References
- Adamson, F. B., and G. Tsourapas. 2018. Migration diplomacy in world politics. International Studies Perspectives 20 (2):113–28. doi:10.1093/isp/eky015.
- Albawaba. 2018. Lebanon upset about joint Brussels statement, Bassil calls for Syrian refugees clarification. Albawaba, April 29. https://www.albawaba.com/news/lebanon-upset-about-joint-brussels-statement-bassil-calls-syrian-refugees-clarification-1123438
- Alef. 2019. Position paper on the decision to summarily deport Syrian nationals who entered Lebanon irregularly. Position-Paper-on-the-decision-to-summarily-deport-Syrian-nationals-who-entered-Lebanon-irregularly.pdf (alefliban.org).
- Alpes, J. 2021. Return mania: Mapping policies and practices in the EuroMed region. EuroMed Rights. https://euromedrights.org/wp-content/uploads/2021/03/EN_INTRO-Report_Migration-1.pdf.
- Alrababa’h, A., D. Masterson, M. Casalis, D. Hangartner, J. Weinstein, and N. Yassin. 2020. Returning home? Conditions in Syria, not Lebanon, drive the return intentions of Syrian refugees. Peace & Recovery. Policy brief. https://www.poverty-action.org/sites/default/files/publications/P%26R%20Syrian%20Refugees%20Policy%20Brief_2020.09.25.pdf.
- Anholt, R., and G. Sinatti. 2020. Under the guise of resilience: The EU approach to migration and forced displacement in Jordan and Lebanon. Contemporary Security Policy 41 (2):311–35. doi:10.1080/13523260.2019.1698182.
- Anholt, R. 2020. Resilience in practice: Responding to the refugee crisis in Turkey, Jordan, and Lebanon. Politics and Governance 8 (4):294–305. doi:10.17645/pag.v8i4.3090.
- Arab News. 2019. Lebanese president pledges safe return of Syrian refugees. Arab News, February 27. https://www.arabnews.com/node/1458601/middle-east.
- Baas, S. 2018. The real reasons why Syrians return to Syria. The New Humanitarian, Refugees Deeply, March 6. https://deeply.thenewhumanitarian.org/refugees/community/2018/03/06/the-real-reasons-why-syrians-return-to-syria.
- Badarin, E., and T. Schumacher. 2020. The EU, resilience and the southern neighbourhood after the Arab uprisings. In Projecting resilience across the mediterranean, ed. E. Cusumano, and S. H. Palgrave Macmillan, 63–86. Cham: Switzerland.
- Barbé, E., and E. Johansson-Nogués. 2008. The EU as a modest ‘force for good’: The European neighbourhood policy. International Affairs 84 (1):81–96. doi:10.1111/j.1468-2346.2008.00690.x.
- Bradley, M. 2009. Return in dignity: A neglected refugee protection challenge. Canadian Journal of Development 28 (3 – 4):371–82. doi:10.1080/02255189.2009.9669219.
- Bradley, M. 2013. Refugee repatriation: Justice, responsibility and redress. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press.
- Chatty, D. 2020. Has the tide turned? Refuge and sanctuary in the Euro-Mediterranean space. Idees, October 6. https://revistaidees.cat/en/has-the-tide-turned-refuge-and-sanctuary-in-the-euro-mediterranean-space/.
- Chimni, B. S. 2004. From resettlement to involuntary repatriation: Towards a critical history of durable solutions to refugee problems. Refugee Survey Quarterly 23 (3):55–73. doi:10.1093/rsq/23.3.55.
- Cook, L. 2020. EU snubs Russia-backed event on returning refugees to Syria. AP News, November 10. https://apnews.com/article/syria-foreign-policy-europe-russia-vladimir-putin-8267cddeeaa1240a53d0a3b8f1bd4815.
- Dartford, K. 2017. EU and Lebanon hold first official talks since PM Hariri’s return. Euronews, December 20. https://www.euronews.com/2017/12/20/eu-and-lebanon-hold-first-official-talks-since-pm-hariri-s-return.
- Davenport, C., W. Moore, and S. Poe. 2003. Sometimes you just have to leave: Domestic threats and forced migration, 1964 – 1989. International Interactions 29 (1):27–55. doi:10.1080/03050620304597.
- Delegation of the European Union to Lebanon. 2016. Address by ambassador Christina Lassen head of the European Union delegation to Lebanon – conference: “Syrian refugees the road of returning back”. https://eeas.europa.eu/delegations/yemen/10805/address-by-ambassador-christina-lassen-head-of-the-delegation-of-the-european-union-to-lebanon—conference-syrian-refugees-the-road-of-returning-back-_en.
- Delegation of the European Union to Turkey. 2019. Opening speech by high representative/Vice President Frederica Mogherini at the third Brussels conference ‘supporting the future of Syria and the region. https://www.avrupa.info.tr/en/eeas-news/opening-speech-high-representativevice-president-federica-mogherini-third-brussels.
- Dimitriadi, A., and H. Malamidis. 2019. Talking of values: Understanding the normative discourse of EU migration policy. Nova Migra. doi:10.17185/duepublico/49360.
- European Commission. 2011. The global approach to migration and mobility. COM (2011) 743 final. https://eur-lex.europa.eu/legal-content/EN/TXT/PDF/?uri=CELEX:52011DC0743&from=EN.
- European Commission. 2016a. Lives in dignity: From aid-dependence to self-reliance – forced displacement and development. COM 234 Final, April 24.
- European Commission. 2016b. Establishing a new partnership framework with third countries under the European agenda on migration’. Strasbourg June 6, 2011. COM (2016) 385 final.
- European Commission. 2017a. Joint communication to the European parliament and the council. Strasbourg. March 14. https://reliefweb.int/sites/reliefweb.int/files/resources/celex3a52017jc00113aen3atxt.pdf.
- European Commission. 2017b. Joint report to the European parliament, the council, the European Commission. 2020. New Pact on Migration and Asylum. https://ec.europa.eu/info/strategy/priorities-2019-2024/promoting-our-european-way-life/new-pact-migration-and-asylum_en.
- European Commission. 2017c. Report on the implementation of the European neighborhood policy review. https://eeas.europa.eu/sites/eeas/files/2_en_act_part1_v9_3.pdf.
- European Commission. 2020. Communication from the commission on a new pact on migration and asylum. Brussels. COM (2020) 609 final.
- European External Action Service. 2019. Syrian refugees in Lebanon – Press release. https://eeas.europa.eu/delegations/afghanistan/71235/syrian-refugees-lebanon_en.
- European Parliament. 2020. Statement by the chair on the support package for Syrian refugees. https://www.europarl.europa.eu/delegations/en/statement-by-the-chair-on-the-support-pa/product-details/20200605DPU25901.
- European Union and Government of Lebanon. 2016. Decision #1/2016 of the EU-Lebanon association council agreeing on EU-Lebanon partnership priorities. https://ec.europa.eu/neighbourhood-enlargement/sites/near/files/eu_lebanon_partnership_priorities_2016-2020_and_their_annexed_eu-lebanon_compact.pdf.
- European Union. 2017. Supporting the future of Syria and the region: Co-chairs declaration. https://www.consilium.europa.eu/en/press/press-releases/2017/04/05/syria-conference-co-chairs-declaration/.
- European Union. 2018a. Supporting the future of Syria and the region: Co-chairs declaration. https://www.consilium.europa.eu/en/press/press-releases/2018/04/25/brussels-ii-conference-on-supporting-the-future-of-syria-and-the-region-co-chairs-declaration/.
- European Union. 2018b. Supporting the future of Syria and the region. Lebanon partnership paper conference document. https://www.consilium.europa.eu/media/34145/lebanon-partnership-paper.pdf.
- European Union. 2019. Supporting the future of Syria and the region: Co-chairs declaration. https://www.consilium.europa.eu/en/press/press-releases/2019/03/14/brussels-iii-conference-on-supporting-the-future-of-syria-and-the-region-co-chairs-declaration/pdf.
