References
- Kivipelto M, Ngandu T, Laatikainen T, et al. Risk score for the prediction of dementia risk in 20 years among middle aged people: a longitudinal, population-based study. Lancet Neurol. 2006 Sep;5(9):735–741.
- Karran E, Hardy J. A critique of the drug discovery and phase 3 clinical programs targeting the amyloid hypothesis for Alzheimer disease. Ann Neurol. 2014 Aug;76(2):185–205.
- Palop JJ, Mucke L. Epilepsy and cognitive impairments in Alzheimer disease. Arch Neurol. 2009 Apr;66(4):435–440.
- Vossel KA, Ranasinghe KG, Beagle AJ, et al. Incidence and impact of subclinical epileptiform activity in Alzheimer’s disease. Ann Neurol. 2016 Dec;80(6):858–870.
- Volicer L, Smith S, Volicer BJ. Effect of seizures on progression of dementia of the Alzheimer type. Dementia. 1995 Sep-Oct;6(5):258–263.
- Friedman D, Honig LS, Scarmeas N. Seizures and epilepsy in Alzheimer’s disease. CNS Neurosci Ther. 2012 Apr;18(4):285–294.
- Born HA. Seizures in Alzheimer’s disease. Neuroscience. 2015 Feb;12(286):251–263.
- Schmidt D, Schachter SC. Drug treatment of epilepsy in adults. BMJ. 2014 Feb;28(348):g254.
- Zarea A, Charbonnier C, Rovelet-Lecrux A, et al. PHRC GMAJ collaborators. Seizures in dominantly inherited Alzheimer disease. Neurology. 2016 Aug 30;87(9):912–919.
- Amatniek JC, Hauser WA, DelCastillo-Castaneda C, et al. Incidence and predictors of seizures in patients with Alzheimer’s disease. Epilepsia. 2006 May;47(5):867–872.
- Scarmeas N, Honig LS, Choi H, et al. Seizures in Alzheimer disease: who, when, and how common? Arch Neurol. 2009 Aug;66(8):992–997.
- Hauser WA, Morris ML, Heston LL, et al. Seizures and myoclonus in patients with Alzheimer’s disease. Neurology. 1986 Sep;36(9):1226–1230.
- Beagle AJ, Darwish SM, Ranasinghe KG, et al. Relative incidence of seizures and myoclonus in Alzheimer’s disease, dementia with Lewy bodies, and frontotemporal dementia. J Alzheimers Dis. 2017;60(1):211–223.
- Fisher RS, Acevedo C, Arzimanoglou A, et al. ILAE official report: a practical clinical definition of epilepsy. Epilepsia. 2014 Apr;55(4):475–482.
- Giorgi FS, Guida M, Vergallo A, et al. Treatment of epilepsy in patients with Alzheimer’s disease. Expert Rev Neurother. 2017 Mar;17(3):309–318.
- Bakker A, Krauss GL, Albert MS, et al. Reduction of hippocampal hyperactivity improves cognition in amnestic mild cognitive impairment. Neuron. 2012 May 10;74(3):467–474.
- Vossel KA, Beagle AJ, Rabinovici GD, et al. Seizures and epileptiform activity in the early stages of Alzheimer disease. JAMA Neurol. 2013 Sep 1;70(9):1158–1166.
- Cretin B, Philippi N, Bousiges O, et al. Do we know how to diagnose epilepsy early in Alzheimer’s disease? Rev Neurol (Paris). 2017 Jun;173(6):374–380.
- Horváth A, Szűcs A, Barcs G, et al. Sleep EEG detects epileptiform activity in Alzheimer’s disease with high sensitivity. J Alzheimers Dis. 2017;56(3):1175–1183.
- Lam AD, Deck G, Goldman A, et al. Silent hippocampal seizures and spikes identified by foramen ovale electrodes in Alzheimer’s disease. Nat Med. 2017 Jun;23(6):678–680.
- Rao SC, Dove G, Cascino GD, et al. Recurrent seizures in patients with dementia: frequency, seizure types, and treatment outcome. Epilepsy Behav. 2009 Jan;14(1):118–120.
- Sarkis RA, Dickerson BC, Cole AJ, et al. Clinical and neurophysiologic characteristics of unprovoked seizures in patients diagnosed with dementia. J Neuropsychiatry Clin Neurosci. 2016;28(1):56–61. Winter.
- Cretin B, Sellal F, Philippi N, et al. Epileptic prodromal Alzheimer’s disease, a retrospective study of 13 new cases: expanding the spectrum of Alzheimer’s disease to an epileptic variant? J Alzheimers Dis. 2016 Apr 18;52(3):1125–1133.
- DiFrancesco JC, Tremolizzo L, Polonia V, et al. Adult-onset epilepsy in presymptomatic Alzheimer’s disease: a retrospective study. J Alzheimers Dis. 2017;60(4):1267–1274.
- Lozsadi DA, Larner AJ. Prevalence and causes of seizures at the time of diagnosis of probable Alzheimer’s disease. Dement Geriatr Cogn Disord. 2006;22(2):121–124.
- Hommet C, Hureaux R, Barré J, et al. Epileptic seizures in clinically diagnosed Alzheimer’s disease: report from a geriatric medicine population. Aging Clin Exp Res. 2007 Oct;19(5):430–431.
- Brodie MJ, Elder AT, Kwan P. Epilepsy in later life. Lancet Neurol. 2009 Nov;8(11):1019–1030.
- Marson AG, Al-Kharusi AM, Alwaidh M, et al. SANAD Study group. The SANAD study of effectiveness of carbamazepine, gabapentin, lamotrigine, oxcarbazepine, or topiramate for treatment of partial epilepsy: an unblinded randomised controlled trial. Lancet. 2007 Mar 24;369(9566):1000–1015.
- Rowan AJ, Ramsay RE, Collins JF, et al. VA Cooperative Study 428 Group. New onset geriatric epilepsy: a randomized study of gabapentin, lamotrigine, and carbamazepine. Neurology. 2005 Jun 14;64(11):1868–1873.
- Arif H, Buchsbaum R, Pierro J, et al. Comparative effectiveness of 10 antiepileptic drugs in older adults with epilepsy. Arch Neurol. 2010 Apr;67(4):408–415.
- De Simone R, Puig XS, Gélisse P, et al. Senile myoclonic epilepsy: delineation of a common condition associated with Alzheimer’s disease in Down syndrome. Seizure. 2010 Sep;19(7):383–389.
- Janssen S, Bloem BR, van de Warrenburg BP. The clinical heterogeneity of drug-induced myoclonus: an illustrated review. J Neurol. 2017 Aug;264(8):1559–1566.
- Mendez M, Lim G. Seizures in elderly patients with dementia: epidemiology and management. Drugs Aging. 2003;20(11):791–803.
- Horváth A, Szűcs A, Barcs G, et al. Epileptic Seizures in Alzheimer Disease: a review. Alzheimer Dis Assoc Disord. 2016 Apr-Jun;30(2):186–192.
- Nicastro N, Assal F, Seeck M. From here to epilepsy: the risk of seizure in patients with Alzheimer’s disease. Epileptic Disord. 2016 Mar;18(1):1–12.
- Vossel KA, Tartaglia MC, Nygaard HB, et al. Epileptic activity in Alzheimer’s disease: causes and clinical relevance. Lancet Neurol. 2017 Apr;16(4):311–322.
- Javed A, Cohen B, Detyniecki K, et al. Rates and predictors of patient-reported cognitive side effects of antiepileptic drugs: an extended follow-up. Seizure. 2015;29:34–40.
- Islam MM, Iqbal U, Walther B, et al. Benzodiazepine use and risk of dementia in the elderly population: a systematic review and meta-analysis. Neuroepidemiology. 2016;47(3–4):181–191.
- Defrancesco M, Marksteiner J, Fleischhacker WW, et al. Use of benzodiazepines in Alzheimer’s disease: a systematic review of literature. Int J Neuropsychopharmacol. 2015 May 19;18(10):pyv055.
