563
Views
143
CrossRef citations to date
0
Altmetric
Original Articles

The memory deficits in alzheimer-type dementia: A review

&
Pages 575-602 | Received 22 May 1986, Published online: 29 May 2007

References

  • de Ajuriaguerra , J. and Tissot , R. 1975 . “ Some aspects of language in various forms of senile dementia (comparisons with language in childhood) ” . In Foundations of language development, a multidisciplinary approach Edited by: Lenneberg , E. H. and Lenneberg , E. Vol. 1 , 323 – 339 . New York : Academic Press .
  • Albert , M. S. , Butters , N. and Levin , J. 1979 . “ Memory for remote events in chronic alcoholics and Korsakoff patients ” . In Alcohol intoxication and withdrawal Edited by: Begleiter , H. and Kissen , B. New York : Plenum Press .
  • Alzheimer , A. 1907 . Uber eine eigenartige Erkrankung der Hirnrinde . Allgemeine Zeitschrift für Psychiatrie , 64 : 146 – 148 .
  • Anderson , J. R. and Ross , B. H. 1980 . Evidence against a semantic-episodic distinction . Journal of Experimental Psychology: Human Learning and Memory , 6 : 441 – 465 .
  • Appell , J. , Kertesz , A. and Fisman , M. A. 1982 . A study of functioning in Alzheimer's disease . Brain and Language , 17 : 73 – 91 .
  • Atkinson , R. C. and Shiffrin , R. M. 1971 . The control of short-term memory . Scientific American , 225 : 82 – 90 .
  • Baddeley , A. D. 1966 . Short-term memory for word sequences as a function of acoustic, semantic and formal similarity . Quarterly Journal of Experimental Psychology , 18 : 362 – 365 .
  • Baddeley , A. D. 1976 . The psychology of memory New York : Harper & Row .
  • Baddeley , A. D. 1982 . Domains of Recollection . Psychological Review , 89 : 708 – 729 .
  • Baddeley , A. D. 1983 . Working memory . Philosophical Transactions of the Royal Society of London , B302 : 311 – 324 .
  • Baddeley , A. D. (in press) . Working memory John Wiley : London .
  • Baddeley , A. D. , Della Sala , S. , Logie , R. and Spinnler , H. 1986 . Working memory and dementia . Quarterly Journal of Experimental Psychology , 38A : 603 – 618 .
  • Baddeley , A. D. , Lewis , V. and Vallar , G. 1984 . Exploring the articulatory loop . Quarterly Journal of Experimental Psychology , 36A : 233 – 352 .
  • Baddeley , A. D. and Lieberman , K. 1980 . “ Spatial working memory ” . In Attention and performance VIII Edited by: Nickerson , R. Hillsdale, N.J. : Lawrence Erlbaum Associates .
  • Baddeley , A. D. , Thomson , N. and Buchanan , M. 1975 . Word-length and the structure of short-term memory . Journal of Verbal Learning and Verbal Behavior , 14 : 575 – 589 .
  • Broadbent , D. E. 1983 . The functional approach to memory . Philosophical Transactions of the Royal Society of London , B302 : 239 – 249 .
  • Cantone , G. , Orsini , A. , Grossi , D. and De Michele , G. 1978 . Verbal and spatial memory span in dementia (an experimental study of 185 subjects) . Acta Neuropsychologica (Naples) , 33 : 175 – 185 .
  • Cermak , L. S. 1982 . “ The long and the short of it in amnesia ” . In Human memory and amnesia Edited by: Cermak , L. S. Hillsdale, N.J. : Lawrence Erlbaum Associates .
  • Cermak , L. S. 1984 . “ The episodic–semantic distinction in amnesia ” . In Neuropsychology of memory Edited by: Squire , L. R. and Butters , N. New York : The Guildford Press .
  • Corkin , S. 1982 . “ Some relationships between global amnesias and the memory impairments in Alzheimer's disease ” . In Alzheimer's disease: A report of research in progress Edited by: Corkin , S. , Davis , K. L. , Growdon , J. H. , Usdin , E. and Wurtman , R. J. New York : Raven Press .
  • Corkin , S. , Davis , K. L. , Growdon , J. H. , Usdin , E. and Wurtman , R. J. 1982 . Alzheimer's disease: A report of research in progress New York : Raven Press .
