Pharmacotherapy for chronic non-specific low back pain: current and future options

References

• Koes BW, van Tulder MW, Thomas S. Diagnosis and treatment of low back pain. BMJ. 2006 Jun 17;332(7555):1430–1434.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Meucci RD, Fassa AG, Faria NM. Prevalence of chronic low back pain: systematic review. Rev Saude Publica. 2015;49:73.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Hoy D, March L, Brooks P, et al. The global burden of low back pain: estimates from the global burden of disease 2010 study. Ann Rheum Dis. 2014 Jun;73(6):968–974.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Deyo RA, Von Korff M, Duhrkoop D. Opioids for low back pain. BMJ. 2015 Jan;5;350:g6380.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Henschke N, Maher CG, Refshauge KM, et al. Prevalence of and screening for serious spinal pathology in patients presenting to primary care settings with acute low back pain. Arthritis Rheum. 2009 Oct;60(10):3072–3080.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Deyo RA, Mirza SK. Herniated lumbar intervertebral disk. N Engl J Med. 2016 May 5;374(18):1763–1772.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Koes BW, van Tulder MW, Peul WC. Diagnosis and treatment of sciatica. BMJ. 2007 Jun 23;334(7607):1313–1317.
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Nijs J, Apeldoorn A, Hallegraeff H, et al. Low back pain: guidelines for the clinical classification of predominant neuropathic, nociceptive, or central sensitization pain. Pain Physician. 2015 May–Jun;18(3):E333–46.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Saragiotto BT, Maher CG, Hancock MJ, et al. Subgrouping patients with nonspecific low back pain: hope or hype? J Orthop Sports Phys Ther. 2017 Feb;47(2):44–48.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Kamper SJ, Maher CG, Hancock MJ, et al. Treatment-based subgroups of low back pain: a guide to appraisal of research studies and a summary of current evidence. Best Pract Res Clin Rheumatol. 2010 Apr;24(2):181–191.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Deyo RA, Mirza SK. Trends and variations in the use of spine surgery. Clin Orthop Relat Res. 2006 Feb;443:139–146.
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Deyo RA, Gray DT, Kreuter W, et al. United States trends in lumbar fusion surgery for degenerative conditions. Spine. 2005 Jun 15;30(12):1441–1445.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Deyo RA, Smith DH, Johnson ES, et al. Opioids for back pain patients: primary care prescribing patterns and use of services. J Am Board Fam Med. 2011 Nov-Dec;24(6):717–727.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Koes BW, van Tulder M, Lin CW, et al. An updated overview of clinical guidelines for the management of non-specific low back pain in primary care. Eur Spine J. 2010 Dec;19(12):2075–2094.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• UK National Institute for Health and Care Excellence. Low back pain and sciatica in over 16s: assessment and management. NICE guideline [NG59]. 2016 Nov. Available from: https://nice.org.uk/guidance/ng59
   Google Scholar
• Bons SCS, Borg MAJP, Van den Donk M, et al. NHG-standaard aspecifieke lagerugpijn (Tweede herziening). NHG (Dutch College of General Practice); 2017. Available from: https://www.nhg.org/standaarden/volledig/nhg-standaard-aspecifieke-lagerugpijn.
   Google Scholar
• Qaseem A, Wilt TJ, McLean RM, et al. Noninvasive treatments for acute, subacute, and chronic low back pain: a clinical practice guideline from the American College of Physicians. Ann Intern Med. 2017;166(7):514–530. .
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• De Jong L, Janssen PGH, Keizer D, et al. NHG-standaard Pijn. NHG (Dutch College of General Practice); 2016. Available from: https://www.nhg.org/standaarden/volledig/nhg-standaard-pijn.
   Google Scholar
• Saragiotto BT, Machado GC, Ferreira ML, et al. Paracetamol for low back pain. Cochrane Database Syst Rev. 2016 Jun;7(6):CD012230.
   Google Scholar
• Wetzel L, Zadrazil M, Paternostro-Sluga T, et al. Intravenous nonopioid analgesic drugs in chronic low back pain patients on chronic opioid treatment. Eur J Anaesthesiol. 2014;31:35–40. retracted 2015.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Enthoven WT, Roelofs PD, Deyo RA, et al. Non-steroidal anti-inflammatory drugs for chronic low back pain. Cochrane Database Syst Rev. 2016 Feb;10(2):CD012087.
   Google Scholar
• Enthoven WT, Scheele J, Bierma-Zeinstra SM, et al. Analgesic use in older adults with back pain: the BACE study. Pain Med. 2014 Oct;15(10):1704–1714.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Enthoven WTM, Roelofs PD, Koes BW. NSAIDs for chronic low back pain. JAMA. 2017 Jun 13;317(22):2327–2328.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• van Tulder MW, Touray T, Furlan AD, et al. Muscle relaxants for non-specific low back pain. Cochrane Database Syst Rev. 2003;2:CD004252.
