Pride and concern: differences between sperm and egg donors with respect to responsibility for their donor-conceived offspring

References

• Adrian, Stine Willum. 2010. “Sperm Stories: Policies and Practices of Sperm Banking in Denmark and Sweden.” European Journal of Women’s Studies 17 (4): 393–411. doi: 10.1177/1350506810378078
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Almeling, Rene. 2006. “‘Why Do You Want to Be a Donor?’: Gender and the Production of Altruism in Egg and Sperm Donation.” New Genetics and Society 25 (2): 143–157. doi: 10.1080/14636770600855184
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Almeling, Rene. 2007. “Selling Genes, Selling Gender: Egg Agencies, Sperm Banks, and the Medical Market in Genetic Material.” American Sociological Review 72 (3): 319–340. doi: 10.1177/000312240707200301
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Almeling, Rene. 2011. Sex Cells: The Medical Market for Eggs and Sperm. Berkeley: University of California Press.
   Google Scholar
• Almeling, Rene. 2014. “Defining Connections: Gender and Perceptions of Relatedness in Egg and Sperm Donation.” In Relatedness in Assisted Reproduction: Families, Origins and Identities, 147–161. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press.
   Google Scholar
• Bass, Brooke Conroy. 2015. “Preparing for Parenthood? Gender, Aspirations, and the Reproduction of Labor Market Inequality.” Gender & Society 29 (3): 362–385. doi: 10.1177/0891243214546936
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Blum, Linda M. 2007. “Mother-Blame in the Prozac Nation: Raising Kids with Invisible Disabilities.” Gender & Society 21 (2): 202–226. doi: 10.1177/0891243206298178
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Blyth, Eric. 2011. “‘They Were My Eggs; They Were Her Babies’: Known Oocyte Donors’ Conceptualizations of Their Reproductive Material.” Journal of Obstetrics and Gynecology Canada 33 (11): 1134–1140. doi: 10.1016/S1701-2163(16)35081-2
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• California Cryobank. 2016. “California Cryobank.” Accessed April 17. https://cryobank.com/Services/Donor-Semen/.
   Google Scholar
• Campo-Engelstein, Lisa, and Nadia L. Johnson. 2014. “Revisiting ‘the Fertilization Fairytale’: An Analysis of Gendered Language Used to Describe Fertilization in Science Textbooks from Middle School to Medical School.” Cultural Studies of Science Education 9 (1): 201–220. doi: 10.1007/s11422-013-9494-7
   Google Scholar
• Carsten, Janet. 2004. After Kinship. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press.
   Google Scholar
• Chodorow, Nancy J. 1999. The Reproduction of Mothering: Psychoanalysis and the Sociology of Gender. Updated Edition. 2nd ed. Berkeley: University of California Press.
   Google Scholar
• Circle Egg Donation. 2016. “ Full-Service U.S. Egg Donor Agency | Circle Egg Donation.” Accessed April 17. http://www.circleeggdonation.com/.
   Google Scholar
• Collins, Patricia Hill. 2002. Black Feminist Thought: Knowledge, Consciousness, and the Politics of Empowerment. New York: Routledge.
   Google Scholar
• Connell, R. W. 1987. Gender and Power: Society, the Person, and Sexual Politics. 1st ed. Stanford, CA: Stanford University Press.
   Google Scholar
• Connell, R. W., and James W. Messerschmidt. 2005. “Hegemonic Masculinity Rethinking the Concept.” Gender & Society 19 (6): 829–859. doi: 10.1177/0891243205278639
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Curtis, Anna. 2010. “Giving ‘Til It Hurts: Egg Donation and the Costs of Altruism.” Feminist Formations 22 (2), 80–100. doi: 10.1353/ff.2010.0009
   Google Scholar
• Doucet, Andrea. 2013. “A ‘Choreography of Becoming’: Fathering, Embodied Care, and New Materialisms.” Canadian Review of Sociology/Revue Canadienne de Sociologie 50 (3): 284–305. doi: 10.1111/cars.12016
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Doucet, Andrea, and Robyn Lee. 2014. “Fathering, Feminism(s), Gender, and Sexualities: Connections, Tensions, and New Pathways: Fathering, Feminism(s), Gender, and Sexualities.” Journal of Family Theory & Review 6 (4): 355–373. doi: 10.1111/jftr.12051
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Edwards, Jeanette. 2000. Born and Bred: Idioms of Kinship and New Reproductive Technologies in England. Oxford: Oxford University Press.
