531
Views
25
CrossRef citations to date
0
Altmetric
Review

Pharmacotherapy for schizophrenia in postmenopausal women

& ORCID Icon
Pages 809-821 | Received 04 Feb 2018, Accepted 12 Apr 2018, Published online: 20 Apr 2018

References

  • Riecher-Rössler A. Sex and gender differences in mental disorders. Lancet Psychiatry. 2017;4:8–9.
  • Cerosimo MG, Benarroch EE. Estrogen actions in the nervous system. Neurology. 2015;85:263–273.
  • Barth C, Villringer A, Sacher J. Sex hormones affect neurotransmitters and shape the adult female brain during hormonal transition periods. Front Neurosci. 2015;20:37.
  • Riecher-Rössler A. Oestrogens, prolactin, hypothalamic-pituitary-gonadal axis, and schizophrenic psychoses. Lancet Psychiatry. 2017;4:63–72.
  • Häfner H, Riecher-Rössler A, Maurer K, et al. First onset and early symptomatology of schizophrenia. A chapter of epidemiological and neurobiological research into age and sex differences. Eur Arch Psychiatry Clin Neurosci. 1992;242:109–118.
  • Ochoa S, Usall J, Cobo J, et al. Gender differences in schizophrenia and first-episode psychosis: a comprehensive literature review. Schizophr Res Treatment. 2012;2012:916198.
  • Crawford MB, DeLisi LE. Issues related to sex differences in antipsychotic treatment. Curr Opin Psychiatry. 2016;29:211–227.
  • Messias E, Chen CY, Eaton WW. Epidemiology of schizophrenia: review of findings and myths. Psychiatr Clin North Am. 2007;30:323–338.
  • Searles S, Makarewicz JA, Dumas JA. The role of estradiol in schizophrenia diagnosis and symptoms in postmenopausal women. Schizophr Res. 2017; published online 2017 Jun 3. DOI:10.1016/j.schres.2017.05.024
  • Seeman MV. Gender and the onset of schizophrenia: neurohumoral influences. J Psychiatry Neurosci. 1981;6:136–138.
  • Riecher-Rössler A, Häfner H, Stumbaum M, et al. Can estradiol modulate schizophrenic symptomatology? Schizophr Bull. 1994;20:203–214.
  • Bergemann N, Parzer P, Runnebaum B, et al. Estrogen, menstrual cycle phases, and psychopathology in women suffering from schizophrenia. Psychol Med. 2007;37:1427–1436.
  • Bergemann N, Parzer P, Nagl I, et al. Acute psychiatric admission and menstrual cycle phase in women with schizophrenia. Arch Womens Ment Health. 2002;5:119–126.
  • Seeman MV. Treating schizophrenia at the time of menopause. Maturitas. 2012;72:117–120.
  • González-Rodríguez A, Molina-Andreu O, Penadés R, et al. Delusional disorder over the reproductive life span: the potential influence of menopause on the clinical course. Schizophr Res Treatment. 2015;2015:979605.
  • Arad M, Weiner I. Contrasting effects of increased and decreased dopamine transmission on latent inhibition in ovariectomized rats and their modulation by 17beta-estradiol: an animal model of menopausal psychosis? Neuropsychopharmacology. 2010;35:1570–1582.
  • Arad M, Weiner I. Disruption of latent inhibition induced by ovariectomy can be reversed by estradiol and clozapine as well as by co-administration of haloperidol with estradiol but not by haloperidol alone. Psychopharmacology (Berl). 2009;206:731–740.
  • Howard R, Rabins P, Seeman MV, et al. Late-onset schizophrenia and very-late-onset schizophrenia-like psychosis: an international consensus. Am J Psychiatry. 2000;157:172–178.
  • Seeman MV. Interaction of sex, age, and neuroleptic dose. Compr Psychiatry. 1983;24:125–128.
  • Brzezinski A, Brzezinski-Sinai NA, Seeman MV. Treating schizophrenia during menopause. Menopause. 2017;24:582–588.
  • Barbui C, Nose M, Bindman J, et al. Sex differences in the subjective tolerability of antipsychotic drugs. J Clin Psychopharmacol. 2005;25:521–526.
  • González-Rodríguez A, Catalán R, Penadés R, et al. Antipsychotic response worsens with postmenopausal duration in women with schizophrenia. J Clin Psychopharmacol. 2016;36:580–587.
  • González-Rodríguez A, Bernardo M, Penadés R, et al. Do FSH/LH ratio and gonadal hormone levels predict clinical improvement in postmenopausal schizophrenia women? Arch Womens Ment Health. 2017;20:613–620.
  • González-Rodríguez A, Catalán R, Penadés R, et al. The oestrogen dysfunction hypothesis in schizophrenia: the need for an integrative approach to treat postmenopausal women. Aust N Z J Psychiatry. 2016;50:1207–1208.
  • Shi S, Klotz U. Age-related changes in pharmacokinetics. Curr Drug Metabol. 2011;12:601–610.
  • Castberg I, Westin AA, Skogvoll E, et al. Effects of age and gender on the serum levels of clozapine, olanzapine, risperidone, and quetiapine. Acta Psychiatr Scand. 2017;136:455–464.
  • Franconi F, Brunelleschi S, Steardo L, et al. Gender differences in drug responses. Pharmacological Res. 2007;5:81–95.
  • Waxman DJ, Holloway MG. Sex differences in the expression of hepatic drug metabolizing enzymes. Mol Pharmacol. 2009;76:215–228.
  • Costantine MM. Physiologic and pharmacokinetic changes in pregnancy. Front Pharmacol. 2014;5:65.
  • Kashuba AD, Nafziger AN. Physiological changes during the menstrual cycle and their effects on the pharmacokinetics and pharmacodynamics of drugs. Clin Pharmacokinet. 1998;34:203–218.
  • Pariente G, Leibson T, Carls A, et al. Pregnancy-associated changes in pharmacokinetics: a systematic review. PLOS Med. 2016; published online 2016 Nov 1. Doi:10.1371/journal.pmed.1002160.
  • Zanger UM, Schwab M. Cytochrome P450 enzymes in drug metabolism: regulation of gene expression, enzyme activities, and impact of genetic variation. Pharmacol Therapeut. 2013;138:103–141.
  • Kaasinen V, Nagren K, Hietala J, et al. Sex differences in extrastriatal dopamine d(2)-like receptors in the human brain. Am J Psychiatry. 2001;158:308–311.
  • Seeman MV. Secondary effects of antipsychotics: women at greater risk than Men. Schizophr Bull. 2009;35:937–948.
  • Correll CU, Detraux J, De Lepeleire J, et al. Effects of antipsychotics, antidepressants and mood stabilizers on risk for physical diseases in people with schizophrenia, depression and bipolar disorder. World Psychiatry. 2015;14:119–136.
  • Auro K, Joensuu A, Fischer K, et al. A metabolic view on menopause and ageing. Nat Comm. 2014;5:4708. Article number: 4708.
  • Carr MC. The emergence of the metabolic syndrome with menopause. J Clin Endocrinol Metabol. 2003;88:2404–2411.
  • Darpo B, Karnad DR, Badilini F, et al. Are women more susceptible than men to drug-induced QT prolongation? Concentration–qTc modelling in a phase 1 study with oral rac-sotalol. Br J Clin Pharmacol. 2014;77:522–531.
  • Wang MT, Liou JT, Huang YW, et al. Use of antipsychotics and risk of venous thromboembolism in postmenopausal women. A population-based nested case-control study. Thromb Haemost. 2016;115:1209–1219.
  • Kahl KG, Westhoff-Bleck M, Krüger THC. Effects of psychopharmacological treatment with antipsychotic drugs on the vascular system. Vascul Pharmacol. 2017;96–98:11–18. published online 2017 Jan.
  • Meaney AM, O’Keane V. Bone mineral density changes over a year in young females with schizophrenia: relationship to medication and endocrine variables. Schizophr Res. 2007;93:136–143.
  • Bolton JM, Targownik LE, Leung S, et al. Risk of low bone mineral density associated with psychotropic medications and mental disorders in postmenopausal women. J Clin Psychopharmacol. 2011;31:56–60.
  • Lin CH, Lin CY, Huang TL, et al. Sex-specific factors for bone density in patients with schizophrenia. Int Clin Psychopharmacol. 2015;30:96–10233.
  • Liang Y, Huang J, Tian JB, et al. Factors associated with decreased bone mineral density in postmenopausal women with schizophrenia. Clin Interv Aging. 2016;11:153–157.
  • Solmi M, Murru A, Pacchiarotti I, et al. Safety, tolerability, and risks associated with first- and second-generation antipsychotics: a state-of-the-art clinical review. Ther Clin Risk Manag. 2017;13:757–777.
  • De Hert M, Peuskens J, Sabbe T, et al. Relationship between prolactin, breast cancer risk, and antipsychotics in patients with schizophrenia: a critical review. Acta Psychiatr Scand. 2016;133:5–22.
  • Sandyk R. Biological determinants and risk factors for tardive dyskinesia in schizophrenia. Int J Neurosci. 1993;69:35–51.
  • Turrone P, Seeman MV, Silvestri S. Estrogen receptor activation and tardive dyskinesia. Can J Psychiatry. 2000;45:288–290.
  • Caroff SN, Campbell EC. Drug-induced extrapyramidal syndromes. Psychiatr Clin N Am. 2016;39:391–411.
  • Torniainen M, Mittendorfer-Rutz E, Tanskanen A, et al. Antipsychotic treatment and mortality in schizophrenia. Schizophr Bull. 2015;41:656–663.
  • Kulkarni J, De Castella A, Smith D, et al. A clinical trial of the effects of estrogen in acutely psychotic women. Schizophr Res. 1996;20:247–252.
  • Kulkarni J, Riedel A, De Castella AR, et al. Estrogen - a potential treatment for schizophrenia. Schizophr Res. 2001;48:137–144.
  • Kulkarni J, De Castella A, Fitzgerald PB, et al. Estrogen in severe mental illness: a potential new treatment approach. Arch Gen Psychiatry. 2008;65:955–960.
  • Kulkarni J, Riedel A, De Castella AR, et al. A clinical trial of adjunctive oestrogen treatment in women with schizophrenia. Arch Womens Ment Health. 2002;5:99–104.
  • Akhondzadeh S, Nejatisafa AA, Amini H, et al. Adjunctive estrogen treatment in women with chronic schizophrenia: a double-blind, randomized, and placebo-controlled trial. Prog Neuropsychopharmacol Biol Psychiatry. 2003;27:1007–1012.
  • Santen RJ, Kagan R, Altomare CJ, et al. Current and evolving approaches to individualizing estrogen receptor-based therapy for menopausal women. J Clin Endocrinol Metab. 2014;99:733–747.
  • Hickey M, McNamara HC, Mishra GD. Menopausal estrogen therapy and breast cancer mortality. Jama. 2018;319:193.
  • Arnson Y, Rozanski A, Gransar H, et al. Hormone replacement therapy is associated with less coronary atherosclerosis and lower mortality. J Am Coll Cardiol. 2017;69. Supplement. DOI:10.1016/S0735-1097(17)34797-6.
  • McGregor C, Riordan A, Thornton J. Estrogens and the cognitive symptoms of schizophrenia: possible neuroprotective mechanisms. Front Neuroendocrinol. 2017;47:19–33.
  • Pinkerton JAV, Aguirre SF, Blake J, et al. The 2017 hormone therapy position statement of The North American Menopause Society. Accessed April 16, 2018. Available from: https://uic.pure.elsevier.com/en/publications/the-2017-hormone-therapy-position-statement-of-the-north-american
  • Schroeder A, Hudson M, Du X, et al. Estradiol and raloxifene modulate hippocampal gamma oscillations during a spatial memory task. Psychoneuroendocrinol. 2017;78:85–92.
  • Gogos A, Van Den Buuse M. Comparing the effects of 17β-oestradiol and the selective oestrogen receptor modulators, raloxifene and tamoxifen, on prepulse inhibition in female rats. Schizophr Res. 2015;168:634–639.
  • De Boer J, Prikken M, Lei WU, et al. The effect of raloxifene augmentation in men and women with a schizophrenia spectrum disorder: a systematic review and meta-analysis. NPJ Schizophr. 2018; published online 2018 Jan 10. DOI:10.1038/s41537-017-0043-3
  • Wang Q, Dong X, Wang Y, et al. Raloxifene as an adjunctive treatment for postmenopausal women with schizophrenia: a meta-analysis of randomized controlled trials. Arch Womens Ment Health. 2017; DOI:10.1007/s00737-017-0773-2
