From disunited sectors to disjointed segments? Questioning the functional zoning of the sea

REFERENCES

• Abeles, P. (1989). Planning and zoning. In C.Haar & J.Kayden (Eds.), Zoning and the American dream: Promises still to keep (pp. 122–153). Chicago, IL: Planners Press.
   Google Scholar
• Agardy, T. (2010). Ocean zoning: Making marine management more effective. London: Earthscan.
   Google Scholar
• Agardy, T., Notarbartolo di Sciara, G. N., & Christie, P. (2011). Mind the gap: Addressing the shortcomings of marine protected areas through large scale marine spatial planning. Marine Policy, 35, 226–232.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Allison, G. W., Lubchenco, J., & Carr, M. H. (1998). Marine reserves are necessary but not sufficient for marine conservation. Ecological Applications, 8, S79–S92.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Ardron, J., Gjerde, K., Pullen, S., & Tilot, V. (2008). Marine spatial planning in the high seas. Marine Policy, 32, 832–839.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Atkins, J. P., Burdon, D., Elliott, M., & Gregory, A. J. (2011). Management of the marine environment: Integrating ecosystem services and societal benefits with the DPSIR framework in a systems approach. Marine Pollution Bulletin, 62, 215–226.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Australian Government. (online). Great Barrier Reef Marine Park Authority. Retrieved from http://www.gbrmpa.gov.au/zoning-permits-and-plans/zoning/zoning-maps.
   Google Scholar
• Babcock, R. (1966). The zoning game: Municipal practices and policies. Madison, WI: University of Wisconsin Press.
   Google Scholar
• Booth, P. (1995). Zoning or discretionary action: Certainty and responsiveness in implementing planning policy. Journal of Planning Education and Research, 14, 103–112.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Booth, P. (1996). Controlling development: Certainty and discretion in Europe, the USA and Hong Kong. London: Routledge.
   Google Scholar
• Booth, P. (1999). Discretion in planning versus zoning. In B.Cullingworth (Ed.), British planning: 50 years of urban and regional policy (pp. 31–44). London: Athlone Press.
   Google Scholar
• Boyer, M. C. (1983). Dreaming the rational city: The myth of American city planning. London: MIT Press.
   Google Scholar
• Boyes, S. M. J., Elliott, M., Thomson, S., Atkins, S., & Gilliland, P. (2007). A proposed multiple-use zoning scheme for the Irish Sea. Marine Policy, 31, 287–298.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Bruce, E. M., & Eliot, I. G. (2006). A spatial model for marine park zoning. Coastal Management, 34, 17–38.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Commission of the European Communities (CEC). (2008). Roadmap for maritime spatial planning: Achieving common principles in the EUCOM 791. Brussels: CEC.
   Google Scholar
• Courtney, E., & Wiggin, J. (2003). Ocean zoning for the Gulf of Maine: A background paper. unpublished document. Retrieved from http://www.mass.gov/czm/oceanzoningreport.pdf.
   Google Scholar
• Crowder, L., & Norse, E. (2008). Essential ecological insights for marine ecosystem-based management and marine spatial planning. Marine Policy, 32, 772–778.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Cullingworth, J. B. (1993). The political culture of planning: American land-use planning in comparative perspective. London: Routledge.
   Google Scholar
• Cullingworth, J. B., & Caves, R. (2003). Planning in the USA: Policies, issues and processes (2nd ed.). London: Routledge.
   Google Scholar
• Daniels, T. L. (2010). The use of green belts to control sprawl in the United States. Planning Practice and Research, 25, 255–271.
   Google Scholar
• Davies, H., Edwards, D., Hooper, A., & Punter, J. (1989). Planning control in Western Europe. London: HMSO.
   Google Scholar
• Day, J. C. (2002). Zoning: Lessons from the Great Barrier Reef Marine Park. Ocean and Coastal Management, 45, 139–156.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Day, J. (2008). The need and practice of monitoring, evaluating and adapting marine planning and management: Lessons from the Great Barrier Reef. Marine Policy, 32, 823–831.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Day, V., Paxinos, R., Emmett, J., Wright, A., & Goecker, M. (2008). The marine planning framework for South Australia: A new ecosystem-based zoning policy for marine management. Marine Policy, 32, 535–543.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Degnbol, D., & Wilson, D. C. (2008). Spatial planning on the North Sea: A case of cross-scale linkages. Marine Policy, 32, 189–200.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Doherty, P. (2003). Ocean zoning: Perspectives on a new vision for the Scotian Shelf and Gulf of Maine. Halifax: Ecology Action Centre.