   Google Scholar
• Edwards, Jeanette. 2013. “Donor Siblings: Participating in Each Other’s Conception.” HAU: Journal of Ethnographic Theory 3 (2): 285–292. doi: 10.14318/hau3.2.018
   Google Scholar
• Edwards, Jeanette. 2015. “Donor Conception and (Dis)closure in the UK: Siblingship, Friendship and Kinship.” Sociologus 65 (1): 101–122. doi: 10.3790/soc.65.1.101
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Egg Donor America. 2016. “ Become an Egg Donor | Paid Egg Donor Compensation.” Accessed April 17. https://www.eggdonoramerica.com/become-egg-donor/egg-donor-compensation.
   Google Scholar
• Elliott, Sinikka, and Elyshia Aseltine. 2013. “Raising Teenagers in Hostile Environments How Race, Class, and Gender Matter for Mothers’ Protective Carework.” Journal of Family Issues 34 (6): 719–744. doi: 10.1177/0192513X12452253
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Felmayer, Gabriele Werner. 2009. “ From Ovary to Stock Exchange – Egg Cells, Stem Cells, Therapies and Women on a Global Health Market.” http://weareeggdonors.com/wp-content/uploads/2013/07/FromOvarytoStockExchangeLectureSummary.pdf.
   Google Scholar
• Ferree, Myra Marx. 2010. “Filling the Glass: Gender Perspectives on Families.” Journal of Marriage and Family 72 (3): 420–439. doi: 10.1111/j.1741-3737.2010.00711.x
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Franklin, Sarah. 2013. Biological Relatives: IVF, Stem Cells, and the Future of Kinship (Experimental Futures). Durham, NC: Duke University Press.
   Google Scholar
• Franklin, Sarah, and Susan McKinnon. 2001. Relative Values: Reconfiguring Kinship Studies. Durham, NC: Duke University Press.
   Google Scholar
• Freeman, Tabitha, Kate Bourne, Vasanti Jadva, and Venessa Smith. 2015. “Making Connections: Contract Between Sperm Donor Relations.” In Relatedness in Assisted Reproduction, 270–295. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press.
   Google Scholar
• Gershman, Jacob. 2016. “ Fertility Industry Group Settles Lawsuit over Egg Donor Price Caps – Law Blog – WSJ.” Accessed February 3. http://blogs.wsj.com/law/2016/02/03/fertility-industry-group-settles-lawsuit-over-egg-donor-price-caps/.
   Google Scholar
• Glaser, Barney G., and Anselm L. Strauss. 1969. The Discovery of Grounded Theory: Strategies for Qualitative Research. Chicago: Aldine.
   Google Scholar
• Goldberg, A. E., and J. E. Scheib. 2015. “Female-Partnered and Single Women’s Contact Motivations and Experiences with Donor-Linked Families.” Human Reproduction 30 (6): 1375–1385. doi: 10.1093/humrep/dev077
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Goldberg, Abbie E., and Joanna E. Scheib. 2016. “Female-Partnered Women Conceiving Kinship: Does Sharing a Sperm Donor Mean We Are Family?” Journal of Lesbian Studies 20 (3–4): 427–441. doi: 10.1080/10894160.2016.1089382
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Graham, Susanna, Sebastian Mohr, and Kate Bourne. 2016. “Regulating the ‘Good’ Donor: The Expectations and Experiences of Sperm Donors in Denmark and Victoria, Australia.” In Regulating Reproductive Donation, edited by Susan Golombok, Rosamund Scott, John B. Appleby, Martin Richards, and Stephen Wilkinson, 207–231. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press.
   Google Scholar
• Harper, Joyce C., Debbie Kennett, and Dan Reisel. 2016. “The End of Donor Anonymity: How Genetic Testing Is Likely to Drive Anonymous Gamete Donation out of Business.” Human Reproduction 31 (6): 1135–1140. doi: 10.1093/humrep/dew065
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Haylett, Jennifer. 2012. “One Woman Helping Another Egg Donation as a Case of Relational Work.” Politics & Society 40 (2): 223–247. doi: 10.1177/0032329212441599
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Hays, Sharon. 1996. The Cultural Contradictions of Motherhood. New Haven, CT: Yale University Press.
   Google Scholar
• Hertz, Rosanna, and Jane Mattes. 2011. “Donor-Shared Siblings or Genetic Strangers: New Families, Clans, and the Internet.” Journal of Family Issues 32: 1129–1155. doi: 10.1177/0192513X11404345
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Hertz, Rosanna, Margaret K. Nelson, and Wendy Kramer. 2017. “Donor Sibling Networks as a Vehicle for Expanding Kinship: A Replication and Extension.” Journal of Family Issues 38 (2): 248–284. doi: 10.1177/0192513X16631018
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Holster, Kristin. 2008. “ Making Connections: Egg Donation, the Internet, and the New Reproductive Technology Marketplace.” In Patients, Consumers and Civil Society 10: 53–73. Advances in Medical Sociology 10. Emerald Group. http://www.emeraldinsight.com/doi/abs/10.1016/S1057-6290(08)10004-3.