  • Corkin , S. , Growdon , J. H. , Nissen , M. J. , Huff , F. J. , Freed , D. M. and Sagar , H. J. 1984 . “ Recent advances in the neuropsychological study of Alzheimer's disease ” . In Alzheimer's disease: Advances in basic research and therapies. Proceedings of the third meeting of the International Study Group: On the treatment of memory disorders associated with ageing Edited by: Wurtman , R. J. , Corkin , S. and Growdon , J. H. Cambridge, Mass : Center for Brain Sciences and Metabolism Trust .
  • Craik , F. I. M. 1981 . “ Encoding and retrieval effects in human memory: A partial review ” . In Attention and performance IX Edited by: Long , J. B. and Baddeley , A. D. Hillsdale, N.J. : Lawrence Erlbaum Associates .
  • Craik , F. I. M. 1982 . On the transfer of information from temporary to permanent memory . Philosophical Transactions of the Royal Society of London , B302 : 341 – 359 .
  • Craik , F. I. M. and Jacoby , L. L. 1975 . “ A process view of short-term retention ” . In Cognitive theory Edited by: Restle , F. , Shiffrin , R. M. , Castellan , N. J. , Lindman , H. and Pisoni , D. B. Vol. 1 , Hillsdale, N.J. : Lawrence Erlbaum Associates .
  • Craik , F. I. M. and Levy , B. A. 1976 . “ The concept of primary memory ” . In Handbook of learning and cognitive processes Edited by: Estes , W. K. Vol. 4 , Hillsdale, N.J. : Lawrence Erlbaum Associates .
  • Craik , F. I. M. and Lockhart , R. S. 1972 . Levels of processing: A framework for memory research . Journal of Verbal Learning and Verbal Behavior , 11 : 671 – 684 .
  • Craik , F. I. M. and Rabinowitz , J. C. 1983 . Processing resources in relation to memory encoding and retrieval Paper presented at the APA Annual Meeting, Anaheim, California.
  • Craik , F. I. M. and Simon , E. 1980 . “ Attention and depth of processing ” . In New directions in memory and ageing: Proceedings of the George A. Talland Memorial Conference Edited by: Poon , L. W. , Fozard , J. L. , Cermak , L. S. , Arenberg , D. and Thompson , L. W. Hillsdale, N.J. : Lawrence Erlbaum Associates .
  • Craik , F. I. M. and Watkins , M. J. 1973 . The role of rehearsal in short-term memory . Journal of Verbal Learning and Verbal Behavior , 12 : 599 – 607 .
  • Duncan , J. 1979 . Divided attention: The whole is more than the sum of its parts . Journal of Experimental Psychology: Human Perception and Performance , 5 : 216 – 228 .
  • Fisher , R. P. and Craik , F. I. M. 1980 . The effects of elaboration on recognition memory . Memory and Cognition , 8 : 400 – 404 .
  • Gewirth , L. R. , Shindler , A. G. and Hier , D. B. 1984 . Altered patterns of word associations in dementia and aphasia . Brain and Language , 21 : 307 – 317 .
  • Glenberg , A. and Adams , F. 1978 . Type I rehearsal and recognition . Journal of Verbal Learning and Verbal Behavior , 17 : 455 – 463 .
  • Graf , P. and Mandler , G. 1984 . Activation makes words more accessible, but not necessarily more retrievable . Journal of Verbal Learning and Verbal Behavior , 23 : 553 – 568 .
  • Graf , P. and Schacter , D. L. 1985 . Implicit and explicit memory for new associations in normal and amnesic subjects . Journal of Experimental Psychology: Learning, Memory and Cognition , 11 : 501 – 518 .
  • Graf , P. , Squire , L. R. and Mandler , G. 1984 . The information that amnesic patients do not forget . Journal of Experimental Psychology: Learning, Memory and Cognition , 9 : 164 – 178 .
  • Hachinski , V. C. , Iliff , L. D. , Zilkha , E. , DuBoulay , G. H. , McAllister , V. L. , Marshall , J. , Ross Russell , R. W. and Symon , L. 1975 . Cerebral blood flow in dementia . Archives of Neurology , 32 : 632 – 637 .
  • Henderson , A. S. and Huppert , F. A. 1984 . The problem of mild dementia . Psychological Medicine , 14 : 5 – 11 .
  • Huppert , F. A. and Piercy , M. 1978 . Dissociation between learning and remembering in organic amnesia . Nature , 275 : 317 – 318 .
  • Huppert , F. A. and Piercy , M. 1979 . Normal and abnormal forgetting in amnesia: Effect of locus of lesion . Cortex , 15 : 385 – 390 .
  • Irigaray , L. 1967 . Approche psycho-linguistique du langage des dements . Neuropsychologia , 5 : 25 – 52 .
  • Jacoby , L. L. 1982 . “ Knowing and remembering: Some parallels in the behavior of Korsakoff patients and normals ” . In Human memory and amnesia Edited by: Cermak , L. S. Hillsdale, N.J. : Lawrence Erlbaum Associates .
  • Jacoby , L. L. and Dallas , M. 1981 . On the relationship between autobiographical memory and perceptual learning . Journal of Experimental Psychology: General , 116 : 306 – 340 .
  • Jacoby , L. L. and Witherspoon , D. 1982 . Remembering without awareness . Canadian Journal of Psychology , 36 : 300 – 324 .
  • Kaszniak , A. W. , Garron , D. C. and Fox , J. 1979 . Differential aspects of age and cerebral atrophy upon span of immediate recall and paired associate learning in older patients with suspected dementia . Cortex , 15 : 285 – 295 .
  • Kirshner , H. S. , Webb , W. G. and Kelly , M. P. 1984 . The naming disorder in dementia . Neuropsychologia , 22 : 23 – 30 .
  • Kolers , P. A. 1979 . “ A pattern-analyzing basis of recognition ” . In Levels of processing in human memory Edited by: Cermak , L. S. and Craik , F. I. M. Hillsdale, N.J. : Lawrence Erlbaum Associates .
  • Kopelman , M. D. 1985 . Rates of forgetting in Alzheimer-type dementia and Korsakoff's syndrome . Neuropsychologia , 23 : 623 – 638 .
  • Kopelman , M. D. 1986a . The cholinergic neurotransmitter system in human memory and dementia: A review . Quarterly Journal of Experimental Psychology , 38A : 535 – 573 .
  • Kopelman , M. D. 1986b . Clinical tests of memory . British Journal of Psychiatry , 148 : 517 – 525 .
  • Kopelman , M. D. (in press) . Recall of anomalous sentences in dementia and amnesia . Brain and Language ,
  • Levy , B. A. 1971 . The role of articulation in auditory and visual short-term memory . Journal of Verbal Learning and Verbal Behavior , 10 : 123 – 132 .
  • Lishman , W. A. 1978 . Organic psychiatry: The psychological consequences of cerebral disorder Blackwell Scientific Publications .
  • Loftus , G. R. 1978 . On interpretation of interactions . Memory and Cognition , 6 : 312 – 319 .
  • Mandler , G. 1980 . Recognising: The judgement of previous occurrence . Psychological Review , 87 : 252 – 271 .
  • Marsden , C. D. 1978 . “ The diagnosis of dementia ” . In Studies in geriatric psychiatry Edited by: Isaacs , A. D. and Post , F. Chichester : John Wiley .
  • Martin , A. , Brouwers , P. , Cox , C. and Fedio , P. 1985 . On the nature of the verbal memory deficit in Alzheimer's disease . Brain and Language , 25 : 323 – 341 .
  • Martin , A. and Fedio , P. 1983 . Word production and comprehension in Alzheimer's disease: A breakdown of semantic knowledge . Brain and Language , 19 : 124 – 141 .
  • McLeod , P. 1977 . Parallel processing and the psychological refractory period . Acta Psychologica , 41 : 381 – 396 .
  • Meudell , P. and Mayes , A. 1984 . Patterns of confidence loss in cued recall of normal people with attenuated recognition memory: Their relevance to a similar amnesic phenomenon . Neuropsychologia , 22 : 41 – 54 .
  • Miller , E. 1971 . On the nature of the memory disorder in presenile dementia . Neuropsychologia , 9 : 75 – 78 .
  • Miller , E. 1972 . Efficiency of coding and the short-term memory deficit in presenile dementia . Neuropsychologia , 10 : 221 – 224 .
  • Miller , E. 1973 . Short- and long-term memory in presenile dementia (Alzheimer's disease) . Psychological Medicine , 3 : 221 – 224 .
  • Miller , E. 1975 . Impaired recall and the memory disturbance in presenile dementia . British Journal of Social and Clinical Psychology , 14 : 73 – 79 .
  • Miller , E. 1977 . Abnormal ageing: The psychology of senile and presenile dementia London : John Wiley .
  • Miller , E. 1978 . Retrieval from long-term memory in presenile dementia: Two tests of a hypothesis . British Journal of Social and Clinical Psychology , 17 : 143 – 148 .
  • Monsell , S. 1984 . “ Components of working memory underlying verbal skills: A distributed capacities view ” . In Attention and Performance X Edited by: Bouma , H. and Bouwhuis , D. G. Hillsdale, N.J. : Lawrence Erlbaum Associates .