- Cumbo E, Ligori LD. Levetiracetam, lamotrigine, and phenobarbital in patients with epileptic seizures and Alzheimer’s disease. Epilepsy Behav. 2010 Apr;17(4):461–466.
- Gallagher D, Herrmann N. Agitation and aggression in Alzheimer’s disease: an update on pharmacological and psychosocial approaches to care. Neurodegener Dis Manag. 2015;5(1):75–83.
- Pfistermeister B, Tümena T, Gaßmann KG, et al. Anticholinergic burden and cognitive function in a large German cohort of hospitalized geriatric patients. PLoS One. 2017 Feb 10;12(2):e0171353.
- Beghi E, Carpio A, Forsgren L, et al. Recommendation for a definition of acute symptomatic seizure. Epilepsia. 2010 Apr;51(4):671–675.
- Werhahn KJ, Trinka E, Dobesberger J, et al. A randomized, double-blind comparison of antiepileptic drug treatment in the elderly with new-onset focal epilepsy. Epilepsia. 2015 Mar;56(3):450–459.
- Andermann E, Biton V, Benbadis SR, et al. Study 301, 302 and 304 Investigators. Psychiatric and cognitive adverse events: A pooled analysis of three phase III trials of adjunctive eslicarbazepine acetate for partial-onset seizures. Epilepsy Behav. 2018 Mar;28(82):119–127.
- Kim Y, Wilkins KM, Tampi RR. Use of gabapentin in the treatment of behavioral and psychological symptoms of dementia: a review of the evidence. Drugs Aging. 2008;25(3):187–196.
- Bell JS, Lönnroos E, Koivisto AM, et al. Use of antiepileptic drugs among community-dwelling persons with Alzheimer’s disease in Finland. J Alzheimers Dis. 2011;26(2):231–237.
- Lonergan E, Luxenberg J. Valproate preparations for agitation in dementia. Cochrane Database Syst Rev. 2009 Jul;8(3):CD003945.
- Fleisher AS, Truran D, Mai JT, et al. Alzheimer’s disease cooperative study. Chronic divalproex sodium use and brain atrophy in Alzheimer disease. Neurology. 2011 Sep 27;77(13):1263–1271.
- Tariot PN, Schneider LS, Cummings J, et al. Alzheimer’s Disease Cooperative Study Group. Chronic divalproex sodium to attenuate agitation and clinical progression of Alzheimer disease. Arch Gen Psychiatry. 2011 Aug;68(8):853–861.
- Dhikav V. Can phenytoin prevent Alzheimer’s disease? Med Hypotheses. 2006;67(4):725–728.
- Meador KJ, Loring DW, Boyd A, et al. Randomized double-blind comparison of cognitive and EEG effects of lacosamide and carbamazepine. Epilepsy Behav. 2016;62:267–275.
- Sarkis RA, Nicolas J, Lee JW. Tolerability of lacosamide or zonisamide in elderly patients with seizures. Seizure. 2017 Jul;49:1–4.
- Sierra-Marcos A, Bermejo PE, Manso Calderón R, et al. Lacosamide for epileptic seizures in patients with co-morbidities and unusual presentations of epilepsy. CNS Drugs. 2011 Dec 5;25(Suppl 1):17–26.
- Cretin B, Blanc F, Gaultier C, et al. Epileptic amnesic syndrome revealing Alzheimer’s disease. Epilepsy Res. 2012 Dec;102(3):206–209.
- Tekin S, Aykut-Bingöl C, Tanridağ T, et al. Antiglutamatergic therapy in Alzheimer’s disease–effects of lamotrigine. Short communication. J Neural Transm (Vienna). 1998;105(2–3):295–303.
- Xiao R. Levetiracetam might act as an efficacious drug to attenuate cognitive deficits of Alzheimer’s disease. Curr Top Med Chem. 2016;16:565–573.
- Belcastro V, Costa C, Galletti F, et al. Levetiracetam monotherapy in Alzheimer patients with late-onset seizures: a prospective observational study. Eur J Neurol. 2007 Oct;14(10):1176–1178.