   Google Scholar
• Ikemoto, Lisa C. 2009. “Eggs as Capital: Human Egg Procurement in the Fertility Industry and the Stem Cell Research Enterprise.” Signs: Journal of Women in Culture and Society 34 (4): 763–781. doi: 10.1086/597131
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Jadva, Vasanti, Tabitha Freeman, Wendy Kramer, and Susan Golombok. 2010a. “Experiences of Offspring Searching for and Contacting Their Donor Siblings and Donor.” Reproductive BioMedicine Online 20: 523–532. doi: 10.1016/j.rbmo.2010.01.001
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Jadva, Vasanti, Tabitha Freeman, Wendy Kramer, and Susan Golombok. 2010b. “Sperm and Oocyte Donors’ Experiences of Anonymous Donation and Subsequent Contact with Their Donor Offspring.” Human Reproduction 26 (3): 638–645. doi: 10.1093/humrep/deq364
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Johnson, Katherine M. 2013. “Making Families: Organizational Boundary Work in US Egg and Sperm Donation.” Social Science & Medicine 99 (December): 64–71. doi: 10.1016/j.socscimed.2013.10.015
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Katz-Rothman, Barbara. 1986. The Tentative Pregnancy: Prenatal Diagnosis and the Future of Motherhood. New York: Penguin Books.
   Google Scholar
• Kaufman, Gayle. 2013. Superdads: How Fathers Balance Work and Family in the 21st Century. New York: NYU Press.
   Google Scholar
• Keehn, Jason, Eve Holwell, Ruqayyah Abdul-Karim, Lisa Judy Chin, Cheng-Shiun Leu, Mark V. Sauer, and Robert Klitzman. 2012. “Recruiting Egg Donors Online: An Analysis of In Vitro Fertilization Clinic and Agency Websites’ Adherence to American Society for Reproductive Medicine Guidelines.” Fertility and Sterility 98 (4): 995–1000. doi: 10.1016/j.fertnstert.2012.06.052
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Kirkman, Maggie. 2003. “Egg and Embryo Donation and the Meaning of Motherhood.” Women & Health 38 (2): 1–18. doi: 10.1300/J013v38n02_01
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Kirkman, M., K. Bourne, J. Fisher, L. Johnson, and K. Hammarberg. 2014. “Gamete Donors’ Expectations and Experiences of Contact with Their Donor Offspring.” Human Reproduction 29 (4): 731–738. doi: 10.1093/humrep/deu027
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Klotz, Maren. 2016. “Wayward Relations: Novel Searches of the Donor-Conceived for Genetic Kinship.” Medical Anthropology 35 (1): 45–57. doi: 10.1080/01459740.2015.1012615
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Krawiec, Kimberly D. 2009. “Sunny Samaritans & Egomaniacs: Price-Fixing in the Gamete Market.” Law and Contemporary Problems 72 (3): 59–90.
   Google Scholar
• Krawiec, Kimberly D. 2015. “Markets, Morals and the Limits in the Exchange in Human Eggs.” The Georgetown Journal of Law & Public Policy 13: 349–365.
   Google Scholar
• Kroløkke, Charlotte. 2015. “Have Eggs, Will Travel: The Experiences and Ethics of Global Egg Donation.” Somatechnics 5 (1): 12–31. doi: 10.3366/soma.2015.0145
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• LaRossa, Ralph. 2015. “The Culture of Fatherhood and the Late Twentieth-Century New Fatherhood Movement: An Interpretive Perspective.” In Deconstructing Dads: Changing Images of Fathers in Popular Culture, edited by Laura Tropp and Janice Kelly, 3–30. Lanham, MD: Lexington Books.
   Google Scholar
• Macdonald, Cameron Lynne. 2011. Shadow Mothers: Nannies, Au Pairs, and the Micropolitics of Mothering. Berkeley, CA: University of California Press.
   Google Scholar
• Mamo, Laura, and Eli Alston-Stepnitz. 2015. “Queer Intimacies and Structural Inequalities New Directions in Stratified Reproduction.” Journal of Family Issues 36 (4): 519–540. doi: 10.1177/0192513X14563796
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Marsiglio, William, Maria Lohan, and Lorraine Culley. 2013. “Framing Men’s Experience in the Procreative Realm.” Journal of Family Issues 34 (8): 1011–1036. doi: 10.1177/0192513X13484260
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Martin, Emily. 1991. “The Egg and the Sperm: How Science Has Constructed a Romance Based on Stereotypical Male-Female Roles.” Signs: Journal of Women in Culture and Society 16 (3): 485–501. doi: 10.1086/494680
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Miller, T. 2007. “‘Is This What Motherhood Is All About?’: Weaving Experiences and Discourse Through Transition to First-Time Motherhood.” Gender & Society 21 (3): 337–358. doi: 10.1177/0891243207300561
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Mohr, Sebastian. 2015. “Living Kinship Trouble: Danish Sperm Donors’ Narratives of Relatedness.” Medical Anthropology 34 (5): 470–484. doi: 10.1080/01459740.2015.1008632
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Monroe, M. C., and D. C. Adams. 2012. “Increasing Response Rates to Web-Based Surveys.” The Journal of Extension (JOE) 50: 6–13.