  • Wang Z, Yang Y, Zheng X, et al. Synthesis and biological evaluation of novel cyclopropyl derivatives as subtype-selective ligands for estrogen receptor. J Pharm Pharmacol. 2018; published online 2018 Mar 27. DOI:10.1111/jphp.12908
  • Pickar JH, Boucher M, Morgenstern D, Tissue selective estrogen complex (TSEC): a review. Menopause. 2018:1. published online 2018 Mar 12. Doi:10.1097/GME.0000000000001095
  • Bratek A, Krysta K, Drzyzga K, et al. The role of selective estrogen receptor modulators in the treatment of schizophrenia. Psychiatr Danub. 2016;28(Suppl–1):45–48.
  • Tharoor H, Goyal A. Raloxifene trial in postmenopausal woman with treatment-resistant schizophrenia. Arch Womens Ment Health. 2015;18:741–742.
  • Kulkarni J, Gavrilidis E, Gwini SM, et al. Effect of adjunctive raloxifene therapy on severity of refractory schizophrenia in women: a randomized clinical trial. JAMA Psychiatry. 2016;73:947–954.
  • Dhandapani A, Narayanaswamy JC, Venkatasubramanian G. Adjuvant raloxifene treatment for negative symptoms of schizophrenia. Asian J Psychiatr. 2013;6:254–255.
  • Raveendranathan D, Shivakumar V, Jayaram N, et al. Beneficial effects of add-on raloxifene in schizophrenia. Arch Womens Ment Health. 2012;15:147–148.
  • Shivakumar V, Venkatasubramanian G. Successful use of adjuvant raloxifene treatment in clozapine-resistant schizophrenia. Indian J Psychiatry. 2012;54:394.
  • Kulkarni J, Gurvich C, Lee SJ, et al. Piloting the effective therapeutic dose of adjunctive selective estrogen receptor modulator treatment in postmenopausal women with schizophrenia. Psychoneuroendocrinol. 2010;35:1142–1147.
  • Usall J, Huerta-Ramos E, Iniesta R, et al. Raloxifene as an adjunctive treatment for postmenopausal women with schizophrenia: a double-blind, randomized, placebo-controlled trial. J Clin Psychiatry. 2011;72:1552–1557.
  • Kianimehr G, Fatehi F, Hashempoor S, et al. Raloxifene adjunctive therapy for postmenopausal women suffering from chronic schizophrenia: a randomized double-blind and placebo controlled trial. Daru. 2014;22:55.
  • Usall J, Huerta-Ramos E, Labad J, et al. Raloxifene as an adjunctive treatment for postmenopausal women with schizophrenia: a 24-week double-blind, randomized, parallel, placebo-controlled trial. Schizophr Bull. 2016;42:309–317.
  • Weiser M, Levi L, Burshtein S, et al. Raloxifene plus antipsychotics versus placebo plus antipsychotics in severely ill decompensated postmenopausal women with schizophrenia or schizoaffective disorder: A randomized controlled trial. J Clin Psychiatry. 2017;78:e758–e65.
  • Ji E, Weickert CS, Lenroot R, et al. Adjunctive selective estrogen receptor modulator increases neural activity in the hippocampus and inferior frontal gyrus during emotional face recognition in schizophrenia. Transl Psychiatry. 2016;6:e795.
  • Weickert TW, Weickert CS. Raloxifene improves cognition in schizophrenia: spurious result or valid effect? Front Psychiatry. 2017;8:202.
  • Kindler J, Weickert CS, Skilleter AJ, et al. Selective estrogen receptor modulation increases hippocampal activity during probabilistic association learning in schizophrenia. Neuropsychopharmacol. 2015;40:2388–2397.
  • Weickert TW, Allen KM, Weickert CS. Potential role of oestrogen modulation in the treatment of neurocognitive deficits in schizophrenia. CNS Drugs. 2016;30:125–133.
  • Weickert TW, Weinberg D, Lenroot R, et al. Adjunctive raloxifene treatment improves attention and memory in men and women with schizophrenia. Mol Psychiatry. 2015;20:685–694.
  • Huerta-Ramos E, Iniesta R, Ochoa S, et al. Effects of raloxifene on cognition in postmenopausal women with schizophrenia: a double-blind, randomized, placebo-controlled trial. Eur Neuropsychopharmacol. 2014;24:223–231.
  • Labad J, Martorell L, Huerta-Ramos E, et al. Pharmacogenetic study of the effects of raloxifene on negative symptoms of postmenopausal women with schizophrenia: a double-blind, randomized, placebo-controlled trial. Eur Neuropsychopharmacol. 2016;26:1683–1689.
  • Provinciali N, Suen C, Dunn BK, et al. Raloxifene hydrochloride for breast cancer risk reduction in postmenopausal women. Expert Rev Clin Pharmacol. 2016; published online 2016 Sept 12. DOI:10.1080/17512433.2016.1231575
  • Ellis AJ, Hendrick VM, Williams R, et al. Selective estrogen receptor modulators in clinical practice: a safety overview. Expert Opin Drug Saf. 2015;14:921–934.
  • Franco OH, Chowdhury R, Troup J, et al. Use of plant-based therapies and menopausal symptoms. a systematic review and meta-analysis. Jama. 2016;315:2554–2563.
  • Hernandez G, Zhao L, Franke AA, et al. Pharmacokinetics and safety profile of single-dose administration of an estrogen receptor β-selective phytoestrogenic (phytoSERM) formulation in perimenopausal and postmenopausal women. Menopause. 2018;25:191–196.
  • Lecomte S, Lelong M, Bourgine G, et al. Assessment of the potential activity of major dietary compounds as selective estrogen receptor modulators in two distinct cell models for proliferation and differentiation. Toxicol Appl Pharmacol. 2017;325:61–70.
  • Rietjens IMCM, Louisse J, Beekman K. The potential health effects of dietary phytoestrogens. Br J Pharmacol. 2017;174:1263–1280.
  • Takase M, Kanahara N, Oda Y, et al. Dopamine supersensitivity psychosis and dopamine partial agonist: a retrospective survey of failure of switching to aripiprazole in schizophrenia. J Psychopharmacol. 2015;29:383–389.
  • Pringsheim U, Kelly M, Urness D, et al. Physical health and drug safety in individuals with schizophrenia. Can J Psychiatry. 2017;62:673–683.
  • Early Breast Cancer Trialists’ Collaborative Group (EBCTCG). Aromatase inhibitors versus tamoxifen in early breast cancer: patient-level meta-analysis of the randomised trials. Lancet. 2015;386(10001):1341–1352.
  • Lertxundi U, Hernandez R, Albeniz JM, et al. Possible interaction between letrozole and long-acting injectable zuclopenthixol. Nord J Psychiatry. 2015;69:79–80.
  • Papaleo F, Sannino S, Piras F, et al. Sex-dichotomous effects of functional COMT genetic variations on cognitive functions disappear after menopause in both health and schizophrenia. Eur Neuropsychopharmacol. 2015;25:2349–2363.
  • Fukuta H, Ito I, Tateno A, et al. Effects of menopause on brain structural changes in schizophrenia. Psychiatry Clin Neurosci. 2013;67:3–11.
  • McCammon JM, Sive H. Challenges in understanding psychiatric disorders and developing therapeutics: a role for zebrafish. Dis Model Mech. 2015;8:647–656.
  • Tye KM, Deisseroth K. Optogenetic invstigation of neural circuits underlying brain disease in animal models. Nat Rev Neurosci. 2012;13:251–265.
  • Kosinski M, Behrend T. Big data in the behavioral sciences. Curr Opin Behav Sci. 2017;18:4–6.

Reprints and Corporate Permissions

Please note: Selecting permissions does not provide access to the full text of the article, please see our help page How do I view content?

To request a reprint or corporate permissions for this article, please click on the relevant link below:

Academic Permissions

Please note: Selecting permissions does not provide access to the full text of the article, please see our help page How do I view content?

Obtain permissions instantly via Rightslink by clicking on the button below:

If you are unable to obtain permissions via Rightslink, please complete and submit this Permissions form. For more information, please visit our Permissions help page.