   Google Scholar
• Abdel Shaheed C, Maher CG, Williams KA, et al. Efficacy and tolerability of muscle relaxants for low back pain: systematic review and meta-analysis. Eur J Pain. 2017 Feb;21(2):228–237.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Chou R, Deyo R, Friedly J, et al. Systemic pharmacologic therapies for low back pain: a systematic review for an American College of Physicians clinical practice guideline. Ann Intern Med. 2017 Apr 4;166(7):480–492.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Arbus L, Fajadet B, Aubert D, et al. Activity of tetrazepam (Myolastan) in low back pain. Double Blind Trial V Placebo Clin Trials J. 1990;27:258–267.
   Google Scholar
• Salzmann E, Pforringer W, Paal G, et al. Treatment of chronic low-back syndrome with tetrazepam in a placebo controlled double-blind trial. J Drug Dev. 1992;4:219–228.
   Google Scholar
• Urquhart DM, Hoving JL, Assendelft WJJ, et al. Antidepressants for non-specific low back pain. Cochrane Database Syst Rev. 2008;(1):Art. No.: CD001703.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Baron R, Freynhagen R, Tölle TR, et al. The efficacy and safety of pregabalin in the treatment of neuropathic pain associated with chronic lumbosacral radiculopathy. Pain. 2010;150:420–427.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Markman JD, Frazer ME, Rast SA, et al. Double-blind, randomized, controlled, crossover trial of pregabalin for neurogenic claudication. Neurology. 2015;84:265–272.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Khoromi S, Patsalides A, Parada S, et al. Topiramate in chronic lumbar radicular pain. J Pain. 2005;6:829–836.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Muehlbacher M, Nickel MK, Kettler C, et al. Topiramate in treatment of patients with chronic low back pain: a randomized, double-blind, placebo-controlled study. Clin J Pain. 2006;22:526–531.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Shanthanna H, Gilron I, Rajarathinam M, et al. Benefits and safety of gabapentinoids in chronic low back pain: a systematic review and meta-analysis of randomized controlled trials. PLoS Med. 2017 Aug 15;14(8):e1002369.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Chaparro LE, Furlan AD, Deshpande A, et al. Opioids compared to placebo or other treatments for chronic low-back pain. Cochrane Database Syst Rev. 2013 Aug;27(8):CD004959. DOI:10.1002/14651858.CD00459.pub4.
   Google Scholar
• Chaparro LE, Furlan AD, Deshpande A, et al. Opioids compared with placebo or other treatments for chronic low back pain: an update of the Cochrane review. Spine. 2014 Apr 1;39(7):556–563.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Abdel Shaheed C, Maher CG, Williams KA, et al. Efficacy, tolerability, and dose-dependent effects of opioid analgesics for low back pain: a systematic review and meta-analysis. JAMA Intern Med. 2016 Jul 1;176(7):958–968.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Knezevic NN, Mandalia S, Raasch J, et al. Treatment of chronic low back pain - new approaches on the horizon. J Pain Res. 2017 May;10(10):1111–1123.
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Hsu E, Murphy S, Chang D, et al. Expert opinion on emerging drugs: chronic low back pain. Expert Opin Emerg Drugs. 2015 Mar;20(1):103–127.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Katz N, Borenstein DG, Birbara C, et al. Efficacy and safety of tanezumab in the treatment of chronic low back pain. Pain. 2011 Oct;152(10):2248–2258.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Kivitz AJ, Gimbel JS, Bramson C, et al. Efficacy and safety of tanezumab versus naproxen in the treatment of chronic low back pain. Pain. 2013 Jul;154(7):1009–1021.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Leite VF, Buehler AM, El Abd O, et al. Anti-nerve growth factor in the treatment of low back pain and radiculopathy: a systematic review and a meta-analysis. Pain Physician. 2014 Jan–Feb;17(1):E45–E60.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Waseem Z, Boulias C, Gordon A, et al. Botulinum toxin injections for low-back pain and sciatica. Cochrane Database Syst Rev. 2011;(1):Art. No.: CD008257.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Foster L, Clapp L, Erickson M, et al. Botulinum toxin A and chronic low back pain: a randomized, double-blind study. Neurology. 2001;56(10):1290–3.).
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Kurganova YM. Danilov AB the role of melatonin in the treatment of chronic back pain. Neurosci Behav Physiol. 2016;46(7):737–742.
   Google Scholar
• Danilov A, Kurganova J. Melatonin in chronic pain syndromes. Pain Ther. 2016 Jun;5(1):1–17.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Albert HB, Sorensen JS, Christensen BS, et al. Antibiotic treatment in patients with chronic low back pain and vertebral bone edema (Modic type 1 changes): a double-blind randomized clinical controlled trial of efficacy. Eur Spine J. 2013 Apr;22(4):697–707.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Min J, Osborne V, Kowalski A, et al. Reported adverse events with painkillers: data mining of the US Food And Drug Administration adverse events reporting system. Drug Safety 2017. DOI:10.1007/s40264-017-0611-5
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Nourjah P, Sr A, Karwoski C, et al. Estimates of acetaminophen (paracetomal)-associated overdoses in the United States. Pharmacoepidemiol Drug Saf. 2006;15:398–405.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Forman JP, Stampfer MJ, Curhan GC. Non-narcotic analgesic dose and risk of incident hypertension in US women. Hypertension. 2005;46:500–507.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Chan AT, Manson JE, Albert CM, et al. Nonsteroidal anti-inflammatory drugs, acetaminophen, and the risk of cardiovascular events. Circulation. 2006;113:1578–1587.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Fulton RL, Walters MR, Morton R, et al. Acetaminophen use and risk of myocardial infarction and stroke in a hypertensive cohort. Hypertension. 2015;65:1008–1014.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Roberto G, Simonetti M, Piccinni C, et al. Risk of acute cerebrovascular and cardiovascular events among users of acetaminophen or an acetaminophen-codeine combination in a cohort of patients with asteoarthriotis: a nested case-control study. Pharmacotherapy. 2015;35:899–909.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Ungprasert P, Srivali N, Thongprayon C. Nonsteroidal anti-inflammatory drugs and risk of incident heart failure: a systematic review and meta-analysis of observational studies. Clin Cardiol. 2016;39:111–118.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Garcia-Rodriguez LA, Gonzalez-Perez A, Bueno H, et al. NSAID use selectively increases the risk of non-fatal myocardial infarction: a systematic review of randomized trials and observational studies. PLoS One. 2011;6:e16780.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• McGettigan P, Henry D. Cardiovascular risk and inhibition of cyclooxygenase: a systematic review of the observational studies of selective and nonselective inhibitors of cyclooxygenase 2. JAMA. 2006;296:1633–1644.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• McGettingan P, Henry D. Cardiovascular risk with non-steroidal anti-inflammatory drugs: systematic review of population based controlled observational studies. PLoS Med. 2011;8:e1001098.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Varas-Lorenzo C, Riera-Guardia N, Calingaert B, et al. Stroke risk and NSAIDs: a systematic review of observational studies. Pharmacoepidemiol Drug Saf. 2011;20:1225–1236.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Castellsaque J, Riera-Guardia N, Calingaert B, et al. Individual NSAIDs and upper gastrointestinal complications: a systematic review and meta-analysis of observationtal studies (the SOS project). Drug Saf. 2012;35:1127–1146.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Rostom A, Muir K, Dube C, et al. Gastrointestinal safety of cyclooxygenase-2. Inhibitors: a Cochrane collaboration systematic review. Clin Gastroenterol Hepatol. 2017;5:818–828.
   Google Scholar
• Ungprasert P, Cheungpasitporn W, Crowson CS, et al. Individual non-steroidal anti-inflammatory drugs and risk of acute kidney injury: a systematic review and meta-analysis of observational studies. Eur J Int Med. 2015;26:285–291.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Ungprasert P, Srivali N, Wijarnpreecha K, et al. Non-steroidal anti-inflammatory drugs and risk of venous thromboembolism: a systematic review and meta-analysis. Rheumatology (Oxford). 2015;54:736–742.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Bhala N, Emberson J, Mehri A, et al. Vascular and upper gastrointestinal effects of non-steroidal anti-inflammatory drugs: meta-analyses of individual participant data from randomized trials. Lancet. 2013;382:769–779.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Bhatt DL, Scheiman J, Abraham NS, et al. ACCF/ACG/AHA 2008 expert consensus document on reducing the gastrointestinal risks of antiplatelet therapy and NSAID use: a report of the American College of Cardiology Foundation Task Force On Clinical Expert Consensus Documents. J Am Coll Cardiol. 2008;52:1502–1517.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Richards BL, Whittle SL, van der Heijde DM, et al. The efficacy and safety of muscle relaxants in inflammatory arthritis: a Cochrane systematic review. J Rheum. 2012;90:34–39.
   Google Scholar
• Donnelly K, Bracchi R, Hewitt J, et al. Benzodiazepines, Z-drugs and the risk of hip fracture: a systematic review and meta-analysis. PLoS One. 2017;12:e174730.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Seldenrijk A, Vis R, Henstra M, et al. Systematic review of the side effects of benzodiazepines. Ned Tijdschrift Geneesk. 2017;161:D1052.
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Riedinger C, Schuster T, Brlinn K, et al. Adverse effects of antidepressants for chronic pain: a systematic review and meta-analysis. Frontiers in Neurology. 2017;8:307.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Evoy KE, Morrison MD, Saklad SR. Abuse and misuse of pregabalin and gabapentin. Drugs. 2017;77:403–426.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Crews KR, Gaedigk A, Dunnenberger HM, et al. Clinical Pharmacogenetics Implementation Consortium guidelines for cytochrome P450 2D6 genotype and codeine therapy: 2014 update. Clin Pharmacol Ther. 2014 Apr;95(4):376–382.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar