Pharmacotherapeutic options for treating Staphylococcus aureus bacteremia

References

• Laupland KB, Lyytikainen O, Sogaard M, et al. The changing epidemiology of Staphylococcus aureus bloodstream infection: a multinational population-based surveillance study. Clin Microbiol Infect. 2013;19:465–471.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Klevens RM, Morrison MA, Nadle J, et al. Invasive methicillin-resistant Staphylococcus aureus infections in the United States. JAMA. 2007;298:1763–1771.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Kallen AJ, Mu Y, Bulens S, et al. Health care-associated invasive MRSA infections, 2005-2008. JAMA. 2010;304:641–648.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Larsen J, Petersen A, Larsen AR, et al. Emergence of livestock-associated methicillin-resistant Staphylococcus aureus bloodstream infections in Denmark. Clin Infect Dis. 2017 May 30. [ [Epub ahead of print]]. DOI:10.1093/cid/cix504.
   Google Scholar
• Oliveira DC, Tomasz A, De Lencastre H. Secrets of success of a human pathogen: molecular evolution of pandemic clones of methicillin-resistant Staphylococcus aureus. Lancet Infect Dis. 2002;2:180–189.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Gasch O, Ayats J, Dominguez MA, et al. Epidemiology of methicillin-resistant Staphylococcus aureus (MRSA) bloodstream infection: secular trends over 19 years at a university hospital. Medicine (Baltimore). 2011;90:319–327.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Van Hal SJ, Jensen SO, Vaska VL, et al. Predictors of mortality in Staphylococcus aureus bacteremia. Clin Microbiol Rev. 2012;25:362–386.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Liu C, Bayer A, Cosgrove SE, et al. Clinical practice guidelines by the Infectious Diseases Society of America for the treatment of methicillin-resistant Staphylococcus aureus infections in adults and children: executive summary. Clin Infect Dis. 2011;52:285–292.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Cosgrove SE, Sakoulas G, Perencevich EN, et al. Comparison of mortality associated with methicillin-resistant and methicillin-susceptible Staphylococcus aureus bacteremia: a meta-analysis. Clin Infect Dis. 2003;36:53–59.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Kaasch AJ, Barlow G, Edgeworth JD, et al. Staphylococcus aureus bloodstream infection: a pooled analysis of five prospective, observational studies. J Infect. 2014;68:242–251.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Gasch O, Camoez M, Dominguez MA, et al. Predictive factors for mortality in patients with methicillin-resistant Staphylococcus aureus bloodstream infection: impact on outcome of host, microorganism and therapy. Clin Microbiol Infect. 2013;19:1049–1057.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Rodríguez-Baño J, De Cueto M, Retamar P, et al. Current management of bloodstream infections. Expert Rev Anti Infect Ther. 2010;8:815–829.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Jenkins TC, Price CS, Sabel AL, et al. Impact of routine infectious diseases service consultation on the evaluation, management, and outcomes of Staphylococcus aureus bacteremia. Clin Infect Dis. 2008;46:1000–1008.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Honda H, Krauss M, Jones J, et al. The value of infectious diseases consultation in Staphylococcus aureus bacteremia. Am J Med. 2010;123:631–637.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Nagao M, Iinuma Y, Saito T, et al. Close cooperation between infectious disease physicians and attending physicians can result in better management and outcome for patients with Staphylococcus aureus bacteraemia. Clin Microbiol Infect. 2010;16:1783–1788.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Robinson JO, Pozzi-Langhi S, Phillips M, et al. Formal infectious diseases consultation is associated with decreased mortality in Staphylococcus aureus bacteraemia. Eur J Clin Microbiol Infect Dis. 2012;31:2421–2428.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• López-Cortés LE, Del Toro MD, Gálvez-Acebal J, et al. Impact of an evidence-based bundle intervention in the quality-of-care management and outcome of Staphylococcus aureus bacteremia. Clin Infect Dis. 2013;57:1225–1233.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Chambers HF, Deleo FR. Waves of resistance: staphylococcus aureus in the antibiotic era. Nat Rev Microbiol. 2009;7:629–641.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Van Bijnen EME, Paget J, De Lange-De Klerk ESM, et al. Antibiotic exposure and other risk factors for antimicrobial resistance in nasal commensal Staphylococcus aureus: an ecological study in 8 European countries. PLoS One. 2015;10:e0135094.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Hagstrand Aldman M, Skovby A,I, Påhlman L. Penicillin-susceptible Staphylococcus aureus: susceptibility testing, resistance rates and outcome of infection. Infect Dis (Auckl). 2017;49:454–460.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Chang F-Y, Peacock JE, Musher DM, et al. Staphylococcus aureus bacteremia: recurrence and the impact of antibiotic treatment in a prospective multicenter study. Medicine (Baltimore). 2003;82:333–339.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Naber C, Baddour L, Giamarellos-Bourboulis E, et al. Clinical consensus conference: survey on gram-positive bloodstream infections with a focus on Staphylococcus aureus. Clin Infect Dis. 2009;48:S260–S70.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Gudiol F, Aguado JM, Almirante B, et al. Diagnosis and treatment of bacteremia and endocarditis due to Staphylococcus aureus. A clinical guideline from the Spanish Society of Clinical Microbiology and Infectious Diseases (SEIMC). Enfermedades Infecc Y Microbiol Clínica. 2015;33:625, e1–625.e23
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Aster RH. Drug-induced immune cytopenias. Toxicology. 2005;209:149–153.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Lee S, Choe PG, Song K-H, et al. Is cefazolin inferior to nafcillin for treatment of methicillin-susceptible Staphylococcus aureus bacteremia? Antimicrob Agents Chemother. 2011;55:5122–5126.