   Google Scholar
• Orobitg, Gemma, and Carles Salazar. 2005. “The Gift of Motherhood: Egg Donation in a Barcelona Infertility Clinic.” Ethnos 70 (1): 31–52. doi: 10.1080/00141840500048532
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Pedersen, Daphne E. 2012. “The Good Mother, the Good Father, and the Good Parent: Gendered Definitions of Parenting.” Journal of Feminist Family Therapy 24 (3): 230–246. doi: 10.1080/08952833.2012.648141
   Google Scholar
• Pollock, Anne. 2003. “Complicating Power in High-Tech Reproduction: Narratives of Anonymous Paid Egg Donors.” Journal of Medical Humanities 24 (3–4): 241–263. doi: 10.1023/A:1026010504214
   Google Scholar
• Raley, Sara, Suzanne M. Bianchi, and Wendy Wang. 2012. “When Do Fathers Care? Mothers’ Economic Contribution and Fathers’ Involvement in Child Care.” AJS: American Journal of Sociology 117 (5): 1422–1459.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Rettner, Rachael. 2012. “ Egg Donors Often Recruited Unethically, Study Finds.” LiveScience.com.
   Google Scholar
• Robertson, John A. 2013. “Fresh, Frozen, and Fabricated Eggs.” The American Journal of Bioethics 13 (1): 5–7. doi: 10.1080/15265161.2013.747315
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Scheib, Joanna E., and Rachel A. Cushing. 2007. “Open-Identity Donor Insemination in the United States: Is It on the Rise?” Fertility and Sterility 88 (1): 231–232. doi: 10.1016/j.fertnstert.2007.04.001
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Scheib, J. E., M. Riordan, and S. Rubin. 2003. “Choosing Identity-Release Sperm Donors: The Parents’ Perspective 13-18 Years Later.” Human Reproduction 18: 1115–1127. doi: 10.1093/humrep/deg227
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Scheib, Joanna E., and Alice Ruby. 2008. “Contact among Families Who Share the Same Sperm Donor.” Fertility and Sterility 90 (1): 33–43. doi: 10.1016/j.fertnstert.2007.05.058
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Shostak, Sara, Jeremy Freese, Bruce G. Link, and Jo C. Phelan. 2009. “The Politics of the Gne: Social Status and Beliefs about Genetics for Individual Outcomes.” Social Psychology Quarterly 72 (1): 77–93. doi: 10.1177/019027250907200107
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• spermbank.com. 2016. “☛ GOT SPERM? – Earn up to $1,500/Month ☆★.” Craigslist. Accessed April 17. http://newyork.craigslist.org/mnh/etc/5538987673.html.
   Google Scholar
• Strathern, Marilyn. 2005. Kinship, Law, and the Unexpected: Relatives Are Always a Surprise. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press.
   Google Scholar
• The Ethics Committee of the American Society for Reproductive Medicine. 2007. “Financial Compensation of Oocyte Donors.” Fertility and Sterility 88 (2): 305–309. doi: 10.1016/j.fertnstert.2007.01.104
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Thorne, Barrie, and with Marilyn Yalom. 1982. Rethinking the Family: Some Feminist Questions. New York: Longman.
   Google Scholar
• Uttal, Lynet. 1996. “Racial Safety and Cultural Maintenance: The Childcare Concerns of Employed Mothers of Color.” Ethnic Studies Review 19 (1): 43–54.
   Google Scholar
• Villalobos, Ana. 2015. “Compensatory Connection Mothers’ Own Stakes in an Intensive Mother-Child Relationship.” Journal of Family Issues 36 (14): 1928–1956. doi: 10.1177/0192513X13520157
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Wall, G., and S. Arnold. 2007. “How Involved Is Involved Fathering?: An Exploration of the Contemporary Culture of Fatherhood.” Gender & Society 21 (4): 508–527. doi: 10.1177/0891243207304973
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Walzer, Susan. 1996. “Thinking about the Baby: Gender and Divisions of Infant Care.” Social Problems 43 (2): 219–234. doi: 10.2307/3096999
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Zelizer, Viviana A. 2007. The Purchase of Intimacy. Princeton, NJ: Princeton University Press.
   Google Scholar