Current and investigational non-dopaminergic agents for management of motor symptoms (including motor complications) in Parkinson’s disease

References

• Bach JP, Riedel O, Klotsche J, et al. Impact of complications and comorbidities on treatment costs and health-related quality of life of patients with Parkinson’s disease. J Neurol Sci. 2012;314:41–47.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• de Rijk MC, Launer LJ, Berger K, et al. Prevalence of Parkinson’s disease in Europe: a collaborative study of population-based cohorts. Neurologic Diseases in the Elderly Research Group. Neurology. 2000;54:S21–S23.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Przuntek H, Müller T, Riederer P. Diagnostic staging of Parkinson’s disease: conceptual aspects. J Neural Transm. 2004;111:201–216.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Blandini F. Neural and immune mechanisms in the pathogenesis of Parkinson’s disease. J Neuroimmune Pharmacol. 2013;8:189–201.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Siderowf A, Lang AE. Premotor Parkinson’s disease: concepts and definitions. Mov Disord. 2012;27:608–616.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Gerlach M, Maetzler W, Broich K, et al. Biomarker candidates of neurodegeneration in Parkinson’s disease for the evaluation of disease-modifying therapeutics. J Neural Transm. 2012;119:39–52.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Berg D, Godau J, Seppi K, et al. The PRIPS study: screening battery for subjects at risk for Parkinson’s disease. Eur J Neurol. 2013;20:102–108.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Gerlach M, Hendrich A, Hueber R, et al. Early detection of Parkinson’s disease: unmet needs. Neurodegener Dis. 2008;5:137–139.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Berg D, Postuma RB, Bloem B, et al. Time to redefine PD? Introductory statement of the MDS Task Force on the definition of Parkinson’s disease. Mov Disord. 2014;29:454–462.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Chaudhuri KR, Schapira AH. Non-motor symptoms of Parkinson’s disease: dopaminergic pathophysiology and treatment. Lancet Neurol. 2009;8:464–474.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Braak H, Del TK, Rub U, et al. Staging of brain pathology related to sporadic Parkinson’s disease. Neurobiol Aging. 2003;24:197–211.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Milber JM, Noorigian JV, Morley JF, et al. Lewy pathology is not the first sign of degeneration in vulnerable neurons in Parkinson disease. Neurology. 2012;79:2307–2314.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Burke RE, Dauer WT, Vonsattel JP. A critical evaluation of the Braak staging scheme for Parkinson’s disease. Ann Neurol. 2008;64:485–491.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Müller T. Motor complications, levodopa metabolism and progression of Parkinson’s disease. Expert Opin Drug Metab Toxicol. 2011;7:847–855.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Riederer P, Gerlach M, Müller T, et al. Relating mode of action to clinical practice: dopaminergic agents in Parkinson’s disease. Parkinsonism Relat Disord. 2007;13:466–479.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Muhlack S, Herrmann L, Salmen S, et al. Fewer fluctuations, higher maximum concentration and better motor response of levodopa with catechol-O-methyltransferase inhibition. J Neural Transm. 2014;121:1357–1366.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Olanow CW, Kieburtz K, Rascol O, et al. Factors predictive of the development of Levodopa-induced dyskinesia and wearing-off in Parkinson’s disease. Mov Disord. 2013;28:1064–1071.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Daniela F, Vescovi AL, Bottai D. The stem cells as a potential treatment for neurodegeneration. Methods Mol Biol. 2007;399:199–213.
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Kordower JH, Chu Y, Hauser RA, et al. Lewy body-like pathology in long-term embryonic nigral transplants in Parkinson’s disease. Nat Med. 2008;14:504–506.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Herzog CD, Dass B, Holden JE, et al. Striatal delivery of CERE-120, an AAV2 vector encoding human neurturin, enhances activity of the dopaminergic nigrostriatal system in aged monkeys. Mov Disord. 2007;22:1124–1132.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Fox SH, Lang AE, Brotchie JM. Translation of nondopaminergic treatments for levodopa-induced dyskinesia from MPTP-lesioned nonhuman primates to phase IIa clinical studies: keys to success and roads to failure. Mov Disord. 2006;21:1578–1594.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Ambrosi G, Armentero MT, Levandis G, et al. Effects of early and delayed treatment with an mGluR5 antagonist on motor impairment, nigrostriatal damage and neuroinflammation in a rodent model of Parkinson’s disease. Brain Res Bull. 2010;82:29–38.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Meredith GE, Totterdell S, Potashkin JA, et al. Modeling PD pathogenesis in mice: advantages of a chronic MPTP protocol. Parkinsonism Relat Disord. 2008;14(Suppl 2):S112–S115.
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Kakkar AK, Dahiya N. Management of Parkinsons disease: current and future pharmacotherapy. Eur J Pharmacol. 2015;750:74–81.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Przuntek H, Bittkau S, Bliesath H, et al. Budipine provides additional benefit in patients with Parkinson disease receiving a stable optimum dopaminergic drug regimen. Arch Neurol. 2002;59:803–806.
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Riederer P, Müller T. Use of monoamine oxidase inhibitors in chronic neurodegeneration. Expert Opin Drug Metab Toxicol. 2017;13:233–240.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Riederer P, Lachenmayer L, Laux G. Clinical applications of MAO-inhibitors. Curr Med Chem. 2004;11:2033–2043.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Riederer P, Laux G. MAO-inhibitors in Parkinson’s disease. Exp Neurobiol. 2011;20:1–17.
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Müller T, Hoffmann JA, Dimpfel W, et al. Switch from selegiline to rasagiline is beneficial in patients with Parkinson’s disease. J Neural Transm. 2013;120:761–765.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Roselaar SE, Langdon N, Lock CB, et al. Selegiline in narcolepsy. Sleep. 1987;10:491–495.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Kahn-Greene ET, Killgore DB, Kamimori GH, et al. The effects of sleep deprivation on symptoms of psychopathology in healthy adults. Sleep Med. 2007;8:215–221.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Parkinson Study Group. Impact of deprenyl and tocopherol treatment on Parkinson’s disease in DATATOP patients requiring levodopa. Ann Neurol. 1996;39:37–45.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Przuntek H, Conrad B, Dichgans J, et al. SELEDO: a 5-year long-term trial on the effect of selegiline in early Parkinsonian patients treated with levodopa. Eur J Neurol. 1999;6:141–150.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Olanow CW, Rascol O, Hauser R, et al. A double-blind, delayed-start trial of rasagiline in Parkinson’s disease. N Engl J Med. 2009;361:1268–1278.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Dezsi L, Vecsei L. Safinamide for the treatment of Parkinson’s disease. Expert Opin Investig Drugs. 2014;23:729–742.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Barone P, Cattaneo C, La Ferla R, et al. Signifcant reduction of pain treatments with safinamide administered as add-on therapy to levodopa in patients with Parkinson’s disease and fluctuations. 1st Congress of European Academy of Neurology 2015 Jun 20–23; Poster
   Google Scholar
• Müller T. Current status of safinamide for the drug portfolio of Parkinson’s disease therapy. Expert Rev Neurother. 2013;13:969–977.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Ceravolo R, Piccini P, Bailey DL, et al. 18F-dopa PET evidence that tolcapone acts as a central COMT inhibitor in Parkinson’s disease. Synapse. 2002;43:201–207.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Fava M, Rosenbaum JF, Kolsky AR, et al. Open study of the catechol-O-methyltransferase inhibitor tolcapone in major depressive disorder. J Clin Psychopharmacol. 1999;19:329–335.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Farrell SM, Tunbridge EM, Braeutigam S, et al. COMT Val(158)Met genotype determines the direction of cognitive effects produced by catechol-O-methyltransferase inhibition. Biol Psychiatry. 2012;71:538–544.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Müller T. Tolcapone addition improves Parkinson’s disease associated nonmotor symptoms. Ther Adv Neurol Disord. 2014;7:77–82.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Bibbiani F, Oh JD, Kielaite A, et al. Combined blockade of AMPA and NMDA glutamate receptors reduces levodopa-induced motor complications in animal models of PD. Exp Neurol. 2005;196:422–429.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Vijverman AC, Fox SH. New treatments for the motor symptoms of Parkinson’s disease. Expert Rev Clin Pharmacol. 2014;7:761–777.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Fox SH. Non-dopaminergic treatments for motor control in Parkinson’s disease. Drugs. 2013;73:1405–1415.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Müller T. Drug therapy in patients with Parkinson’s disease. Transl Neurodegener. 2012;1:1–10.
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Hubsher G, Haider M, Okun MS. Amantadine: the journey from fighting flu to treating Parkinson disease. Neurology. 2012;78:1096–1099.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Cattaneo C, Ferla RL, Bonizzoni E, et al. Long-term effects of safinamide on dyskinesia in mid- to late-stage parkinson’s disease: a post-hoc analysis. J Parkinsons Dis. 2015;5:475–481.
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Del DP, Pavese N, Gambaccini G, et al. Intravenous amantadine improves levadopa-induced dyskinesias: an acute double-blind placebo-controlled study. Mov Disord. 2001;16:515–520.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Metman LV, Del Dotto P, LePoole K, et al. Amantadine for levodopa-induced dyskinesias: a 1-year follow-up study. Arch Neurol. 1999;56:1383–1386.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Pahwa R, Tanner CM, Hauser RA, et al. Amantadine extended release for levodopa-induced dyskinesia in Parkinson’s disease (EASED Study). Mov Disord. 2015;30:788–795.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Bennett KA, Tehan B, Lebon G, et al. Pharmacology and structure of isolated conformations of the Adenosine A2A receptor define ligand efficacy. Mol Pharmacol. 2013;83:949–958.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Pourcher E, Fernandez HH, Stacy M, et al. Istradefylline for Parkinson’s disease patients experiencing motor fluctuations: results of the KW-6002-US-018 study. Parkinsonism Relat Disord. 2012;18:178–184.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Chen W, Wang H, Wei H, et al. Istradefylline, an adenosine A(2)A receptor antagonist, for patients with Parkinson’s Disease: a meta-analysis. J Neurol Sci. 2013;324:21–28.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Hauser R, Stocchi F, Rascol O, et al. Phase-3 clinical trials of adjunctive therapy with preladenant, an adenosine 2a antagonist, in patients with Parkinson’s disease. Neurology. 2014;82:P7.087(Abstract).
   Google Scholar
• Goetz CG, Damier P, Hicking C, et al. Sarizotan as a treatment for dyskinesias in Parkinson’s disease: a double-blind placebo-controlled trial. Mov Disord. 2007;22:179–186.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Olanow CW, Damier P, Goetz CG, et al. Multicenter, open-label, trial of sarizotan in Parkinson disease patients with levodopa-induced dyskinesias (the SPLENDID Study). Clin Neuropharmacol. 2004;27:58–62.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Paolone G, Brugnoli A, Arcuri L, et al. Eltoprazine prevents levodopa-induced dyskinesias by reducing striatal glutamate and direct pathway activity. Mov Disord. 2015;30:1728–1738.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Buck K, Voehringer P, Ferger B. The alpha(2) adrenoceptor antagonist idazoxan alleviates L-DOPA-induced dyskinesia by reduction of striatal dopamine levels: an in vivo microdialysis study in 6-hydroxydopamine-lesioned rats. J Neurochem. 2010;112:444–452.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Pilleri M, Antonini A. Therapeutic strategies to prevent and manage dyskinesias in Parkinson’s disease. Expert Opin Drug Saf. 2015;14:281–294.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Iravani MM, Jenner P. Mechanisms underlying the onset and expression of levodopa-induced dyskinesia and their pharmacological manipulation. J Neural Transm (Vienna). 2011;118:1661–1690.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Nyholm D, Nilsson Remahl AI, Dizdar N, et al. Duodenal levodopa infusion monotherapy vs oral polypharmacy in advanced Parkinson disease. Neurology. 2005;64:216–223.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Goetze O, Nikodem AB, Wiezcorek J, et al. Predictors of gastric emptying in Parkinson’s disease. Neurogastroenterol Motil. 2006;18:369–375.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Kurlan R, Rothfield KP, Woodward WR, et al. Erratic gastric emptying of levodopa may cause “random” fluctuations of parkinsonian mobility. Neurology. 1988;38:419–421.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Müller T, Erdmann C, Bremen D, et al. Impact of gastric emptying on levodopa pharmacokinetics in Parkinson disease patients. Clin Neuropharmacol. 2006;29:61–67.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Goetz CG, Laska E, Hicking C, et al. Placebo influences on dyskinesia in Parkinson’s disease. Mov Disord. 2008;23:700–707.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Müller T, Russ, H. Levodopa, motor fluctuations and dyskinesia in Parkinson’s disease. Expert Opin Pharmacother. 2006;7:1715–1730.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Stocchi F, Rascol O, Destee A, et al. AFQ056 in Parkinson patients with levodopa-induced dyskinesia: 13-week, randomized, dose-finding study. Mov Disord. 2013;28:1838–1846.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Rascol O, Fox S, Gasparini F, et al. Use of metabotropic glutamate 5-receptor antagonists for treatment of levodopa-induced dyskinesias. Parkinsonism Relat Disord. 2014;20:947–956.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Birkmayer W, Hornykiewicz O. The effect of l-3,4-dihydroxyphenylalanine (= DOPA) on akinesia in parkinsonism. 1961. Wien Klin Wochenschr. 2001;113:851–854.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Politis M, Wu K, Molloy S, et al. Parkinson’s disease symptoms: the patient’s perspective. Mov Disord. 2010;25:1646–1651.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Cifu DX, Carne W, Brown R, et al. Caregiver distress in parkinsonism. J Rehabil Res Dev. 2006;43:499–508.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Müller T. Detoxification and antioxidative therapy for levodopa-induced neurodegeneration in Parkinson’s disease. Expert Rev Neurother. 2013;13:707–718.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Sabens EA, Distler AM, Mieyal JJ. Levodopa deactivates enzymes that regulate thiol-disulfide homeostasis and promotes neuronal cell death - implications for therapy of Parkinson’s disease. Biochemistry. 2010;49:2715–2724.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Pilleri M, Antonini A. Novel levodopa formulations in the treatment of Parkinson’s disease. Expert Rev Neurother. 2014;14:143–149.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Hauser RA, Auinger P. Determination of minimal clinically important change in early and advanced Parkinson’s disease. Mov Disord. 2011;26:813–818.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Hauser RA. Future treatments for Parkinson’s disease: surfing the PD pipeline. Int J Neurosci. 2011;121(Suppl 2):53–62.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Herzog CD, Brown L, Gammon D, et al. Expression, bioactivity, and safety 1 year after adeno-associated viral vector type 2-mediated delivery of neurturin to the monkey nigrostriatal system support cere-120 for Parkinson’s disease. Neurosurgery. 2009;64:602–612.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar