Management of congenital hypogonadotropic hypogonadism in females

References

• Ahmed, B., Bairey Merz, C. N., Johnson, B. D., Bittner, V., Berga, S. L., Braunstein, G. D., Hodgson, T. K., Smith, K., Shaw, L., Kelsey, S. F., Sopko, G., & Wise Study, G. (2008). Diabetes mellitus, hypothalamic hypoestrogenemia, and coronary artery disease in premenopausal women (from the National Heart, Lung, and Blood Institute sponsored WISE study). The American Journal of Cardiology, 102(2), 150–154. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.amjcard.2008.03.029
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Balen, A. H., Braat, D. D., West, C., Patel, A., & Jacobs, H. S. (1994). Cumulative conception and live birth rates after the treatment of anovulatory infertility: Safety and efficacy of ovulation induction in 200 patients. Human Reproduction, 9(8), 1563–1570. https://doi.org/10.1093/oxfordjournals.humrep.a138750
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Benetti-Pinto, C. L., Bedone, A., Magna, L. A., & Marques-Neto, J. F. (2002). Factors associated with the reduction of bone density in patients with gonadal dysgenesis. Fertility and Sterility, 77(3), 571–575. https://doi.org/10.1016/S0015-0282(01)03215-0
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Boehm, U., Bouloux, P. M., Dattani, M. T., de Roux, N., Dodé, C., Dunkel, L., Dwyer, A. A., Giacobini, P., Hardelin, J. P., Juul, A., Maghnie, M., Pitteloud, N., Prevot, V., Raivio, T., Tena-Sempere, M., Quinton, R., & Young, J. (2015). Expert consensus document: European Consensus Statement on congenital hypogonadotropic hypogonadism-pathogenesis, diagnosis and treatment. Nature Reviews. Endocrinology, 11(9), 547–564. https://doi.org/10.1038/nrendo.2015.112
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Boyar, R. M., Rosenfeld, R. S., Kapen, S., Finkelstein, J. W., Roffwarg, H. P., Weitzman, E. D., & Hellman, L. (1974). Human puberty. Simultaneous augmented secretion of luteinizing hormone and testosterone during sleep. Journal of Clinical Investigation, 54(3), 609–618. https://doi.org/10.1172/JCI107798
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Brennan, M. J. (2013). The effect of opioid therapy on endocrine function. The American Journal of Medicine, 126(3 Suppl 1), S12–S18. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.amjmed.2012.12.001
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Bry-Gauillard, H., Larrat-Ledoux, F., Levaillant, J. M., Massin, N., Maione, L., Beau, I., Binart, N., Chanson, P., Brailly-Tabard, S., Hall, J. E., & Young, J. (2017). Anti-müllerian hormone and ovarian morphology in women with isolated hypogonadotropic hypogonadism/kallmann syndrome: Effects of recombinant human FSH. The Journal of Clinical Endocrinology and Metabolism, 102(4), 1102–1111. https://doi.org/10.1210/jc.2016-3799
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Cangiano, B., Swee, D. S., Quinton, R., & Bonomi, M. (2021). Genetics of congenital hypogonadotropic hypogonadism: Peculiarities and phenotype of an oligogenic disease. Human Genetics, 140(1), 77–111. https://doi.org/10.1007/s00439-020-02147-1
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Carone, D., Caropreso, C., Vitti, A., & Chiappetta, R. (2012). Efficacy of different gonadotropin combinations to support ovulation induction in WHO type I anovulation infertility: clinical evidences of human recombinant FSH/human recombinant LH in a 2:1 ratio and highly purified human menopausal gonadotropin stimulation protocols. Journal of Endocrinological Investigation, 35(11), 996–1002. https://doi.org/10.3275/8657
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Cartwright, B., Robinson, J., Seed, P. T., Fogelman, I., & Rymer, J. (2016). Hormone replacement therapy versus the combined oral contraceptive pill in premature ovarian failure: A randomized controlled trial of the effects on bone mineral density. The Journal of Clinical Endocrinology and Metabolism, 101(9), 3497–3505. https://doi.org/10.1210/jc.2015-4063
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Chan, C., & Liu, K. (2014). Clinical pregnancy in a woman with idiopathic hypogonadotropic hypogonadism and low AMH: Utility of ovarian reserve markers in IHH. Journal of Assisted Reproduction and Genetics, 31(10), 1317–1321. https://doi.org/10.1007/s10815-014-0312-2
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Chan, J. L., & Mantzoros, C. S. (2005). Role of leptin in energy-deprivation states: Normal human physiology and clinical implications for hypothalamic amenorrhoea and anorexia nervosa. The Lancet, 366(9479), 74–85. https://doi.org/10.1016/S0140-6736(05)66830-4
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Couzinet, B., Lestrat, N., Brailly, S., Forest, M., & Schaison, G. (1988). Stimulation of ovarian follicular maturation with pure follicle-stimulating hormone in women with gonadotropin deficiency. The Journal of Clinical Endocrinology and Metabolism, 66(3), 552–556. https://doi.org/10.1210/jcem-66-3-552
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Dandona, P., & Dhindsa, S. (2011). Update: Hypogonadotropic hypogonadism in type 2 diabetes and obesity. The Journal of Clinical Endocrinology and Metabolism, 96(9), 2643–2651. https://doi.org/10.1210/jc.2010-2724
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Delaney, A., Burkholder, A. B., Lavender, C. A., Plummer, L., Mericq, V., Merino, P. M., Quinton, R., Lewis, K. L., Meader, B. N., Albano, A., Shaw, N. D., Welt, C. K., Martin, K. A., Seminara, S. B., Biesecker, L. G., Bailey-Wilson, J. E., & Hall, J. E. (2021). Increased burden of rare sequence variants in GnRH-associated genes in women with hypothalamic amenorrhea. The Journal of Clinical Endocrinology and Metabolism, 106(3), e1441–e1452. https://doi.org/10.1210/clinem/dgaa609
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Deubzer, B., Weber, K., Lawrenz, B., Schweizer, R., & Binder, G. (2014). Anti-mullerian hormone deficiency in girls with congenital multiple pituitary hormone deficiency. The Journal of Clinical Endocrinology & Metabolism, 99(6), E1045–E1049. https://doi.org/10.1210/jc.2013-4250
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Dewailly, D., & Laven, J. (2019). AMH as the primary marker for fertility. European Journal of Endocrinology, 181(6), D45–D51. https://doi.org/10.1530/EJE-19-0373
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Dhindsa, S., Prabhakar, S., Sethi, M., Bandyopadhyay, A., Chaudhuri, A., & Dandona, P. (2004). Frequent occurrence of hypogonadotropic hypogonadism in type 2 diabetes. The Journal of Clinical Endocrinology & Metabolism, 89(11), 5462–5468. https://doi.org/10.1210/jc.2004-0804
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Dubourdieu, S., Fréour, T., Dessolle, L., & Barrière, P. (2013). Prospective, randomized comparison between pulsatile GnRH therapy and combined gonadotropin (FSH + LH) treatment for ovulation induction in women with hypothalamic amenorrhea and underlying polycystic ovary syndrome. European Journal of Obstetrics, Gynecology, and Reproductive Biology, 168(1), 45–48. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.ejogrb.2012.12.016
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Dunkel, L., & Quinton, R. (2014). Transition in endocrinology: induction of puberty. European Journal of Endocrinology, 170(6), R229–R239. https://doi.org/10.1530/EJE-13-0894
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Dunkel, L., Alfthan, H., Stenman, U. H., Selstam, G., Rosberg, S., & Albertsson-Wikland, K. (1992). Developmental changes in 24-hour profiles of luteinizing hormone and follicle-stimulating hormone from prepuberty to midstages of puberty in boys. The Journal of Clinical Endocrinology and Metabolism, 74(4), 890–897. https://doi.org/10.1210/jcem.74.4.1548356
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Dwyer, A. A., Raivio, T., & Pitteloud, N. (2016). Management of endocrine disease: Reversible hypogonadotropic hypogonadism. European Journal of Endocrinology, 174(6), R267–R274. https://doi.org/10.1530/EJE-15-1033
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Gao, Y., Yu, B., Mao, J., Wang, X., Nie, M., & Wu, X. (2018). Assisted reproductive techniques with congenital hypogonadotropic hypogonadism patients: A systematic review and meta-analysis. BMC Endocrine Disorders, 18(1), 85. https://doi.org/10.1186/s12902-018-0313-8
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Gussinyé, M., Terrades, P., Yeste, D., Vicens-Calvet, E., & Carrascosa, A. (2000). Low areal bone mineral density values in adolescents and young adult turner syndrome patients increase after long-term transdermal estradiol therapy. Hormone Research, 54(3), 131–135. https://doi.org/10.1159/000053246
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Hagen, C. P., Aksglaede, L., Sørensen, K., Main, K. M., Boas, M., Cleemann, L., Holm, K., Gravholt, C. H., Andersson, A. M., Pedersen, A. T., Petersen, J. H., Linneberg, A., Kjaergaard, S., & Juul, A. (2010). Serum levels of anti-Müllerian hormone as a marker of ovarian function in 926 healthy females from birth to adulthood and in 172 Turner syndrome patients. The Journal of Clinical Endocrinology & Metabolism, 95(11), 5003–5010. https://doi.org/10.1210/jc.2010-0930
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Herrmann, M., & Seibel, M. J. (2010). The effects of hormonal contraceptives on bone turnover markers and bone health. Clinical Endocrinology, 72(5), 571–583. https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1365-2265.2009.03688.x
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Jiang, S., & Kuang, Y. (2018). The effects of low-dose human chorionic gonadotropin combined with human menopausal gonadotropin protocol on women with hypogonadotropic hypogonadism undergoing ovarian stimulation for in vitro fertilization. Clinical Endocrinology, 88(1), 77–87. https://doi.org/10.1111/cen.13481
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Jindal, U., & Jindal, S. (2015). Ovulation induction in hypogonadotropic hypogonadism. In: Ghumman, S. (Ed.), Rinciples and practice of controlled ovarian stimulation in ART (pp. 357–368). Springer Nature.
   Google Scholar
• Kaufmann, R., Dunn, R., Vaughn, T., Hughes, G., O'Brien, F., Hemsey, G., Thomson, B., & O'Dea, L. S. (2007). Recombinant human luteinizing hormone, lutropin alfa, for the induction of follicular development and pregnancy in profoundly gonadotrophin-deficient women. Clinical Endocrinology, 67(4), 563–569. https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1365-2265.2007.02925.x
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Kelberman, D., & Dattani, M. T. (2007). Hypothalamic and pituitary development: Novel insights into the aetiology. European Journal of Endocrinology, 157(suppl_1), S3–S14. https://doi.org/10.1530/EJE-07-0156
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Klein, K. O., Rosenfield, R. L., Santen, R. J., Gawlik, A. M., Backeljauw, P. F., Gravholt, C. H., Sas, T., & Mauras, N. (2018). Estrogen replacement in turner syndrome: Literature review and practical considerations. The Journal of Clinical Endocrinology and Metabolism, 103(5), 1790–1803. https://doi.org/10.1210/jc.2017-02183
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Krause, B. T., Ohlinger, R., & Haase, A. (2009). Lutropin alpha, recombinant human luteinizing hormone, for the stimulation of follicular development in profoundly LH-deficient hypogonadotropic hypogonadal women: A review. Biologics: targets & Therapy, 3, 337–347. https://doi.org/10.2147/btt.2009.3306
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Lopez, L. M., Grimes, D. A., Schulz, K. F., Curtis, K. M., &Chen, M. (2014). Steroidal contraceptives: Effect on bone fractures in women. The Cochrane Database of Systematic Reviews, (6)CD006033. https://doi.org/10.1002/14651858.CD006033.pub5
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Matthews, D., Bath, L., Högler, W., Mason, A., Smyth, A., & Skae, M. (2017). Hormone supplementation for pubertal induction in girls. Archives of Disease in Childhood, 102(10), 975–980. https://doi.org/10.1136/archdischild-2016-311372
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Misra, M., Katzman, D., Miller, K. K., Mendes, N., Snelgrove, D., Russell, M., Goldstein, M. A., Ebrahimi, S., Clauss, L., Weigel, T., Mickley, D., Schoenfeld, D. A., Herzog, D. B., & Klibanski, A. (2011). Physiologic estrogen replacement increases bone density in adolescent girls with anorexia nervosa. Journal of Bone and Mineral Research, 26(10), 2430–2438. https://doi.org/10.1002/jbmr.447
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Mogri, M., Dhindsa, S., Quattrin, T., Ghanim, H., & Dandona, P. (2013). Testosterone concentrations in young pubertal and post-pubertal obese males. Clinical Endocrinology, 78(4), 593–599. https://doi.org/10.1111/cen.12018
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Morrison, D., Capewell, S., Reynolds, S. P., Thomas, J., Ali, N. J., Read, G. F., Henley, R., & Riad-Fahmy, D. (1994). Testosterone levels during systemic and inhaled corticosteroid therapy. Respiratory Medicine, 88(9), 659–663. https://doi.org/10.1016/S0954-6111(05)80062-9
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Muñoz, M. T., & Argente, J. (2002). Anorexia nervosa in female adolescents: Endocrine and bone mineral density disturbances. European Journal of Endocrinology, 147(3), 275–286. https://doi.org/10.1530/eje.0.1470275
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• O'Donnell, R. L., Warner, P., Lee, R. J., Walker, J., Bath, L. E., Kelnar, C. J., Wallace, W. H., & Critchley, H. O. (2012). Physiological sex steroid replacement in premature ovarian failure: Randomized crossover trial of effect on uterine volume, endometrial thickness and blood flow, compared with a standard regimen. Human Reproduction, 27(4), 1130–1138. https://doi.org/10.1093/humrep/des004
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Overton, C. E., Davis, C. J., West, C., Davies, M. C., & Conway, G. S. (2002). High risk pregnancies in hypopituitary women. Human Reproduction, 17(6), 1464–1467. https://doi.org/10.1093/humrep/17.6.1464
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Palmert, M. R., & Dunkel, L. (2012). Clinical practice. Delayed puberty. The New England Journal of Medicine, 366(5), 443–453. https://doi.org/10.1056/NEJMcp1109290
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Quinton, R., Duke, V. M., Robertson, A., Kirk, J. M., Matfin, G., de Zoysa, P. A., Azcona, C., MacColl, G. S., Jacobs, H. S., Conway, G. S., Besser, M., Stanhope, R. G., & Bouloux, P. M. (2001). Idiopathic gonadotrophin deficiency: Genetic questions addressed through phenotypic characterization. Clinical Endocrinology, 55(2), 163–174. https://doi.org/10.1046/j.1365-2265.2001.01277.x
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Quinton, R., Mamoojee, Y., Jayasena, C. N., Young, J., Howard, S., Dunkel, L., Cheetham, T., Smith, N., & Dwyer, A. A. (2017). Society for Endocrinology UK guidance on the evaluation of suspected disorders of sexual development: emphasizing the opportunity to predict adolescent pubertal failure through a neonatal diagnosis of absent minipuberty. Clinical Endocrinology, 86(2), 305–306. https://doi.org/10.1111/cen.13257
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Raivio, T., Falardeau, J., Dwyer, A., Quinton, R., Hayes, F. J., Hughes, V. A., Cole, L. W., Pearce, S. H., Lee, H., Boepple, P., Crowley, W. F., Jr., & Pitteloud, N. (2007). Reversal of idiopathic hypogonadotropic hypogonadism. New England Journal of Medicine, 357(9), 863–873. https://doi.org/10.1056/NEJMoa066494
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Rosenfield, R. L., Devine, N., Hunold, J. J., Mauras, N., Moshang, T., Jr., & Root, A. W. (2005). Salutary effects of combining early very low-dose systemic estradiol with growth hormone therapy in girls with Turner syndrome. The Journal of Clinical Endocrinology & Metabolism, 90(12), 6424–6430. https://doi.org/10.1210/jc.2005-1081
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Royal College of Obstetricians and Gynaecologists. (2013). Sex Steroid Treatment for Pubertal Induction and Replacement in the Adolescent Girl-Scientific Impact Paper No. 40. https://www.rcog.org.uk › guidelines › sip_40
   Google Scholar
• Santen, R. J., Allred, D. C., Ardoin, S. P., Archer, D. F., Boyd, N., Braunstein, G. D., Burger, H. G., Colditz, G. A., Davis, S. R., Gambacciani, M., Gower, B. A., Henderson, V. W., Jarjour, W. N., Karas, R. H., Kleerekoper, M., Lobo, R. A., Manson, J. E., Marsden, J., Martin, K. A., Pinkerton J. V., et al. (2010). Postmenopausal hormone therapy: an Endocrine Society scientific statement. The Journal of Clinical Endocrinology and Metabolism, 95(7 Suppl 1), s1–s66. https://doi.org/10.1210/jc.2009-2509
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Schoot, D. C., Harlin, J., Shoham, Z., Mannaerts, B. M., Lahlou, N., Bouchard, P., Bennink, H. J., & Fauser, B. C. (1994). Recombinant human follicle-stimulating hormone and ovarian response in gonadotrophin-deficient women. Human Reproduction, 9(7), 1237–1242. https://doi.org/10.1093/oxfordjournals.humrep.a138685
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Seminara, S. B., Hayes, F. J., & Crowley, W. F. Jr (1998). Gonadotropin-releasing hormone deficiency in the human (idiopathic hypogonadotropic hypogonadism and Kallmann's syndrome): Pathophysiological and genetic considerations. Endocrine Reviews, 19(5), 521–539. https://doi.org/10.1210/edrv.19.5.0344
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Shaw, N. D., Seminara, S. B., Welt, C. K., Au, M. G., Plummer, L., Hughes, V. A., Dwyer, A. A., Martin, K. A., Quinton, R., Mericq, V., Merino, P. M., Gusella, J. F., Crowley, W. F., Jr, Pitteloud, N., & Hall, J. E. (2011). Expanding the phenotype and genotype of female GnRH deficiency. The Journal of Clinical Endocrinology and Metabolism, 96(3), E566–E576. https://doi.org/10.1210/jc.2010-2292
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Shifren, J. L., Gass, M. L, & NAMS Recommendations for Clinical Care of Midlife Women Working Group (2014). The North American Menopause Society recommendations for clinical care of midlife women. Menopause, 21(10), 1038–1062. https://doi.org/10.1097/GME.0000000000000319
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Short, R. V. (1962). Steroids in the follicular fluid and the corpus luteum of the mare. A 'two-cell type' theory of ovarian steroid synthesis. The Journal of Endocrinology, 24, 59–63. https://doi.org/10.1677/joe.0.0240059
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Sidhoum, V. F., Chan, Y. M., Lippincott, M. F., Balasubramanian, R., Quinton, R., Plummer, L., Dwyer, A., Pitteloud, N., Hayes, F. J., Hall, J. E., Martin, K. A., Boepple, P. A., & Seminara, S. B. (2014). Reversal and relapse of hypogonadotropic hypogonadism: Resilience and fragility of the reproductive neuroendocrine system. The Journal of Clinical Endocrinology and Metabolism, 99(3), 861–870. https://doi.org/10.1210/jc.2013-2809
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Silveira, L. F., & Latronico, A. C. (2013). Approach to the patient with hypogonadotropic hypogonadism. The Journal of Clinical Endocrinology and Metabolism, 98(5), 1781–1788. https://doi.org/10.1210/jc.2012-3550