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Vardakas KZ, Apiranthiti KN, Falagas ME. Antistaphylococcal penicillins versus cephalosporins for definitive treatment of methicillin-susceptible Staphylococcus aureus bacteraemia: a systematic review and meta-analysis. Int. J. Antimicrob Agents. 2014;44:486–492.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Bai AD, Showler A, Burry L, et al. Comparative effectiveness of cefazolin versus cloxacillin as definitive antibiotic therapy for MSSA bacteraemia: results from a large multicentre cohort study. J Antimicrob Chemother. 2015;70:1539–1546.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Forsblom E, Ruotsalainen E, Järvinen A. Comparable effectiveness of first week treatment with anti-staphylococcal penicillin versus cephalosporin in methicillin-sensitive Staphylococcus aureus bacteremia: a propensity-score adjusted retrospective study. PLoS One. 2016;11:e0167112.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• McDanel JS, Roghmann M-C, Perencevich EN, et al. Comparative effectiveness of cefazolin versus nafcillin or oxacillin for treatment of methicillin-susceptible Staphylococcus aureus infections complicated by bacteremia: a nationwide cohort study. Clin Infect Dis. 2017;5:100–106.
   Google Scholar
• Li J, Echevarria KL, Traugott KA. β-lactam therapy for methicillin-susceptible Staphylococcus aureus bacteremia: a comparative review of cefazolin versus antistaphylococcal penicillins. Pharmacotherapy. 2017;37:346–360.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Karchmer AW. Definitive treatment for methicillin-susceptible Staphylococcus aureus bacteremia: data versus a definitive answer? Clin Infect Dis. 2017;65:107–109.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Rasmussen JB, Knudsen JD, Arpi M, et al. Relative efficacy of cefuroxime versus dicloxacillin as definitive antimicrobial therapy in methicillin-susceptible Staphylococcus aureus bacteraemia: a propensity-score adjusted retrospective cohort study. J. Antimicrob Chemother. 2014;69:506–514.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Nissen JL, Skov R, Knudsen JD, et al. Effectiveness of penicillin, dicloxacillin and cefuroxime for penicillin-susceptible Staphylococcus aureus bacteraemia: a retrospective, propensity-score-adjusted case-control and cohort analysis. J. Antimicrob Chemother. 2013;68:1894–1900.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Paul M, Zemer-Wassercug N, Talker O, et al. Are all beta-lactams similarly effective in the treatment of methicillin-sensitive Staphylococcus aureus bacteraemia? Clin Microbiol Infect. 2011;17:1581–1586.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Patel UC, McKissic EL, Kasper D, et al. Outcomes of ceftriaxone use compared to standard of therapy in methicillin susceptible staphylococcal aureus (MSSA) bloodstream infections. Int J Cli Pharm. 2014;36:1282–1289.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Blumenthal KG, Parker RA, Shenoy ES, et al. Improving clinical outcomes in patients with methicillin-sensitive Staphylococcus aureus bacteremia and reported penicillin allergy. Clin Infect Dis. 2015;61:741–749.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Schweizer ML, Furuno JP, Harris AD, et al. Comparative effectiveness of nafcillin or cefazolin versus vancomycin in methicillin-susceptible Staphylococcus aureus bacteremia. BMC Infect Dis. 2011;11:279.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Wong D, Wong T, Romney M, et al. Comparative effectiveness of β-lactam versus vancomycin empiric therapy in patients with methicillin-susceptible Staphylococcus aureus (MSSA) bacteremia. Ann Clin Microbiol Antimicrob. 2016;15:27.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Kullar R, McKinnell JA, Sakoulas G. Avoiding the perfect storm: the biologic and clinical case for reevaluating the 7-day expectation for methicillin-resistant Staphylococcus aureus bacteremia before switching therapy. Clin Infect Dis. 2014;59:1455–1461.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Rieg S, Joost I, Weiß V, et al. Combination antimicrobial therapy in patients with Staphylococcus aureus bacteraemia - a post hoc analysis in 964 prospectively evaluated patients. Clin Microbiol Infect. 2017 e1–406.e8;23:406.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Hageman JC, Liedtke LA, Sunenshine RH, et al. Management of persistent bacteremia caused by methicillin-resistant Staphylococcus aureus: a survey of infectious diseases consultants. Clin Infect Dis. 2006;43:e42–e45.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Sande MA, Courtney KB. Nafcillin-gentamicin synergism in experimental staphylococcal endocarditis. J Lab Clin Med. 1976;88:118–124.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Korzeniowski O, Sande MA. Combination antimicrobial therapy for Staphylococcus aureus endocarditis in patients addicted to parenteral drugs and in non-addicts: a prospective study. Ann Intern Med. 1982;97:496–503.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Cosgrove SE, Vigliani GA, Fowler VG Jr, et al. Initial low-dose gentamicin for Staphylococcus aureus bacteremia and endocarditis is nephrotoxic. Clin Infect Dis. 2009;48:713–721.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Riedel DJ, Weekes E, Forrest GN. Addition of rifampin to standard therapy for treatment of native valve infective endocarditis caused by Staphylococcus aureus. Antimicrob Agents Chemother. 2008;52:2463–2467.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Thwaites G, Auckland C, Barlow G, et al. Adjunctive rifampicin to reduce early mortality from Staphylococcus aureus bacteraemia (ARREST): study protocol for a randomised controlled trial. Trials. 2012;13:241.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Thwaites G. Adjunctive rifampicin to reduce early mortality from Staphylococcus aureus bacteraemia: final results from the multi-centre, randomised blinded placebo-controlled ARREST trial. Communication presented at: 27th European Congress of Clinical Microbiology and Infectious Diseases (ECCMID); 2017 April 22–25; Viena.
   Google Scholar
• Sakoulas G, Moise PA, Casapao AM, et al. Antimicrobial salvage therapy for persistent staphylococcal bacteremia using daptomycin plus ceftaroline. Clin Ther. 2014;36:1317–1333.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Miró JM, Entenza JM, Del Río A, et al. High-dose daptomycin plus fosfomycin is safe and effective in treating methicillin-susceptible and methicillin-resistant Staphylococcus aureus endocarditis. Antimicrob Agents Chemother. 2012;56:4511–4515.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Moise PA, Amodio-Groton M, Rashid M, et al. A. Multicenter evaluation of the clinical outcomes of daptomycin with and without concomitant β-lactams in patients with Staphylococcus aureus bacteremia and mild to moderate renal impairment. Antimicrob Agents Chemother. 2013;57:1192–1200.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Popovic M. Fosfomycin: an old, new friend? Eur J Clin Microbiol Infect Dis. 2010;29:127–142.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Kastoris AC, Rafailidis PI, Vouloumanou EK, et al. Synergy of fosfomycin with other antibiotics for Gram-positive and Gram-negative bacteria. Eur J Clin Pharmacol. 2010;66:359–368.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Portier H, Tremeaux JC, Chavanet P, et al. Treatment of severe staphylococcal infections with cefotaxime and fosfomycin in combination. J Antimicrob Chemother. 1984;14(Suppl B):277–284.
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Iarikov D, Wassel R, Farley J, et al. Adverse events associated with fosfomycin use: review of the literature and analyses of the FDA adverse event reporting system database. Infect Dis Ther. 2015;4:433–458.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Sakoulas G, Olson J, Yim J, et al. Cefazolin and ertapenem, a synergistic combination used to clear persistent Staphylococcus aureus bacteremia. Antimicrob Agents Chemother. 2016;60:6609–6618.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Fowler VG Jr, Boucher HW, Corey GR, et al. Daptomycin versus standard therapy for bacteremia and endocarditis caused by Staphylococcus aureus. N Engl J Med. 2006;355:653–665.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Stryjewski ME, Lentnek A, O’Riordan W, et al. A randomized Phase 2 trial of telavancin versus standard therapy in patients with uncomplicated Staphylococcus aureus bacteremia: the ASSURE study. BMC Infect Dis. 2014;14:289.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Shorr AF, Kunkel MJ, Kollef M. Linezolid versus vancomycin for Staphylococcus aureus bacteraemia: pooled analysis of randomized studies. J Antimicrob Chemother. 2005;56:923–929.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Van Hal SJ, Lodise TP, Paterson DL. The clinical significance of vancomycin minimum inhibitory concentration in Staphylococcus aureus infections: a systematic review and meta-analysis. Clin Infect Dis. 2012;54:755–771.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Kalil AC, Van Schooneveld TC, Fey PD, et al. Association between vancomycin minimum inhibitory concentration and mortality among patients with Staphylococcus aureus bloodstream infections: a systematic review and meta-analysis. JAMA. 2014;312:1552–1564.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Holmes NE, Turnidge JD, Munckhof WJ, et al. Antibiotic choice may not explain poorer outcomes in patients with Staphylococcus aureus bacteremia and high vancomycin minimum inhibitory concentrations. J Infect Dis. 2011;204:340–347.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Rybak M, Lomaestro B, Rotschafer JC, et al. Therapeutic monitoring of vancomycin in adult patients: a consensus review of the American Society of Health-System Pharmacists, the Infectious Diseases Society of America, and the Society of Infectious Diseases Pharmacists. Am J Health Syst Pharm. 2009;66:82–98.
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Lodise TP, Patel N, Lomaestro BM, et al. Relationship between initial vancomycin concentration-time profile and nephrotoxicity among hospitalized patients. Clin Infect Dis. 2009;49:507–514.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Van Hal SJ, Paterson DL, Lodise TP. Systematic review and meta-analysis of vancomycin-induced nephrotoxicity associated with dosing schedules that maintain troughs between 15 and 20 milligrams per liter. Antimicrob Agents Chemother. 2013;57:734–744.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Cataldo MA, Tacconelli E, Grilli E, et al. Continuous versus intermittent infusion of vancomycin for the treatment of Gram-positive infections: systematic review and meta-analysis. J Antimicrob Chemother. 2012;67:17–24.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Svetitsky S, Leibovici L, Paul M. Comparative efficacy and safety of vancomycin versus teicoplanin: systematic review and meta-analysis. Antimicrob Agents Chemother. 2009;53:4069–4079.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Calain P, Krause KH, Vaudaux P, et al. Early termination of a prospective, randomized trial comparing teicoplanin and flucloxacillin for treating severe staphylococcal infections. J Infect Dis. 1987;155:187–191.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Gilbert DN, Wood CA, Kimbrough RC. Failure of treatment with teicoplanin at 6 milligrams/kilogram/day in patients with Staphylococcus aureus intravascular infection. The Infectious Diseases Consortium of Oregon. Antimicrob Agents Chemother. 1991;35:79–87.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Yoon YK, Park DW, Sohn JW, et al. Multicenter prospective observational study of the comparative efficacy and safety of vancomycin versus teicoplanin in patients with health care-associated methicillin-resistant Staphylococcus aureus bacteremia. Antimicrob Agents Chemother. 2014;58:317–324.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Lin SH, Lai CC, Tan CK, et al. Comparative efficacy of vancomycin and teicoplanin in the treatment of hospitalised elderly patients with persistent methicillin-resistant Staphylococcus aureus (MRSA) bacteraemia. Int J Antimicrob Agents. 2011;37:179–181.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Chang HJ, Hsu PC, Yang CC, et al. Influence of teicoplanin MICs on treatment outcomes among patients with teicoplanin-treated methicillin-resistant Staphylococcus aureus bacteraemia: a hospital-based retrospective study. J Antimicrob Chemother. 2012;67:736–741.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Moore CL, Osaki-Kiyan P, Haque NZ, et al. Daptomycin versus vancomycin for bloodstream infections due to methicillin-resistant Staphylococcus aureus with a high vancomycin minimum inhibitory concentration: a case-control study. Clin Infect Dis. 2012;54:51–58.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Murray KP, Zhao JJ, Davis SL, et al. Early use of daptomycin versus vancomycin for methicillin-resistant Staphylococcus aureus bacteremia with vancomycin minimum inhibitory concentration >1 mg/L: a matched cohort study. Clin Infect Dis. 2013;56:1562–1569.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Hayden MK, Rezai K, Hayes RA, et al. Development of daptomycin resistance in vivo in methicillin-resistant Staphylococcus aureus. J Clin Microbiol. 2005;43:5285–5287.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Mangili A, Bica I, Snydman DR, et al. Daptomycin-resistant, methicillin-resistant Staphylococcus aureus bacteremia. Clin Infect Dis. 2005;40:1058–1060.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Gould IM, Miró JM, Rybak MJ. Daptomycin: the role of high-dose and combination therapy for Gram-positive infections. Int J Antimicrob Agents. 2013;42:202–210.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Gasch O, Camoez M, Domínguez MA, et al. Emergence of resistance to daptomycin in a cohort of patients with methicillin-resistant Staphylococcus persistent bacteraemia treated with daptomycin. J Antimicrob Chemother. 2014;69:568–571.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Sader HS, Mendes RE, Streit JM, et al., Antimicrobial susceptibility trends among Staphylococcus aureus from United States hospitals: results from 7 years of the Ceftaroline (AWARE) Surveillance Program (2010-2016). Antimicrob Agents Chemother. 2017 Jun 19:pii: AAC.01043-17. [Epub ahead of print]. DOI:10.1128/AAC.01043-17.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Nigo M, Diaz L, Carvajal LP, et al. Ceftaroline-resistant, daptomycin-tolerant, and heterogeneous vancomycin-intermediate methicillin resistant Staphylococcus aureus causing infective endocarditis. Antimicrob Agents and Chemother. 2017;3:e01235–16.
   Google Scholar
• File TM Jr, Low DE, Eckburg PB, et al. Focus 1: a randomized, double-blinded, multicentre, phase III trial of the efficacy and safety of ceftaroline fosamil versus ceftriaxone in community-acquired pneumonia. J Antimicrob Chemother. 2011;66(suppl 3):S19–32.
   Google Scholar
• Corey GR, Wilcox MH, Talbot GH, et al. CANVAS 1: the first phase III, randomized, double-blind study evaluating ceftaroline fosamil for the treatment of patients with complicated skin and skin structure infections. J Antimicrob Chemother. 2010;65(suppl4):iv41–51.
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Brooks M FDA OKs label update for antibiotic ceftaroline fosamil. [cited 2017 Jul 27]. Available from: www. medscape.com/viewarticle/850463v.
   Google Scholar
• Turnidge JD. The pharmacodynamics of beta-lactams. Clin Infect Dis. 1998;27:10–22.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Casapao AM, Davis SL, Barr VO, et al. Large retrospective evaluation of the effectiveness and safety of ceftaroline fosamil therapy. Antimicrob Agents Chemother. 2014;58:2541–2546.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Tattevin P, Boutoille D, Vitrat V, et al. Salvage treatment of methicillin-resistant staphylococcal endocarditis with ceftaroline: a multicentre observational study. J Antimicrob Chemother. 2014;69:2010–2013.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Zasowski EJ, Trinj TD, Claeys KC, et al. Multicenter observational study of ceftaroline fosamil for methicillin-resistant Staphylococcus aureus bloodstream infections. Antimicrob Agents Chemother. 2017;61(2):pii: e02015-16.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Lin JC, Aung G, Thomas A, et al. The use of ceftaroline fosamil in methicillin-resistant Staphylococcus aureus endocarditis and deep-seated MRSA infections: a retrospective case series of 10 patients. J Infect Chemother. 2013;19:42–49.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Ho TT, Cadena J, Childs LM, et al. Methicillin-resistant Staphylococcus aureus bacteraemia and endocarditis treated with ceftaroline salvage therapy. J Antimicrob Chemother. 2012;67:1267–1270.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Paladino JA, Jacobs DM, Shields RK, et al. Use of ceftaroline after glycopeptide failure to eradicate methicillin-resistant Staphylococcus aureus bacteraemia with elevated vancomycin minimum inhibitory concentrations. Int J Antimicrob Agents. 2014;44:557–563.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Polenakovik HM, Pleiman CM. Ceftaroline for methicillin-resistant Staphylococcus aureus bacteraemia: case series and review of the literature. Int J Antimicrob Agents. 2013;42:450–455.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Vazquez JA, Maggiore CR, Cole P, et al. Ceftaroline fosamil for the treatment of Staphylococcus aureus bacteremia secondary to acute bacterial skin and skin structure infections or community-acquired bacterial pneumonia. Infect Dis Clin Pract. 2015;23:39–43.
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Arshad S, Huang V, Hartmen P, et al. Ceftaroline fosamil monotherapy for methicillin-resistant Staphylococcus aureus bacteremia. A comparative clinical outcomes study. Int J Infect Dis. 2017;57:27–31.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Awad SS, Rodriguez AH, Chuang YC, et al. A phase 3 randomized double-blind comparison of ceftobiprole medocaril versus ceftazidime plus linezolid for the treatment of hospital-acquired pneumonia. Clin Infect Dis. 2014;59:51–61.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Oltolini C, Castiglioni B, Tassan Din C, et al. Methicillin-resistant Staphylococcus aureus endocarditis: first report of daptomycin plus ceftobiprole combination as salvage therapy. Int J Antimicrob Agents 2016;47:502–504.
   Google Scholar
• MacGowan AP. Pharmacokinetic and pharmacodynamic profile of linezolid in healthy volunteers and patients with Gram-positive infections. J Antimicrob Chemother. 2003;51(Suppl 2):ii17–25.
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Howden BP, Ward PB, Charles PGP, et al. Treatment outcomes for serious infections caused by methicillin-resistant Staphylococcus aureus with reduced vancomycin susceptibility. Clin Infect Dis. 2004;38:521–528.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Falagas ME, Siempos II, Vardakas KZ. Linezolid versus glycopeptide or beta-lactam for treatment of Gram-positive bacterial infections: meta-analysis of randomised controlled trials. Lancet Infect Dis. 2008;8:53–66.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Jang H, Kim S, Kim KH, et al. Salvage treatment for persistent methicillin‐resistant Staphylococcus aureus bacteremia: efficacy of linezolid with or without carbapenem. Clin Infect Dis. 2009;49:395–401.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Park HJ, Kim S-H, Kim M-J, et al. Efficacy of linezolid-based salvage therapy compared with glycopeptide-based therapy in patients with persistent methicillin-resistant Staphylococcus aureus bacteremia. J Infect. 2012;65:505–512.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Muñoz P, Rodríguez-Creixéms M, Moreno M, et al. Linezolid therapy for infective endocarditis. Clin Microbiol Infect. 2007;13:211–215.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Falagas ME, Manta KG, Ntziora F, et al. Linezolid for the treatment of patients with endocarditis: a systematic review of the published evidence. J Antimicrob Chemother. 2006;58:273–280.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Green SL, Maddox JC, Huttenbach ED. Linezolid and reversible myelosuppression. JAMA. 2001;285:1291.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Wigen CL, Goetz MB. Serotonin syndrome and linezolid. Clin Infect Dis. 2002;34:1651–1652.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Prokocimer P, De Anda C, Fang E, et al. Tedizolid phosphate vs linezolid for treatment of acute bacterial skin and skin structure infections: the ESTABLISH-1 randomized trial. Jama. 2013;309:559–569.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Moran GJ, Fang E, Corey GR, et al. Tedizolid for 6 days versus linezolid for 10 days for acute bacterial skin and skin-structure infections (ESTABLISH-2): a randomised, double-blind, phase 3, non-inferiority trial. Lancet Infect Dis. 2014;14:696–705.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Safety and efficacy of BAY1192631 in Japanese patients with methicillin-resistant Staphylococcus aureus (MRSA) infections - full text view - ClinicalTrials.gov. Available from: https://clinicaltrials.gov/ct2/show/NCT01967225?term=tedizolid&rank=8.
   Google Scholar
• Burdette SD, Trotman R. Tedizolid: the first once-daily oxazolidinone class. Clin Infect Dis. 2015;61:1315–1321.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Markowitz N, Quinn EL, Saravolatz LD. Trimethoprim-sulfamethoxazole compared with vancomycin for the treatment of Staphylococcus aureus infection. Ann Intern Med. 1992;117:390–398.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Goldberg E, Paul M, Talker O, et al. Co-trimoxazole versus vancomycin for the treatment of methicillin-resistant Staphylococcus aureus bacteraemia: a retrospective cohort study. J Antimicrob Chemother. 2010;65:1779–1783.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Paul M, Bishara J, Yahav D, et al. Trimethorpim-sulfamethoxazole versus vancomycin for severe infections caused by methicillin resistant Staphylococcus aureus: randomized controlled trial. BMJ. 2015;350:h2219.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Martínez-Aguilar G, Hammerman WA, Mason EO Jr, et al. Clindamycin treatment of invasive infections caused by community-acquired, methicillin-resistant and methicillin-susceptible Staphylococcus aureus in children. Pediatr Infect Dis J. 2003;22:593–598.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Zhanel GG, Calic D, Schweizer F, et al. New lipoglycopeptides: a comparative review of dalbavancin, oritavancin and telavancin. Drugs. 2010;70:859–886.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• [cited 2017 June 30]. Available from: http://www.ema.europa.eu/docs/en_GB/document_library/EPAR_-_Summary_for_the_public/human/001240/WC500115429.pdf.
   Google Scholar
• Corey GR, Rubinstein E, Stryjewski ME, et al. Potential role for telavancin in bacteremic infections due to gram-positive pathogens: focus on Staphylococcus aureus. Clin Infect Dis. 2015;60:787–796.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Rubinstein E, Lalani T, Corey GR, et al. Telavancin versus vancomycin for hospital-acquired pneumonia due to gram-positive pathogens. Clin Infect Dis. 2011;52:31–40.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Stryjewski ME, Barriere SL, Rubinstein E, et al. Telavancin versus vancomycin for bacteraemic hospital-acquired pneumonia. Int J Antimicrob Agents. 2013;42:367–369.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Ruggero MA, Peaper DR, Topal JE. Telavancin for refractory methicillin-resistant Staphylococcus aureus bacteremia and infective endocarditis. Infect Dis (Lond). 2015;47:379–384.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Chaftari AM, Hachem R, Jordan M, et al. Case-control study of telavancin as an alternative treatment for gram-positive bloodstream infections in patients with cancer. Antimicrob Agents Chemother. 2015;60:239–244.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• [cited 2017 June 30]. Available from: http://www.ema.europa.eu/docs/en_GB/document_library/Summary_of_opinion_-_Initial_authorisation/human/003785/WC500180908.pdf.
   Google Scholar
• Corey GR, Kabler H, Mehra P, et al. Single-dose oritavancin in the treatment of acute bacterial skin infections. N Engl J Med. 2014;370:2180–2190.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Stewart CL, Turner MS, Frens JJ, et al. Real-world experience with oritavancin therapy in invasive gram-positive infections. Infect Dis Ther. 2017;6:277–289.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• [cited 2017 June 30]. Availble from: http://www.ema.europa.eu/docs/en_GB/document_library/EPAR_-_Summary_for_the_public/human/002840/WC500183872.pdf.
   Google Scholar
• Dunne MW, Puttagunta S, Giordano P, et al. Randomized clinical trial of single-dose versus weekly dalbavancin for treatment of acute bacterial skin and skin structure infection. Clin Infect Dis. 2016;62:545–551.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Raad I, Darouiche R, Vazquez J, et al. Efficacy and safety of weekly dalbavancin therapy for catheter-related bloodstream infection caused by gram-positive pathogens. Clin Infect Dis. 2005;40:374–380.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Florescu I, Beuran M, Dimov R, et al. Efficacy and safety of tigecycline compared with vancomycin or linezolid for treatment of serious infections with methicillin-resistant Staphylococcus aureus or vancomycin-resistant enterococci: a phase 3, multicentre, double-blind, randomized study. J Antimicrob Chemother. 2008;62(Suppl 1):i17–28.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Munoz-Price LS, Lolans K, Quinn JP. Four cases of invasive methicillin-resistant Staphylococcus aureus (MRSA) infections treated with tigecycline. Scand J Infect Dis. 2006;38:1081–1084.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Prasad P, Sun J, Danner RL, et al. Excess deaths associated with tigecycline after approval based on noninferiority trials. Clin Infect Dis. 2012;54:1699–1709.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• McConeghy KW, Bleasdale SC, Rodvold KA. The empirical combination of vancomycin and a β-lactam for Staphylococcal bacteremia. Clin Infect Dis. 2013;57:1760–1765.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Ammerlaan H, Seifert H, Harbarth S, et al. Adequacy of antimicrobial treatment and outcome of Staphylococcus aureus bacteremia in 9 Western European countries. Clin Infect Dis. 2009;49:997–1005.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Paul M, Kariv G, Goldberg E, et al. Importance of appropriate empirical antibiotic therapy for methicillin-resistant Staphylococcus aureus bacteraemia. J Antimicrob Chemother. 2010;65:2658–2665.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Hagihara M, Wiskirchen DE, Kuti JL, et al. In vitro pharmacodynamics of vancomycin and cefazolin alone and in combination against methicillin-resistant Staphylococcus aureus. Antimicrob Agents Chemother. 2012;56:202–207.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Barber KE, Rybak MJ, Sakoulas G. Vancomycin plus ceftaroline shows potent in vitro synergy and was successfully utilized to clear persistent daptomycin-non-susceptible MRSA bacteraemia. J Antimicrob Chemother. 2015;70:311–313.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Tang HJ, Lai CC, Chen CC, et al. Cephalosporin-glycopeptide combinations for use against clinical methicillin-resistant Staphylococcus aureus isolates: enhanced in vitro antibacterial activity. Front Microbiol. 2017;8:884.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Dilworth TJ, Ibrahim O, Hall P, et al. β-Lactams enhance vancomycin activity against methicillin-resistant Staphylococcus aureus bacteremia compared to vancomycin alone. Antimicrob Agents Chemother. 2014;58:102–109.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Davis JS, Sud A, O’Sullivan MVN, et al. Combination of vancomycin and β-lactam therapy for methicillin-resistant Staphylococcus aureus bacteremia: a pilot multicenter randomized controlled trial. Clin Infect Dis. 2016;62:173–180.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Tong SY, Nelson J, Paterson DL, et al. Combination antibiotic therapy for methicillin-resistant Staphylococcus aureus infection: study protocol for a randomised controlled trial. Trials. 2016 Mar 31;17:170.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Werth BJ, Vidaillac C, Murray KP, et al. Novel combinations of vancomycin plus ceftaroline or oxacillin against methicillin-resistant vancomycin-intermediate Staphylococcus aureus (VISA) and heterogeneous VISA. Antimicrob Agents Chemother. 2013;57:2376–2379.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Gritsenko D, Fedorenko M, Ruhe JJ, et al. Combination therapy with vancomycin and ceftaroline for refractory methicillin-resistant Staphylococcus aureus bacteremia: a case series. Clin Ther. 2017;39:212–218.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Dhand A, Bayer AS, Pogliano J, et al. Use of antistaphylococcal beta-lactams to increase daptomycin activity in eradicating persistent bacteremia due to methicillin-resistant Staphylococcus aureus: role of enhanced daptomycin binding. Clin Infect Dis. 2011;53:158–163.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Mehta S, Singh C, Plata KB, et al. β-Lactams increase the antibacterial activity of 0daptomycin against clinical methicillin-resistant Staphylococcus aureus strains and prevent selection of daptomycin-resistant derivatives. Antimicrob Agents Chemother. 2012;56:6192–6200.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Dhand A, Sakoulas G. Daptomycin in combination with other antibiotics for the treatment of complicated methicillin-resistant Staphylococcus aureus bacteremia. Clin Ther. 2014;36:1303–1316.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Werth BJ, Barber KE, Ireland CE, Rybak MJ. Evaluation of ceftaroline, vancomycin, daptomycin, or ceftaroline plus daptomycin against daptomycin-nonsusceptible methicillin-resistant Staphylococcus aureus in an in vitro pharmacokinetic/pharmacodynamic model of simulated endocardial vegetations. Antimicrob Agents Chemother. 2014;58:3177–3181.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Werth BJ, Sakoulas G, Rose WE, et al. Ceftaroline increases membrane binding and enhances the activity of daptomycin against daptomycin-nonsusceptible vancomycin-intermediate Staphylococcus aureus in a pharmacokinetic/pharmacodynamic model. Antimicrob Agents Chemother. 2013;57: 66–73. Erratum in: Antimicrob Agents Chemother. 2013; 57:1565.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Del Río A, García-de-la-Mària C, Entenza JM, et al.; Hospital Clinic Experimental Endocarditis Study Group. Fosfomycin plus β-Lactams as synergistic bactericidal combinations for experimental endocarditis due to methicillin-resistant and glycopeptide-intermediate Staphylococcus aureus. Antimicrob Agents Chemother. 2015;60:478–486.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Del Río A, Gasch O, Moreno A, et al. Efficacy and safety of fosfomycin plus imipenem as rescue therapy for complicated bacteremia and endocarditis due to methicillin-resistant Staphylococcus aureus: a multicenter clinical trial. Clin Infect Dis. 2014;59:1105–1112.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Chen LY, Huang CH, Kuo SC, et al. High-dose daptomycin and fosfomycin treatment of a patient with endocarditis caused by daptomycin-nonsusceptible Staphylococcus aureus: case report. BMC Infect Dis. 2011;11:152.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Shaw E, Miró JM, Puig-Asensio M, et al.; Spanish Network for Research in Infectious Diseases (REIPI RD12/0015); Instituto de Salud Carlos III, Madrid, Spain; GEIH (Hospital Infection Study Group). . Daptomycin plus fosfomycin versus daptomycin monotherapy in treating MRSA: protocol of a multicentre, randomised, phase III trial. BMJ Open. 2015;5:e006723.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Steed ME, Vidaillac C, Rybak MJ. Novel daptomycin combinations against daptomycin-nonsusceptible methicillin-resistant Staphylococcus aureus in an in vitro model of simulated endocardial vegetations. Antimicrob Agents Chemother. 2010;54:5187–5192.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Steed ME, Werth BJ, Ireland CE, et al. Evaluation of the novel combination of high-dose daptomycin plus trimethoprimsulfamethoxazole against daptomycin-nonsusceptible methicillin resistant Staphylococcus aureus using an in vitro pharmacokinetic/pharmacodynamic model of simulated endocardial vegetations. Antimicrob Agents Chemother. 2012;56:5709–5714.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Claeys KC, Smith JR, Casapao AM, et al. Impact of the combination of daptomycin and trimethoprim-sulfamethoxazole on clinical outcomes in methicillin-resistant Staphylococcus aureus infections. Antimicrob Agents Chemother. 2015;59:1969–1976.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Avery LM, Steed ME, Woodruff AE, et al. Daptomycin-nonsusceptible vancomycin-intermediate Staphylococcus aureus vertebral osteomyelitis cases complicated by bacteremia treated with high-dose daptomycin and trimethoprim-sulfamethoxazole. Antimicrob Agents Chemother. 2012;56:5990–5993.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Koton Y, Or Z, Bisharat N. Septic thrombophlebitis with persistent methicillin-resistant Staphylococcus aureus bacteremia and de novo resistance to vancomycin and daptomycin. Infect Dis Rep. 2017;9:7008.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Fabre V, Ferrada M, Buckel WR, et al. Ceftaroline in combination with trimethoprim-sulfamethoxazole for salvage therapy of methicillin-resistant Staphylococcus aureus bacteremia and endocarditis. Open Forum Infect Dis. 2014;1:ofu046.
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Bagnoli F. Staphylococcus aureus toxin antibodies: good companions of antibiotics and vaccines. Virulence. 2017 Mar 7:1–6 [Epub ahead of print. DOI:10.1080/21505594.2017.1295205.
   Google Scholar