304
Views
75
CrossRef citations to date
0
Altmetric
Original Articles

Imperilled Subsurface Waters in Australia: Biodiversity, Threatening Processes and Conservation

, &
Pages 41-54 | Published online: 30 Nov 2010

  • Australian Nature Conservation Agency . 1996 . A Directory of Important Wetlands in Australia , 2nd Edition , Canberra : The Agency .
  • Baynes , A. and Jones , B. 1993 . The mammals of Cape Range Peninsula, northwestern Australia . Rec. West. Aust. Mus. Suppl. , 45 : 207 – 225 .
  • Boulton , A. J. 1999 . “ The role of subsurface biological filters in gravel-bed river rehabilitation strategies. ” . In Second Australian Stream Management Conference: The Challenge of Rehabilitating Australia s Streams , Edited by: Rutherfurd , I. and Hartley , R. 81 – 86 . Melbourne, , Australia : Cooperative Research Centre for Catchment Hydrology .
  • Boulton , A. J. 2000a . River ecosystem health down under: assessing ecological condition in riverine groundwater zones in Australia . Ecosy s. Health , 6 : 108 – 118 .
  • Boulton , A. J. 2000b . “ The subsurface macrofauna. ” . In Streams and Ground Waters , Edited by: Jones , J. B. and Mulholland , P. J. 337 – 361 . San Diego, CA : Academic Press .
  • Boulton , A. J. 2001 . Twixt two worlds: taxonomic and functional biodiversity at the surface water/groundwater interface . Rec. West. Aust. Mus. Suppl. , 64 : 1 – 13 .
  • Boulton , A. J. and Brock , M. A. 1999 . Australian Freshwater Ecology: Processes and Management , Adelaide : Gleneagles Publishing .
  • Boulton , A. J. and Foster , J. G. 1998 . Effects ofburied leaf litter and vertical hydrologie exchange on hyporheic water chemistry and fauna in a gravel-bed river in northern New South Wales, Australia . Freshwat. Biol. , 40 : 229 – 243 .
  • Boulton , A. J. and Stanley , E. H. 1995 . Hyporheic processes during flooding and drying in a Sonoran Desert stream. II. Faunal dynamics . Arch. Hydrobiol. , 134 : 27 – 52 .
  • Boulton , A. J. , Findlay , S. , Marmonier , P. , Stanley , E. H. and Valett , H. M. 1998 . The functional significance of the hyporheic zone in streams and rivers . Ann. Rev. Ecol. Syst. , 29 : 59 – 81 .
  • Bradbury , J. H. 2000 . Western Australian stygobiont amphipods (Crustacea: Paramelitidae) from the Mt Newrnan and Millstream regions . Rec. West. Aust. Mus. Suppl. , 60 : 1 – 102 .
  • Bradbury , J. H. and Williams , W. D. 1997a . The amphipod (Crustacea) stygofauna of Australia: description of new taxa (Melitidae, Neoniphargidae, Paramelitidae), and a synopsis of known species . Rec. Aust. Mus. , 49 : 249 – 341 .
  • Bradbury , J. H. and Williams , W. D. 1997b . Amphipod (Crustacea) diversity in underground waters in Australia: an Aladdin's Cave . Mem. Mus. Vie. , 56 : 513 – 519 .
  • Brunke , M. and Gonser , T. 1997 . The ecological significance of exchange processes between rivers and groundwater . Freshwat. Biol. , 37 : 1 – 33 .
  • Culver , D. C. and Sket , B. 2000 . Hotspots of subterranean biodiversity in caves and wells . J. Cave Karst Res. , 62 : 11 – 17 .
  • Culver , D. C. , Kane , T. C. and Fong , D. W. 1995 . Adaptation and Natural Selection in Caves: The Evolution of Gammarus minus , Cambridge, Massachusetts : Harvard University Press .
  • Danielopol , D. L. , Rouch , R. , Pospisil , P. , Torreiter , P. and Mosslacher , E. 1997 . “ Ecotonal animal assemblages: their interest for groundwater studies. ” . In Ground-water/Surface Water Ecotones , Edited by: Gibert , J. , Mathier , J. and Foumier , E. 11 – 20 . Cambridge : Cambridge University Press .
  • Danielopol , D. L. , Pospisil , P. and Rouch , R. 2000 . Biodiversity in groundwater: a large-scale view . Trends Ecol. Evol. , 15 : 223 – 224 .
  • Dole-Olivier , M.-J. and Marmonier , P. 1992 . Patch distribution of interstitial communities: prevailing factors . Freshwat Biol. , 27 : 177 – 191 .
  • Dole-Olivier , M.-J. , Marmonier , P. and Beffy , J.-L. 1997 . Response of invertebrates to lotie disturbance: is the hyporheic zone a patchy refiigium? . Freshwat. Biol. , 37 : 257 – 276 .
  • Duff , J. H. and Triska , E J. 2000 . “ Nitrogen biogeochemistry and surface-subsurface exchange in streams. ” . In Streams and Ground Waters , Edited by: Jones , J. B. and Mulholland , P. J. 197 – 220 . San Diego, CA : Academic Press .
  • Duff , J. H. , Pringle , C. M. and Triska , E J. 1996 . Nitrate reduction in sediments of lowland tropical streams draining swamp forest in Costa Rica: an ecosystem perspective . Biogeochemistry , 33 : 179 – 196 .
  • Eberhard , S. M. 1990 . Ida Bay Karst study: the cave fauna at Ida Bay in Tasmania and the effect of quarry operations , Hobart, , Tasmania : Report to Department of Parks, Wildlife and Heritage .
  • Eberhard , S. M. 1999 . Cave fauna management and monitoring at Ida Bay, Tasmania , Nature Conservation Report 99/1 Hobart, , Tasmania : Department of Parks, Wildlife and Heritage .
  • Eberhard , S. 2001 . Cave fauna monitoring and management at Ida Bay, Tasmania . Rec. West. Aust. Mus. Suppl. , 64 : 97 – 104 .
  • Eberhard , S. M. and Humphreys , W. E. Management of stygofauna in Western Australia . Proceedings of the 13th Australasian Conference on Cave and Karst Management . April 1999 , Mount Gambier, South Australia. Sydney : Australasian Cave and Karst Management Association Inc. .
  • Eberhard , S. and Humphreys , W. E . “ the crawling, creeping and swimming life of caves ” . In Australia Underground-A Tribute to Joe Jennings , Edited by: Hamilton-Smith , E. and Finlayson , B. Sydney, New South Wales : Australian Speleological Federation . In press
  • Eberhard , S. M. , Richardson , A. M. M. and Swain , R. 1991 . The invertebrate cave fauna of Tasmania , Canberra : Report to the National Estate Office .
  • Frisseil , C. A. and Bayles , D. 1996 . Ecosystem management and the conservation of aquatic biodiversity and ecological integrity . Water Res. Bull. , 32 : 229 – 240 .
  • Gibert , J. , Danielopol , D. A. and Stanford , J. A. , eds. 1994 . Groundwater Ecology , San Diego, CA : Academic Press .
  • Gibert , J. , Dole-Olivier , M.-J. , Marmonier , P. and Vervier , P. 1990 . “ Surface water-groundwaterecotones. ” . In The Ecology and Management of Aquatic-Terrestrial Ecotones , Edited by: Naiman , R. J. and Decamps , H. 199 – 226 . Carnforth : UNESCO, Paris and Parthenon Publishers .
  • Grimes , K. G. , Hamilton-Smith , E. and Spate , A. P. 1995 . South east karst province of South Australia , Adelaide, , South Australia : Report on behalf of the Australasian Cave and Karst Management Association for the National Parks and Wildlife Service of South Australia .
  • Gunn , J. , Hardwick , P. and Wood , P. J. 2000 . The invertebrate community of the Peak-Speedwell cave system, Derbyshire, England-pressures and considerations for conservation management. Aquatic Conserv . Mar. Freshwat. Ecosyst. , 10 : 353 – 369 .
  • Hamilton-Smith , E. and Eberhard , S. M. 2000 . “ Conservation of cave communities in Australasia. ” . In Ecosystems of the World, Volume 30, Subterranean Ecosystems , Edited by: Wilkens , H. , Culver , D. C. and Humphreys , W. F. 647 – 664 . Amsterdam : Elsevier .
  • Hancock , P. J. 2002 . Human impacts on the stream-groundwater exchange zone . Environ. Manag. , 29 : 763 – 781 .
  • Hatten , T. and Evans , R. 1998 . Dependence of ecosystems on ground-water and its significance to Australia , Land and Water Resources Research and Development Corporation Occasional Paper 12/98 Canberra : Land and Water Resources Research and Development Corporation .
  • Holsinger , J. 1988 . Troglobites-the evolution of cave dwelling organisms . Amer. Sei. March-April , 1988 : 146 – 153 .
  • Holthuis , L. B. 1960 . Two new species of atyid shrimps from subterranean waters of N.W. Australia . Crustaceana , 1 : 47 – 57 .
  • Howarth , F. G. 1983 . Ecology of cave arthropods . Ann. Rev. Entomol. , 28 : 365 – 389 .
  • Humphreys , W. F. 1999a . Physico-chemical profile and energy fixation in Blindera Sinkhole, an anchialine remiped habitat in north-western Australia . J. Roy. Soc. West. Aust. , 82 : 89 – 98 .