  • Morris , R. G. 1984 . Dementia and the functioning of the Articulatory Loop System . Cognitive Neuropsychology , 1 : 143 – 157 .
  • Morris , R. G. 1986 . Short-term forgetting in senile dementia of the Alzheimer's type . Cognitive Neuropsychology , 3 : 77 – 97 .
  • Morris , R. G. (in press/a) . Articulatory rehearsal in Alzheimer-type dementia . Brain and language ,
  • Morris , R. G. (in press/b) . The effect of concurrent articulation on memory span in Alzheimer-type dementia . British Journal of Clinical Psychology ,
  • Morris , R. G. , Wheatley , J. and Britton , P. G. 1983 . Retrieval from long-term memory in senile dementia: Cued recall revisited . British Journal of Clinical Psychology , 22 : 141 – 142 .
  • Moscovitch , M. 1982 . “ A neuropsychological approach to perception and memory in normal and pathological aging ” . In Aging and cognitive processes Edited by: Craik , F. I. M. and Trehub , S. New York : Plenum Press .
  • Murray , D. J. 1968 . Articulation and acoustic confusability . Journal of Experimental Psychology , 78 : 679 – 684 .
  • Nebes , R. D. , Martin , D. C. and Horn , L. C. 1984 . Sparing of semantic memory in Alzheimer's Disease . Journal of Abnormal Psychology , 93 : 321 – 330 .
  • Nott , P. N. and Fleminger , J. J. 1975 . Presenile dementia: The difficulties of early diagnosis . Acta Psychiatrica Scandinavica , 51 : 210 – 217 .
  • Perry , R. and Perry , E. 1982 . “ The ageing brain and its pathology ” . In The psychiatry of late life Edited by: Levy , R. and Post , F. Oxford : Blackwell Scientific Publications .
  • Ron , M. A. , Toone , B. K. , Garralda , M. E. and Lishman , W. A. 1979 . Diagnostic accuracy in presenile dementia . British Journal of Psychiatry , 134 : 161 – 168 .
  • Salamé , P. and Baddeley , A. D. 1982 . Disruption of short-term memory by unattended speech: Implications for the structure of working memory . Journal of Verbal Learning and Verbal Behavior , 21 : 150 – 164 .
  • Scarborough , D. , Cortese , C. and Scarborough , H. 1977 . Frequency and repetition effects in lexical memory . Journal of Experimental Psychology: Human Perception and Performance , 3 : 1 – 17 .
  • Schacter , D. L. and Tulving , E. 1982 . “ Amnesia and memory research ” . In Human memory and amnesia Edited by: Cermak , L. S. Hillsdale, N.J. : Lawrence Erlbaum Associates .
  • Schlotterer , G. 1977 . “ Changes in visual information processing with normal aging and progressive dementia of the Alzheimer's type ” . University of Toronto . Unpublished doctoral thesis
  • Schwartz , M. F. , Marin , O. S. M. and Saffran , E. M. 1979 . Dissociation of language function in dementia: A case study . Brain and Language , 7 : 277 – 306 .
  • Shallice , T. 1979 . “ Neuropsychological research and the fractionation of memory systems ” . In Perspectives on memory research Edited by: Nilsson , L. G. Hillsdale, N.J. : Lawrence Erlbaum Associates .
  • Shallice , T. and Warrington , E. K. 1970 . Independent functioning of verbal memory stores: A neuropsychological study . Quarterly Journal of Experimental Psychology , 22 : 261 – 273 .
  • Shriffrin , R. M. 1975 . “ Short-term storage: The basis for a memory search ” . In Cognitive theory Edited by: Restle , F. , Shiffrin , R. M. , Catellan , N. J. , Lindman , H. and Pisoni , D. B. Vol. 1 , Hillsdale, New Jersey : Lawrence Erlbaum Associates .
  • Shiffrin , R. M. 1976 . “ Capacity limitations in information processing, attention and memory ” . In Handbook of learning and cognitive processes Edited by: Estes , W. K. Vol. 4 , Hillsdale, New Jersey : Lawrence Erlbaum Associates .
  • Shimamura , A. P. 1986 . Priming effects in amnesia: Evidence for a dissociable memory function . Quarterly Journal of Experimental Psychology , 38A : 619 – 644 .
  • Sjorgren , J. 1952 . Clinical analysis of Morbus Alzheimer and Morbus Pick . Acta Psychiatrica et Neurologica Scandinavica, Supplement , 82 : 69 – 115 .
