the Party: Gender Quotas and Women’s Substantive Representation in Germany.” International Journal of Sociology 37 (4): 52–66.
   Google Scholar
• Yashar, Deborah J. 2005. Contesting Citizenship in Latin America: The Rise of Indigenous Movements and the Postliberal Challenge. New York: Cambridge University Press.
   Google Scholar
• Zabala, Maria Lourdes. 1998. Mujeres, cuotas y ciudadanía en Bolivia. La Paz: Coordinadora de la Mujer.
   Google Scholar