  • Humphreys , W. F. 1999b . “ Relict stygofaunas living in sea salt, karst and calcrete habitats in arid northwestern Australia contain many ancient lineages. ” . In The Other 99%. The Conservation and Biodiversity of Invertebrates , Edited by: Ponder , W. and Lunney , D. 219 – 227 . Mosman, New South Wales : Royal Zoological Society of New South Wales .
  • Humphreys , W. E. 1999c . The distribution of Australian cave fishes . Rec. West. Aust. Mus. , 19 : 469 – 472 .
  • Humphreys , W. E. 2000 . “ The hypogean fauna of the Cape Range peninsula and Barrow Island, northwestern Australia. ” . In Ecosystems of the World, Volume 30, Subterranean Ecosystems , Edited by: Wilkens , H. , Culver , D. C. and Humphreys , W. F. Volume 30 , 581 – 601 . Amsterdam : Elsevier .
  • Humphreys , W. E. 2001 . Groundwater calcrete aquifers in the Australian arid zone: the context to an unfolding plethora of stygal biodiversity . Rec. West. Aust. Mus. Suppl. , 64 : 63 – 83 .
  • Humphreys , W. F. and Blyth , J. 1994 . Subterranean secrets: hidden treasure of the Cape Range . Landscope , 9 : 22 – 27 .
  • Humphreys , W. F. , Poole , A. , Eberhard , S. M. and Warren , D. 1999 . Effects of research diving on the physico-chemical profile ofBlindera Sinkhole, an anchialine remiped habitat at Cape Range, Western Australia . J. Roy. Soc. West. Aust. , 82 : 99 – 108 .
  • Jasinska , E. J. , Knott , B. and McComb , A. J. 1996 . Root mats in ground water: a fauna-rich habitat . J. No. Amer. Benthol. Soc. , 15 : 508 – 519 .
  • Jacobson , G. , Habermehl , M. and Lau , J. 1983 . Australia's groundwater water resources, water 2000 , consultant's report No. 2 Canberra : Australian Government Publishing Service .
  • Kaplan , L. A. and Newbold , J. D. 2000 . “ Surface and subsurface dissolved organic carbon. ” . In Streams and Ground Waters , Edited by: Jones , J. B. and Mulholland , P. J. 237 – 258 . San Diego, CA : Academic Press .
  • Keighery , G. and Gibson , N. 1993 . Biogeography and composition of the flora of the Cape Range peninsula, Western Australia . Rec. West. Aust. Mus. Suppl. , 45 : 51 – 85 .
  • Knott , B. and Lake , P. S. 1980 . Eucrenonaspides oinotheke gen. et sp. n. (Psammaspididae) from Tasmania, and a new taxonomic scheme for Anaspidacea (Crustacea, Syncarida) . Zool. Scripta , 9 : 25 – 33 .
  • Margalef , R. 1993 . Troglobionts and modes of evolution . Mem. Biospeol. , 20 : 13 – 17 .
  • Marmonier , P. , Vervier , P. , Gibert , J. and Dole-Olivier , M.-J. 1993 . Bio-diversity in groundwater . Trends Ecol. Evol. , 8 : 392 – 395 .
  • Marmonier , P. , Ward , J. V. and Danielopol , D. L. 1997 . “ Biodiversity in groundwater/surface water ecotones: central questions. ” . In Groundwater/Surface Water Ecotones: Biological and Hydrological Interactions and Management Options , Edited by: Gibert , J. , Mathieu , J. and Fournier , F. 231 – 235 . Cambridge, , UK : UNESCO and Cambridge University Press .
  • Morgan , K. H. 1993 . Development, sedimentation and economic potential of palaeoriver systems of the Yilgarn Craton of Western Australia . Sediment. Geol. , 85 : 637 – 656 .
  • NCC NSW . 1999 . Desktop methodology to identify groundwater dependent ecosystems , Sydney, , Australia : Nature Conservation Council of New South Wales Inc. .
  • Notenboom , J. , Plénet , S. and Turquin , M.-J. 1994 . “ Groundwater contamination and its impact on groundwater animals and ecosystems ” . In Groundwater Ecology , Edited by: Gibert , J. , Danielopol , D. L. and Stanford , J. A. 477 – 504 . San Diego : Academic Press .
  • Ponder , W. 1992 . A new genus and species of aquatic cave-living snail from Tasmania (Mollusca: Gastropoda: Hydrobiidae) . Pap. Proc. R. Soc. Tas. , 26 : 23 – 28 .
  • Poore , G. C. B. and Humphreys , W. F. 1998 . First record of Spelaeogriphacea from Australasia: a new genus and species from an aquifer in the arid Pilbara of Western Australia . Crustaceana , 71 : 721 – 742 .
  • Richoux , P. and Reygrobellet , J.-L. 1986 . First report on the ecology of the phreatic water beetles (Coleoptera, Dytiscidae) . Entomol. Brasil. , 11 : 371 – 384 .