- Faught E, Szaflarski JP, Richman J, et al. Risk of pharmacokinetic interactions between antiepileptic and other drugs in older persons and factors associated with risk. Epilepsia. 2018 Mar;59(3):715–723.
- Gamba P, Testa G, Gargiulo S, et al. Oxidized cholesterol as the driving force behind the development of Alzheimer’s disease. Front Aging Neurosci. 2015 Jun;19(7):119.
- Arvanitakis Z, Capuano AW, Leurgans SE, et al. Relation of cerebral vessel disease to Alzheimer’s disease dementia and cognitive function in elderly people: a cross-sectional study. Lancet Neurol. 2016 Aug;15(9):934–943.
- Mintzer S, Wechsler RT, Rogin JB, et al. Effects of adjunctive eslicarbazepine acetate on serum lipids in patients with partial-onset seizures: impact of concomitant statins and enzyme-inducing antiepileptic drugs. Epilepsy Res. 2018;141:83–89.
- Bergey GK. Initial treatment of epilepsy: special issues in treating the elderly. Neurology. 2004 Nov 23;63(10 Suppl 4):S40–8.
- Cretin B, Di Bitonto L, Blanc F, et al. Left temporal lobe epilepsy revealing left posterior cortical atrophy due to Alzheimer’s disease. J Alzheimers Dis. 2015;45(2):521–526.
- Rabinowicz AL, Starkstein SE, Leiguarda RC, et al. Transient epileptic amnesia in dementia: a treatable unrecognized cause of episodic amnestic wandering. Alzheimer Dis Assoc Disord. 2000 Oct-Dec;14(4):231–233.
- Cretin B, Philippi N, Sellal F, et al. Can the syndrome of transient epileptic amnesia be the first feature of Alzheimer’s disease? Seizure. 2014 Nov;23(10):918–920.
- Liu J, Wang LN, Wu LY, et al. Treatment of epilepsy for people with Alzheimer’s disease. Cochrane Database Syst Rev. 2016 Nov 2;11:CD011922.
- Haasum Y, Johnell K. Use of antiepileptic drugs and risk of falls in old age: a systematic review. Epilepsy Res. 2017 Dec;138:98–104.
- Leppik IE, Yang H, Williams B, et al. Analysis of falls in patients with epilepsy enrolled in the perampanel phase III randomized double-blind studies. Epilepsia. 2017 Jan;58(1):51–59.
- Meador KJ, Yang H, Piña-Garza JE, et al. Cognitive effects of adjunctive perampanel for partial-onset seizures: a randomized trial. Epilepsia. 2016 Feb;57(2):243–251.
- Stefan H. Epilepsy in the elderly: facts and challenges. Acta Neurol Scand. 2011 Oct;124(4):223–237.
- Larner AJ, Marson AG. Epileptic seizures in Alzheimer’s disease: another fine MESS? J Alzheimers Dis. 2011;25(3):417–419.
- Subota A, Pham T, Jetté N, et al. The association between dementia and epilepsy: a systematic review and meta-analysis. Epilepsia. 2017 Jun;58(6):962–972.
- Desmarais P, Miville C, Milán-Tomás Á, et al. Age representation in antiepileptic drug trials: a systematic review and meta-analysis. Epilepsy Res. 2018;142:9–15.
- Sanchez PE, Zhu L, Verret L, et al. Levetiracetam suppresses neuronal network dysfunction and reverses synaptic and cognitive deficits in an Alzheimer’s disease model. Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A. 2012 Oct 16;109(42):E2895–903.
- Savage SA, Butler CR, Hodges JR, et al. Transient Epileptic Amnesia over twenty years: long-term follow-up of a case series with three detailed reports. Seizure. 2016;43:48–55.
- Labate A, Aguglia U, Tripepi G, et al. Long-term outcome of mild mesial temporal lobe epilepsy: a prospective longitudinal cohort study. Neurology. 2016 May 17;86(20):1904–1910.
- Picco A, Archetti S, Ferrara M, et al. Seizures can precede cognitive symptoms in late-onset Alzheimer’s disease. J Alzheimers Dis. 2011;27(4):737–742.