  • Slamecka , N. J. and McElree , B. 1983 . Normal forgetting of verbal lists as a function of their degree of learning . Journal of Experimental Psychology: Learning, Memory and Cognition , 9 : 384 – 397 .
  • Somberg , T. A. and Salthouse , T. A. 1982 . Dividend attention abilities in young and old adults . Journal of Experimental Psychology: Human Perception and Performance , 8 : 651 – 663 .
  • Sperling , G. 1963 . A model for visual memory tasks . Human Factors , 5 : 19 – 31 .
  • Terry , R. D. and Katzman , R. 1983 . Senile dementia of the Alzheimer type . Annals of Neurology , 14 : 497 – 506 .
  • Tulving , E. 1979 . “ Relation between encoding specificity and levels of processing ” . In Levels of processing in human memory Edited by: Cermak , L. S. and Craik , F. I. M. Hillsdale, N.J. : Lawrence Erlbaum Associates .
  • Tulving , E. 1983 . Elements of episodic memory New York : Oxford University Press .
  • Tulving , E. and Colotla , V. A. 1970 . Free recall of trilingual lists . Cognitive Psychology , 1 : 86 – 98 .
  • Tulving , E. , Schacter , D. L. and Stark , H. A. 1982 . Priming effects in word fragment completion are independent of recognition memory . Journal of Experimental Psychology: Learning, Memory and Cognition , 8 : 336 – 342 .
  • Turvey , M. 1973 . On peripheral and central processes in vision: Inferences from an information-processing analysis with pattern masking stimuli . Psychological Review , 80 : 1 – 50 .
  • Warrington , E. K. and Weiskrantz , L. 1970 . Amnesic syndrome: Consolidation or retrieval? . Nature , 228 : 628 – 630 .
  • Warrington , E. K. and Weiskrantz , L. 1974 . The effect of prior learning on subsequent retention in amnesic patients . Neuropsychologia , 12 : 419 – 428 .
  • Waugh , N. C. and Norman , D. A. 1965 . Primary memory . Psychological Review , 72 : 89 – 104 .
  • Weingartner , H. , Grafman , J. , Boutelle , W. , Kaye , W. and Martin , P. 1983 . Forms of memory failure . Science , 221 : 380 – 382 .
  • Weingartner , H. , Kaye , W. , Smallberg , S. A. , Ebert , H. , Gillin , J. C. and Sitaram , N. 1981 . Memory failures in progressive idiopathic dementia . Journal of Abnormal Psychology , 90 : 187 – 196 .
  • Whitehead , A. 1975 . Factors in the learning deficit in elderly depressives . British Journal of Social and Clinical Psychology , 13 : 201 – 208 .
  • Wickelgren , W. A. 1972 . Trace resistance and the decay of long-term memory . Journal of Mathematical Psychology , 9 : 418 – 455 .
  • Wilson , R. S. , Bacon , L. D. , Fox , J. H. and Kaszniak , A. W. 1983a . Primary memory and secondary memory in dementia of the Alzheimer Type . Journal of Clinical Neuropsychology , 5 : 337 – 334 .
  • Wilson , R. S. , Bacon , L. D. , Kramer , R. L. , Fox , J. H. and Kaszniak , A. W. 1983b . Word frequency effect and recognition memory in dementia of the Alzheimer's type . Journal of Clinical Neuropsychology , 5 : 97 – 104 .
  • Wilson , R. S. , Kaszniak , A. W. , Bacon , L. D. , Fox , J. H. and Kelly , M. P. 1982 . Facial recognition memory in dementia . Cortex , 18 : 329 – 336 .
  • Wilson , R. S. , Kaszniak , A. W. and Fox , J. H. 1980 . Depth of processing in dementia Montreal, Canada Paper presented at the meeting of the American Psychological Association
  • Wilson , R. S. , Kaszniak , A. W. and Fox , J. H. 1981 . Remote memory in senile dementia . Cortex , 17 : 41 – 48 .

Reprints and Corporate Permissions

Please note: Selecting permissions does not provide access to the full text of the article, please see our help page How do I view content?

To request a reprint or corporate permissions for this article, please click on the relevant link below:

Academic Permissions

Please note: Selecting permissions does not provide access to the full text of the article, please see our help page How do I view content?

Obtain permissions instantly via Rightslink by clicking on the button below:

If you are unable to obtain permissions via Rightslink, please complete and submit this Permissions form. For more information, please visit our Permissions help page.