  • Rouch , R. and Danielopol , D. L. 1997 . Species richness of microcrustacea in subterranean freshwater habitats. Comparative analysis and approximate evaluation . Int. Revue ges. Hydrobiol. , 82 : 121 – 145 .
  • Schmid-Araya , J. M. and Schmid , P. E. 1995 . The invertebrate species of a gravel stream . Jahres. Biol. Stat. Lunz , 15 : 11 – 21 .
  • Schofield , N. J. , Collier , K. J. , Quinn , J. , Sheldon , F. and Thorns , M. C. 2000 . “ River conservation in Australia and New Zealand. ” . In Global Perspectives on River Conservation: Science, Policy and Practice , Edited by: Boon , P. J. , Davies , B. R. and Petts , G. E. 311 – 333 . London : John Wiley and Sons .
  • Sket , B. 1999a . The nature of biodiversity in hypogean waters and how it is endangered . Biodiv. Conserv. , 8 : 1319 – 1338 .
  • Sket , B. 1999b . High biodiversity in hypogean waters and its endangerment-the situation in Slovenia, the Dinaric Karst and Europe . Crustaceana , 72 : 767 – 780 .
  • Stoch , F. 1995 . The ecological and historical determinants of crustacean diversity in groundwaters, or: why are there so many species? . Mem. Biospeol. , 22 : 139 – 160 .
  • Tenison-Woods , J. E. 1862 . Geological Observations in South Australia , London : Longman and Assoc. .
  • Thurgate , M. E. , Cough , J. , Clarke , A. , Serov , P. and Spate , A. 2001 . Stygofauna diversity and distribution in eastern Australian cave and karst areas . Rec. West. Aust. Mus. Suppl. , 64 : 49 – 62 .
  • Trayler , K. M. and Davis , J. A. 1998 . Forestry impacts and the vertical distribution of stream invertebrates in south-western Australia . Freshwat. Biol. , 40 : 331 – 342 .
  • Vandel , A. 1965 . Biospeleology: The Biology of Cavernicolous Animals , Oxford : Pergamon Press .
  • Yager , J. and Humphreys , W. F. 1996 . Lasionectes exleyi, sp. nov., the first remipede crustacean recorded from Australia and the Indian Oceans, with a key to the world species . Invert. Taxon. , 10 : 171 – 187 .
  • Waid , J. V. and Palmer , M. A. 1994 . Distribution patterns of interstitial freshwater meiofauna over a range of spatial scales, with emphasis on alluvial river-aquifer systems . Hydrobiol. , 287 : 147 – 156 .
  • Watts , C. H. S. and Humphreys , W. E. 1999 . Three new genera and five new species of Dytiscidae (Coleoptera) from underground waters in Australia . Rec. South Aust. Mus. , 32 : 121 – 142 .
  • Watts , C. H. S. and Humphreys , W. F. 2000 . Six new species of Mrridessus and Tjirtudessus (Dytiscidae: Coleoptera) from underground waters in Australia . Rec. South Aust. Mus. , 33 : 127 – 144 .
  • Williams , D. D. and Hynes , H. B. N. 1974 . The occurrence of benthos deep in the substratum of a stream . Freshwat. Biol. , 4 : 233 – 256 .
  • Wilson , G. D. F. and Ponder , W. F. 1992 . Extraordinary new subterranean isopods (Peracarida: Crustacea) from the Kimberley region, Western Australia . Rec. Aust. Mus. , 44 : 279 – 298 .
  • Wilson , R. S. and Humphreys , W. E. 2001 . Prionospio thalanji sp. nov. (Polychaeta: Spionidae) from an anchialine cave, Cape Range, northwest Western Australia . Rec. West. Aust. Mus. Suppl. , 64 : 105 – 113 .
  • Winter , T. C. , Harvey , J. W. , Franke , O. L. and Alley , W. M. 1998 . Ground water and surface water-a single resource , Denver, Colorado : United States Geological Survey . Circular 1139

Reprints and Corporate Permissions

Please note: Selecting permissions does not provide access to the full text of the article, please see our help page How do I view content?

To request a reprint or corporate permissions for this article, please click on the relevant link below:

Academic Permissions

Please note: Selecting permissions does not provide access to the full text of the article, please see our help page How do I view content?

Obtain permissions instantly via Rightslink by clicking on the button below:

If you are unable to obtain permissions via Rightslink, please complete and submit this Permissions form. For more information, please visit our Permissions help page.