- European Union. 2020. Supporting the future of Syria and the region: Co-chairs declaration. https://www.consilium.europa.eu/en/press/press-releases/2020/06/30/brussels-iv-conference-on-supporting-the-future-of-syria-and-the-region-co-chairs-declaration/.
- European Union. 2021a. Responding to the Syrian crisis. EU support in Lebanon. https://eeas.europa.eu/sites/default/files/factsheet_eu_support_lebanon_en.pdf.
- European Union. 2021b. Supporting the future of Syria and the region: Co-chairs declaration. https://eeas.europa.eu/headquarters/headquarters-homepage/93313/brussels-v-conference-%E2%80%93-supporting-future-syria-and-region_en.
- Fakhoury, T. (2020b) ‘Building resilience in strained refugee-hosting states? The EU in the face of Lebanon’s cumulative crises.’ Asile Project, October 29. Forum. https://www.asileproject.eu/building-resilience-in-strained-refugee-hosting-states-the-eu-in-the-face-of-lebanons-cumulative-crises/.
- Fakhoury, T. 2020a. Refugee return and fragmented governance in the host state: Displaced Syrians in the face of Lebanon’s divided politics. Third World Quarterly 42 (1):162–80. doi:10.1080/01436597.2020.1762485.
- Fakhoury, T. 2021. The external dimension of EU migration policy as region-building? Refugee cooperation as contentious politics. Journal of Ethnic and Migration Studies 1–19. doi:10.1080/1369183X.2021.1972568.
- Feith Tan, N., and T. Gammeltoft-Hansen. 2020. A topographical approach to accountability for human rights violations in migration control. German Law Journal 21 (3):335–54. doi:10.1017/glj.2020.31.
- Ferris, E. 2018. When refugee displacement drags on, is self-reliance the answer? Brookings, June 19. https://www.brookings.edu/blog/order-from-chaos/2018/06/19/when-refugee-displacement-drags-on-is-self-reliance-the-answer/.
- Filiu, J. P. 2019. When the “Stability” Europeans are proud of, fuels insecurity in the mediterranean. In Changing Euro-Mediterranean lenses (Euromed Survey #9), 88. Barcelona: European Institute of the Mediterranean. https://spire.sciencespo.fr/notice/2441/2nut6s0o528ccobp2l2haonpkh.
- Fitzgerald, D. S. 2020. Remote control of migration: Theorising territoriality, shared coercion, and deterrence. Journal of Ethnic and Migration Studies 46 (1):4–22. doi:10.1080/1369183X.2020.1680115.
- Gammeltoft-Hansen, T., E. Guild, V. Moreno-Lax, M. Panizzon, and I. Roele. 2017. What is a compact? Migrants rights and states’ responsibilities regarding the design of the EU global compact for safe, orderly, and regular migration. Raoul Wallenberg Institute of Human Rights and Humanitarian Law.
- Geha, C. 2016. The Syrian refugee crisis and Lebanon’s endemic deadlocks: Trading reform for resilience. Middle East Institute, March 17. https://www.mei.edu/publications/syrian-refugee-crisis-and-lebanons-endemic-deadlocks-trading-reform-resilience.
- Geha, C. 2019. Political complexities of return: Syrian refugees in Lebanon. Middle East Institute, May 14. https://www.mei.edu/publications/political-complexities-return-syrian-refugees-lebanon.
- Ghosn, F. T. S. C., M. Simon, A. Braithwaite, M. Frith, and J. Jandali. 2021. The journey home: Violence, anchoring and refugee decisions to return. American Political Science Review First View:1–17. doi:10.1017/S0003055421000344.
- Gordon J. (2021). The international governance of refugee work: reflections on the Jordan compact. Global Public Policy and Governance, 1(3), 239–255. 10.1007/s43508-021-00019-6
- Hathaway, J. C., and T. Gammeltoft-Hansen. 2014. Non-refoulement in a world of cooperative deterrence. University of Michigan Law and Economics Research Paper Series, paper #14-016.
- Hatoum, B. 2018. Hundreds of Syrian refugees return home from Lebanon. The Associated Press, July 28. https://apnews.com/article/528b8f2b15154c82aa8a26f045efa2de 15 April 2021.
- Howden, D. H. P., and C. Alfred. 2017. The compact experiment: Push for refugee jobs confronts reality of Jordan and Lebanon. Refugees Deeply Quarterly. December. http://issues.newsdeeply.com/the-Compact-experiment.
- Human Rights Watch. 2019. Syrians deported by Lebanon arrested at home. Human Rights Watch, September 2. https://www.hrw.org/news/2019/09/02/syrians-deported-lebanon-arrested-home.
- Human Rights Watch. 2020. World report 2020: Rights trends in Lebanon. Human Rights Watch, January 14. https://www.hrw.org/world-report/2020/country-chapters/lebanon#.
- Janmyr, M. 2017. No country of asylum: ‘Legitimising’ Lebanon’s rejection of the 1951 refugee convention. International Journal of Refugee Law 29 (3):438–65. doi:10.1093/ijrl/eex026.
- Juncos, A. 2017. Resilience as the new EU foreign policy paradigm: A pragmatist turn? European Security 26 (1):1–18. doi:10.1080/09662839.2016.1247809.
- Kalir, B. 2017. Between ‘voluntary’ return programs and soft deportation: Sending vulnerable migrants in Spain back ‘home’. Return Migration and Psychosocial Wellbeing. Edited by Vathi , Z., and King, R. (London: Routledge)56–71
- Khoder, P. 2020. La communauté internationale espère lever 2.6 milliards de dollars pour le Liban. L’Orient le Jour, June 30. https://www.lorientlejour.com/article/1224000/la-communaute-internationale-espere-lever-26-milliards-de-dollars-pour-le-liban.html.
- Kikano, F. G. F., G. Lizarralde, and G. Lizarralde. 2021. Policies of exclusion: The case of Syrian refugees in Lebanon. Journal of Refugee Studies 34 (1):422–52. doi:10.1093/jrs/feaa058.
- Kuwait News Agency. 2017. EU, Lebanon call for political solution in Syria. Kuwait News Agency, July 18. https://www.kuna.net.kw/ArticleDetails.aspx?id=2624280&Language=en
- L'Orient Le Jour, 2021 “L’UE discute d’une aide de 5,7 milliards d’euros pour les réfugiés syriens au Liban, en Turquie et Jordanie », 23 June, L’UE discute d’une aide de 5,7 milliards d’euros pour les réfugiés syriens au Liban, en Turquie et Jordanie - L’Orient-Le Jour (lorientlejour.com).
- Lauten, B., and S. Nelson-Pollard. 2017. Lessons from responsibility sharing mechanisms: For an ambitious and strong global compact on refugees. Norwegian Refugee Council Briefing Note August. https://www.nrc.no/globalassets/pdf/briefing-notes/lessons-from-responsibility–sharing-mechanisms/lessons-from-responsibility-sharing-mechanisms.pdf.
- Lavenex, S., and T. Fakhoury. 2021.Trade agreements as a venue for EU migration governance: Potential and challenges for the European Union. Delmi Report 2021: 11. DELMI Migration Studies Delegation, Stockholm. https://www.delmi.se/en/publications/report-2021-11-trade-agreements-as-a-venue-for-migration-governance-potential-and-challenges-for-the-european-union/
- Lenner, K., and L. Turner. 2018. Learning from the Jordan compact. Forced Migration Review 57:48–51.
- Mahdi, D. 2020. Supporting the future of Syria and the region: The Lebanese government’s redundant commitments and slow progress. Lebanese Center for Policy Studies Policy Brief #53.
- Martin, S. F., R. Davis, G. Benton, and Z. Waliany. 2018. International responsibility-sharing for refugees. KNOMAD Working Paper, 32. https://www.knomad.org/sites/default/files/2018-03/KNOMAD%20WP_International%20Responsbility-Sharing%20for%20Refugees.pdf.
- Mencütek, Z. 2020. The Geopolitics of Returns: A View from Turkey’s Repatriation and Deportation Practices”, Conference Paper, Center for Global Cooperation Research, Duisburg-Essen
- Mhaissen, R., and E. Hodges. 2019. Unpacking return: Syrian refugees’ conditions and concerns. Sawa for Development and Aid. https://reliefweb.int/report/lebanon/unpacking-return-syrian-refugees-conditions-and-concerns-enar.
- Molinari, C. 2019. EU institutions in denial: Non-agreements, non-signatories, and (Non)-effective judicial protection in the EU return policy. Maastricht Faculty of Law Working Paper Series, 2. https://papers.ssrn.com/sol3/papers.cfm?abstract_id=3449198.
- Mourad, L. 2017. “Standoffish” policy-making: Inaction and change in the Lebanese response to the Syrian displacement crisis. Middle East Law and Governance 9 (3):249‒266. doi:10.1163/18763375-00903005.
- Mroue, B. 2019. Lebanon tells EU it will encourage Syrians to return. AP News, February 26. https://apnews.com/article/906a32ef8f0942699e844849d7ab8984.
- Naharnet. 2018. Aoun to EU delegation: Lebanon will solve refugee crisis ‘regardless of EU, U.N. Opinion. Naharnet, May 4. http://www.naharnet.com/stories/en/245762.
- National News Agency. 2015. Syrian refugees’ crisis requires fundamental solutions from the international community. National News Agency, June 24. https://nna-leb.gov.lb/en/show-news/45821/nna-leb.gov.lb/ar.
- National News Agency. 2018. Aoun at Lebanese diaspora energy conference: We will not allow linking return of displaced to reaching political solution. National News Agency, May 10. http://nna-leb.gov.lb/en/show-news/90974/Aoun-at-Lebanese-Diaspora-Energy-Conference-We-will-not-allow-linking-return-of-displaced-to-reaching-political-solution.
- Norman, K. P. 2021. Reluctant reception. Refugees, migration and governance in the middle east and North Africa. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press.
- Oliveira Martin, B., and M. Strange. 2019. Rethinking EU external migration policy: Contestation and critique. Global Affairs 5 (3):195–202. doi:10.1080/23340460.2019.1641128.
- Panebianco, S. 2020. The EU and migration in the Mediterranean: EU borders’ control by proxy. Journal of Ethnic and Migration Studies Special Issue: The Spiralling of the Securitisation of Migration in the European Union. 1–19. doi:10.1080/1369183X.2020.1851468.
- Panizzon, M., and M. van Riemsdijk. 2019. Introduction to special issue: ‘Migration governance in an era of large movements: A multi-level approach. Journal of Ethnic and Migration Studies 45 (8):1225–41. doi:10.1080/1369183X.2018.1441600.
- Parisoli, F. 2018. How does the EU engage with third countries on asylum cooperation? A comparative analysis of Lebanese and Turkish cooperation with the EU. Global Studies Institute de l’Université de Genève Collection ‘Memoires Électroniques’ 99:1–66.
- Refugee Protection Watch. 2020. Trapped in between Lebanon and Syria. The absence of durable solutions for Syria’s refugees. https://paxforpeace.nl/media/download/trapped-in-between-lebanon-and-syria.pdf. 14 July 2021
- Reuters. 2018. International community ‘dismayed’ at Lebanese allegations on Syrian refugees. Reuters, June 14. https://www.reuters.com/article/us-mideast-crisis-lebanon-syria-refugees-idUSKBN1JA1J7.
- Ruffa, C. 2011. Realist-normative power Europe? Explaining EU policies toward Lebanon from an IR perspective. Comparative European Politics 9 (4 – 5):562–80. doi:10.1057/cep.2011.17.
- Schwartz, S. 2020. Is refugee return good public relations? Conceptualizing tactics of return without refoulement in the Global South. Paper presented at the authors workshop ‘Governing refugee Returns in the International System’ hosted by the Center for Global Cooperation Research, Duisburg-Essen, November 26.
- Seeberg, P. 2009. The EU as a realist actor in normative clothes: EU democracy promotion in Lebanon and the European neighbourhood policy. Democratization 16 (1):81–99. doi:10.1080/13510340802575858.
- Seeberg, P. 2018. EU policies concerning Lebanon and the bilateral cooperation on migration and security – New challenges calling for new institutional practices? Communications 4 (136):1–9.
- Sewell, A. 2020a. A damascus conference seeks to promote Syrian refugee returns. Here’s why they’ve stalled. L’Orient Today, November 11. https://today.lorientlejour.com/article/1240459/a-damascus-conference-seeks-to-promote-syrian-refugee-return-efforts-heres-why-theyve-stalled.html.
- Sewell, A. 2020b. Caught in between: Syrians seeking to return from Lebanon stuck in buffer zone. Al Arabiya English, May 29, https://english.alarabiya.net/features/2020/05/29/Caught-in-between-Syrians-seeking-to-return-from-Lebanon-stuck-in-buffer-zone.
- Stel, N. 2020. Refugee Governance in Lebanon. In Hybrid political order and the politics of uncertainty. London: Routledge.
- Stel, N. 2021. Uncertainty, exhaustion, and abandonment beyond South/North divides: Governing forced migration through strategic ambiguity. Political Geography 88:102391. doi:10.1016/j.polgeo.2021.102391.
- Strange, M., and B. Oliviera Martins. 2019. Claiming parity between unequal partners: How African counterparts are framed in the externalization of EU migration governance. Global Affairs 5 (3):235–46. doi:10.1080/23340460.2019.1691932.
- The Daily Star. 2017. International policy should help refugees leave, not stay: Bassil. The Daily Star, August 4. http://www.dailystar.com.lb/News/Lebanon-News/2017/Aug-04/414985-international-policy-should-help-refugees-leave-not-stay-bassil.ashx.
- The Daily Star. 2019. Bassil calls on EU to redirect aid toward refugee returns. The Daily Star, February 4. https://www.dailystar.com.lb/News/Lebanon-News/2019/Feb-04/475830-bassil-calls-on-eu-to-redirect-aid-toward-refugee-returns.ashx.
- Tsourapas, G. 2019. The Syrian refugee crisis and foreign policy decision-making in Jordan, Lebanon, and Turkey. Journal of Global Security Studies 4 (4):464–81. doi:10.1093/jogss/ogz016.
- UNHCR. 2018. Comprehensive protection and solutions strategy: Protection thresholds and parameters for refugee return to Syria. https://reliefweb.int/sites/reliefweb.int/files/resources/63223.pdf.
- UNHCR. 2020. Syria regional refugee response: Durable solutions. https://data2.unhcr.org/en/situations/syria_durable_solutions.
- UNHCR. 2021a. Sixth regional survey on Syrian refugees’ perceptions & intentions to return to Syria. https://data2.unhcr.org/en/documents/details/85739.
- UNHCR. 2021b. Operational data portal refugee situations. Accessed July 4, 2021. https://data2.unhcr.org/en/situations/syria_durable_solutions.
- Wagner, W., and R. Anholt. 2016. Resilience as the EU global strategy’s new leitmotif: Pragmatic, problematic or promising? Contemporary Security Policy 37 (3):414–30. doi:10.1080/13523260.2016.1228034.
- Wunderlich, D. 2010. Differentiation and policy convergence against long odds: Lessons from implementing EU migration policy in Morocco. Mediterranean Politics 15 (2):249–72. doi:10.1080/13629395.2010.485052.
- Xinhua. 2019. Lebanon calls for Spain’s help on Syrian refugees’ return. Xinhua Net, March 5. http://www.xinhuanet.com/english/2019-05/03/c_138031672.htm.