   Google Scholar
• Douvere, F. (2008). The importance of marine spatial planning in advancing ecosystem-based sea use management. Marine Policy, 32, 762–771.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Douvere, F., & Ehler, C. N. (2009). New perspectives on sea use management: Initial findings from European experience with marine spatial planning. Journal of Environmental Management, 90, 77–88.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Douvere, F., & Ehler, C. N. (2011). The importance of monitoring and evaluation in adaptive maritime spatial planning. Journal of Coastal Conservation, 15, 305–311.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Duck, R. W. (2012). Marine spatial planning: Managing a dynamic environment. Journal of Environmental Policy and Planning, 14, 67–79.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Ehler, C., & Douvere, F. (2007). Visions for a sea change. Paris: UNESCO.
   Google Scholar
• English Nature. (2003). Review of how the land use planning system could influence the development of a marine spatial planning system for England. Peterborough: English Nature. Retrieved from http://naturalengland.communisis.com/naturalenglandshop/docs/R566%20part%201.pdf.
   Google Scholar
• Faludi, A. (1987). A decision-centred view of environmental planning. Oxford: Pergamo.
   Google Scholar
• Feagin, J. (1989). Arenas of conflict: Zoning and land use reform in critical political economic perspective. In C.Haar & J.Kayden (Eds.), Zoning and the American dream: Promises still to keep (pp. 73–100). Chicago, IL: Planners Press.
   Google Scholar
• Flannery, W., & Ó Cinnéide, M. (2012). Deriving lessons relating to marine spatial planning from Canada's Eastern Scotian Shelf integrated management initiative. Journal of Environmental Policy and Planning, 14, 97–117.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Fock, H. O. (2008). Fisheries in the context of marine spatial planning: Defining principal areas for fisheries in the German EEZ. Marine Policy, 32, 728–739.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Foley, M. M., Halpern, B. S., Micheli, F., Armsby, M. H., Caldwell, M. R., Crain, C. M., Prahler, E., Rohr, N., Sivas, D., Beck, M. W., Carr, M. H., Crowder, L. B., Emmett Duffy, J., Hacker, S. D., McLeod, K. L., Palumbi, S. R., Peterson, C. H., Regan, H. M., Ruckelshaus, M. H., Sandifer, P. A., … Steneck, R. S. (2010). Steneck Guiding ecological principles for marine spatial planning. Marine Policy, 34, 955–966.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Gallent, N., & Kim, K. S. (2001). Land zoning and local discretion in the Korean planning system. Land Use Policy, 18, 233–243.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Gilliland, P. M., & Laffoley, D. (2008). Key elements and steps in the process of developing ecosystem-based marine spatial planning. Marine Policy, 32, 787–796.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Gray, N. (2010). Sea change: Exploring the international effort to promote marine protected areas. Conservation and Society, 8, 331–338.
   Google Scholar
• Haar, C., & Kayden, J. (Eds.). (1989). Zoning and the American dream: Promises still to keep. Chicago, IL: Planners Press.
   Google Scholar
• Halpern, B. S., McLeod, K. L., Rosenberg, A. A., & Crowder, L. B. (2008). Managing for cumulative impacts in ecosystem-based management through ocean zonings. Ocean & Coastal Management, 51, 203–211.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Healey, P. (2007). Urban complexity and spatial strategies: Towards a relational planning for our times. London: Routledge.
   Google Scholar
• Hill, M., Briggs, J., Minot, P., Bagnall, D., Foley, K., & Williams, A. (2001). Guide to best practice in seascape assessment. Dublin: Maritime Institute.
   Google Scholar
• Hirt, S. (2007). The devil is in the definitions: Contrasting American and German approaches to zoning. Journal of the American Planning Association, 73, 436–450.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• HM Government, Northern Ireland Executive, Scottish Government & Welsh Assembly Government. (2011). UK Marine Policy Statement. Norwich: The Stationary Office.
   Google Scholar
• Huber, J. (2009). Ecological modernisation: Beyond scarcity and bureaucracy. In A.Mol, D.Sonnenfeld, & G.Spaargaren (Eds.), The Ecological modernisation reader: Environmental reform in theory and practice (pp. 42–55). London: Routledge.
   Google Scholar
• Jacobs, J. (1961). The death and life of great American cities. New York, NY: Random House.
   Google Scholar
• Jay, S. (2009). Planning for offshore wind energy in Northern Europe. In S.Davoudi, J.Crawford, & A.Mehmood (Eds.), Planning for climate change: Strategies for mitigation and adaptation (pp. 167–180). London: Earthscan.
   Google Scholar
• Jay, S. (2010). Built at sea: Marine management and the construction of marine spatial planning. Town Planning Review, 81, 173–192.
   Google Scholar
• Jay, S. (2012). Marine space: Manoeuvring towards a relational understanding. Journal of Environmental Policy and Planning, 14, 81–96.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Jay, S., Klenke, T., Ahlhorn, F., & Ritchie, H. (2012). Early European experience in marine spatial planning: Planning the German exclusive economic zone. European Planning Studies, 20, 2013–2031.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Jay, S., Flannery, W., Vince, J., Liu, W., Xue, J. G., Matczak, M.,… Dean, H. (2013). International progress in marine spatial planning. In A.Chircop, S.Coffen-Smout, & M.McConnell (Eds.), Ocean yearbook (Vol 27, pp. 171–212). Leiden: Martinus Nijhoff.
   Google Scholar
• Kannen, A. (2012). Challenges for marine spatial planning in the context of multiple sea uses, policy arenas and actors based on experiences from the German North Sea. Regional Environmental Change. online.
   Google Scholar
• Kellner, J. B., Tetreault, I., Gaines, S. D., & Nisbet, R. M. (2007). Fishing the line near marine reserves in single and multispecies fisheries. Ecological Applications, 17, 1039–1054.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Kenchington, R. (1990). Managing marine environments. London: Taylor & Francis.
   Google Scholar
• Kenchington, R. A., & Day, J. C. (2011). Zoning, a fundamental cornerstone of effective Marine Spatial Planning: Lessons learnt from the Great Barrier Reef, Australia. Journal of Coastal Conservation, 15, 271–278.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Kidd, S., & Ellis, G. (2012). From the land to sea and back again? Using terrestrial planning to understand the process of marine spatial planning. Journal of Environmental Policy and Planning, 14, 49–66.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Kidd, S., Plater, A., & Frid, C. (Eds.). (2011). The ecosystem approach to marine planning and management. London: Earthscan.
   Google Scholar
• Knol, M. (2011). Mapping ocean governance: From ecological values to policy instrumentation. Journal of Environmental Planning and Management, 54, 979–995.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Kogan, I., Paull, C., Kuhnz, L., Burton, E., von Thun, S., Greene, H., & Barry, J. (2003). Environmental impact of the ATOC/Pioneer Seamount Submarine Cable. unpublished document. http://www.scribd.com/doc/60288570/Environmental-Impact-of-the-ATOC-Pioneer-Seamount-Submarine-Cable.
   Google Scholar
• Koomen, E., Dekkers, J., & van Dijk, T. (2008). Open-space preservation in the Netherlands: Planning, practice and prospects. Land Use Policy, 25, 361–377.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Krier, L. (1984). Critique of zoning. In D.Porphyrios (Ed.), Leon Krier: Houses, Palaces, Cities (pp. 32–35). London: AD Editions Ltd.
   Google Scholar
• Layzer, J. (2008). Natural experiments: Ecosystem-based management and the environment. London: MIT Press.
   Google Scholar
• Maes, F., Schrijvers, J., & Vanhulle, A. (2005). A flood of space: Toward a spatial structure plan for sustainable management of the North Sea. Brussels: Belgian Science Policy.
   Google Scholar
• Mander, L., Cutts, N. D., Allen, J., & Mazik, K. (2007). Assessing the development of newly created habitat for wintering estuarine birds. Estuarine, Coastal and Shelf Science, 75, 163–174.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Maruani, T., & Amit-Cohen, I. (2007). Open space planning models: A review of approaches and methods. Landscape and Urban Planning, 81(1–2), 1–13.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• McLeod, K., & Leslie, H. (Eds.). (2009). Ecosystem-based management for the oceans. London: Land Press.
   Google Scholar
• Meyers, A. (1998). Invisible cities: Lewis Mumford, Thomas Adams, and the invention of the regional city 1925–1929. Business and Economic History, 27, 292–306.
   Google Scholar
• Michler-Cielucha, T., & Krause, G. (2008). Perceived concerns and possible management strategies for governing ‘wind farm–mariculture integration’. Marine Policy, 32, 1013–1022.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Moffitt, E. A., Wilson white, J. W., & Botsford, L. W. (2011). The utility and limitations of size and spacing guidelines for designing marine protected area (MPA) networks. Biological Conservation, 144, 306–318.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Mora, C., & Sale, P. (2011). Ongoing global biodiversity loss and the need to move beyond protected areas: A review of the technical and practical shortcomings of protected areas on land and sea. Marine Ecology Progress Series, 434, 251–266.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• National Research Council. (2001). Marine protected areas: Tools for sustaining ocean ecosystems. Washington, DC: National Academy Press.
   Google Scholar
• Norse, E. (2002). A zoning approach to managing marine ecosystems. In B.Cicin-Sain & C.Ehler (Eds.), Proceedings of the workshop on improving regional ocean governance in the United States (pp. 53–57). Delaware: Center for the Study of Marine Policy.
   Google Scholar
• Punt, M. J., Groeneveld, R. A., van Ierland, E. C., & Stel, J. H. (2009). Spatial planning of offshore wind farms: A windfall to marine environmental protection?Ecological Economics, 69, 93–103.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Rabin, Y. (1989). Expulsive zoning: The inequitable legacy of Euclid. In C.Haar & J.Kayden (Eds.), Zoning and the American dream: Promises still to keep (pp. 101–121). Chicago, IL: Planners Press.
   Google Scholar
• Russ, G. R., & Zeller, D. C. (2003). From Mare Liberum to Mare Reservarum. Marine Policy, 27, 75–78.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• St. Martin, K., & Hall-Arber, M. (2008). The missing layer: Geo-technologies, communities, and implications for marine spatial planning. Marine Policy, 32, 779–786.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Sivas, D., & Caldwell, M. (2008). A new vision for California ocean governance: Comprehensive ecosystem-based marine zoning. Stanford Environmental Law Journal, 27, 209–270.
   Google Scholar
• Smith, H. (Ed.). (2004). The ocean: Key issues in marine affairs. London: Kluwer.
   Google Scholar
• Smith, H. D., Maes, F., Stojanovic, T. A., & Ballinger, R. C. (2011). The integration of land and marine spatial planning. Journal of Coastal Conservation, 15, 291–303.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Smith, M. D., & Wilen, J. E. (2002). The marine environment: Fencing the last frontier. Review of Agricultural Economics, 24, 31–42.
   Google Scholar
• Snyder, B., & Kaiser, M. J. (2009). Offshore wind power in the US: Regulatory issues and models for regulation. Energy Policy, 37, 4442–4453.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Söderström, O. (1996). Paper cities: Visual thinking in urban planning. Ecumene, 3, 249–281.
   Google Scholar
• Stach, P. B. (1987). Zoning: To plan or to protect?Journal of Planning Literature, 2, 472–481.
   Google Scholar
• Steinberg, P. E. (1999). The maritime mystique: Sustainable development, capital mobility, and nostalgia in the world ocean. Environment Planning D: Society Space, 17, 403–426.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Talen, E. (2009). Design by the rules: The historical underpinnings of form-based codes. Journal of the American Planning Association, 75, 144–160.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Tewdwr-Jones, M., Gallent, N., & Morphet, J. (2010). An anatomy of spatial planning: Coming to terms with the spatial element in UK planning. European Planning Studies, 18, 239–257.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Tyldesley, D. (2004). Making the case for marine spatial planning in Scotland. unpublished document. Retrieved from http://www.rspb.org.uk/Images/marineplanning_tcm9-132919.pdf.
   Google Scholar