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Swee, D. S., Javaid, U., & Quinton, R. (2019). Estrogen replacement in young hypogonadal women-transferrable lessons from the literature related to the care of young women with premature ovarian failure and transgender women. Frontiers in Endocrinology, 10, 685. https://doi.org/10.3389/fendo.2019.00685
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• The European Recombinant Human LH Study Group. (1998). Recombinant human luteinizing hormone (LH) to support recombinant human follicle-stimulating hormone (FSH)-induced follicular development in LH- and FSH-deficient anovulatory women: a dose-finding study. The Journal of Clinical Endocrinology & Metabolism, 83(5), 1507–1514. https://doi.org/10.1210/jcem.83.5.4770
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• The European Society for Human Reproduction and Embryology (ESHRE) Guideline Group on POI, Webber, L., Davies, M., Anderson, R., Bartlett, J., Braat, D., Cartwright, B., Cifkova, R., de Muinck Keizer-Schrama, S., Hogervorst, E., Janse, F., Liao, L., Vlaisavljevic, V., Zillikens, C., & Vermeulen, N. (2016). ESHRE Guideline: Management of women with premature ovarian insufficiency. Human Reproduction, 31(5), 926–937. https://doi.org/10.1093/humrep/dew027
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Ulug, U., Ben-Shlomo, I., Tosun, S., Erden, H. F., Akman, M. A., & Bahceci, M. (2005). The reproductive performance of women with hypogonadotropic hypogonadism in an in vitro fertilization and embryo transfer program. Journal of Assisted Reproduction and Genetics, 22(4), 167–171. https://doi.org/10.1007/s10815-005-4914-6
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Valeri, C., Schteingart, H. F., & Rey, R. A. (2013). The prepubertal testis: Biomarkers and functions. Current Opinion in Endocrinology, Diabetes, and Obesity, 20(3), 224–233. https://doi.org/10.1097/MED.0b013e328360be2c
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Weissberger, A. J., Ho, K. K., & Lazarus, L. (1991). Contrasting effects of oral and transdermal routes of estrogen replacement therapy on 24-hour growth hormone (GH) secretion, insulin-like growth factor I, and GH-binding protein in postmenopausal women. The Journal of Clinical Endocrinology and Metabolism, 72(2), 374–381. https://doi.org/10.1210/jcem-72-2-374
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Wu, F. C., Butler, G. E., Kelnar, C. J., & Sellar, R. E. (1990). Patterns of pulsatile luteinizing hormone secretion before and during the onset of puberty in boys: a study using an immunoradiometric assay. The Journal of Clinical Endocrinology and Metabolism, 70(3), 629–637. https://doi.org/10.1210/jcem-70-3-629
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Yasmin, E., Davies, M., Conway, G., & Balen, A. H. (2013). British Fertility Society. 'Ovulation induction in WHO Type 1 anovulation: Guidelines for practice'. Produced on behalf of the BFS Policy and Practice Committee. Human Fertility, 16(4), 228–234. https://doi.org/10.3109/14647273.2013.829673
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Yildirim, G., Ficicioglu, C., Attar, R., Akcin, O., & Tecellioglu, N. (2010). Comparision of reproductive outcome of the women with hypogonadotropic hypogonadism and tubal factor infertility. Clinical and Experimental Obstetrics & Gynecology, 37(2), 120–122.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Yilmaz, S., Ozgu-Erdinc, A. S., Yumusak, O., Kahyaoglu, S., Seckin, B., & Yilmaz, N. (2015). The reproductive outcome of women with hypogonadotropic hypogonadism undergoing in vitro fertilization. Systems Biology in Reproductive Medicine, 61(4), 228–232. https://doi.org/10.3109/19396368.2015.1037936
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar