Are there advances in pharmacotherapy for panic disorder? A systematic review of the past five years

References

• American Psychiatric Association. Practice guidelines for the treatment of patients with panic disorder. Second ed. American Psychiatric Association; 2009 [cited 2018 Apr]. Available from: http://psychiatryonline.org/pb/assets/raw/sitewide/practice_guidelines/guidelines/panicdisorder.pdf
   Google Scholar
• Bandelow B, Michaelis S, Wedekind D. Treatment of anxiety disorders. Dialogues Clin Neurosci. 2017 Jun;19(2):93–107.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• National Institute for Health and Care Excellence (NICE). Generalised anxiety disorder and panic disorder in adults: management in primary, secondary and community care. 2011 [cited 2018 Apr]. Available from: https://www.nice.org.uk/guidance/CG113
   Google Scholar
• Bandelow B, Lichte T, Rudolf S, et al. The diagnosis of and treatment recommendations for anxiety disorders. Dtsch Arztebl Int. 2014 Jul 7;111(27–28):473–480.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Baldwin DS, Anderson IM, Nutt DJ, et al. Evidence-based pharmacological treatment of anxiety disorders, post-traumatic stress disorder and obsessive-compulsive disorder: a revision of the 2005 guidelines from the British association for psychopharmacology. J Psychopharmacol. 2014 May;28(5):403–439.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Bandelow B, Lichte T, Rudolf S, et al. The German guidelines for the treatment of anxiety disorders. Eur Arch Psychiatry Clin Neurosci. 2015 Aug;265(5):363–373.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Freire RC, Zugliani MM, Garcia RF, et al. Treatment-resistant panic disorder: a systematic review. Expert Opin Pharmacother. 2016;17(2):159–168.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Perna G, Guerriero G, Caldirola D. Emerging drugs for panic disorder. Expert Opin Emerg Drugs. 2011 Dec;16(4):631–645.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Caldirola D, Grassi M, Alciati A, et al. Personalized medicine in panic disorder: where are we now? A meta-regression analysis. Personal Med Psychiatry. 2017;1-2:26–38.
   Google Scholar
• Perna G, Alciati A, Riva A, et al. Long-term pharmacological treatments of anxiety disorders: an updated systematic review. Curr Psychiatry Rep. 2016 Mar;18(3):23.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Freire RC, Machado S, Arias-Carrion O, et al. Current pharmacological interventions in panic disorder. CNS Neurol Disord Drug Targets. 2014;13(6):1057–1065.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Versiani M, Cassano G, Perugi G, et al. Reboxetine, a selective norepinephrine reuptake inhibitor, is an effective and well-tolerated treatment for panic disorder. J Clin Psychiatry. 2002 Jan;63(1):31–37.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Perna G, Alciati A, Balletta R, et al. Is there room for second-generation antipsychotics in the pharmacotherapy of panic disorder? A systematic review based on PRISMA guidelines. Int J Mol Sci. 2016 Apr 13;17(4):551.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Boutros NN, Ghosh S, Khan A, et al. Anticonvulsant medications for panic disorder: a review and synthesis of the evidence. Int J Psychiatry Clin Pract. 2014 Jan;18(1):2–10.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Chady I, Wadih N, Ramzi H. Non-antidepressant pharmacologic long-term treatment of panic disorder. Curr Clin Pharmacol. 2015;10(2):112–115.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Perna G, Caldirola D. Management of treatment-resistant panic disorder. Curr Treat Option Psychiatry. 2017;4(4):371–386.
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Hofmann SG. D-cycloserine for treating anxiety disorders: making good exposures better and bad exposures worse. Depress Anxiety. 2014 Mar;31(3):175–177.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Rodrigues H, Figueira I, Lopes A, et al. Does D-cycloserine enhance exposure therapy for anxiety disorders in humans? A meta-analysis. PLoS One. 2014;9(7):e93519.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Otto MW, Tolin DF, Simon NM, et al. Efficacy of d-cycloserine for enhancing response to cognitive-behavior therapy for panic disorder. Biol Psychiatry. 2010 Feb 15;67(4):365–370.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Siegmund A, Golfels F, Finck C, et al. D-cycloserine does not improve but might slightly speed up the outcome of in-vivo exposure therapy in patients with severe agoraphobia and panic disorder in a randomized double blind clinical trial. J Psychiatr Res. 2011 Aug;45(8):1042–1047.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Perna G, Schruers K, Alciati A, et al. Novel investigational therapeutics for panic disorder. Expert Opin Investig Drugs. 2015 Apr;24(4):491–505.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Liberati A, Altman DG, Tetzlaff J, et al. The PRISMA statement for reporting systematic reviews and meta-analyses of studies that evaluate health care interventions: explanation and elaboration. J Clin Epidemiol. 2009 Oct;62(10):e1–34.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Australian New Zeland Clinical Trials Registry (ANZCTR). [cited 2018 April]. Available from: http://www.anzctr.org.au/
   Google Scholar
• Clinical Trials Registry - India. [cited 2018 April]. Available from: http://ctri.nic.in
   Google Scholar
• ClinicalTrials.gov. [cited 2018 Apr]. Available from: http://www.clinicaltrials.gov/
   Google Scholar
• EU Clinical Trials Register. [cited 2018 Apr]. Available from: https://www.clinicaltrialsregister.eu/
   Google Scholar
• German Clinical Trial Registry. [cited 2018 April]. Available from: http://www.drks.de/drks_web/setLocale_EN.do
   Google Scholar
• International Clinical Trials Registry Platform (ICTRP). [cited 2018 April]. Available from: http://www.who.int/ictrp/en/
   Google Scholar
• ISRCTN registry. [cited 2018 April]. Available from: http://www.isrctn.com
   Google Scholar
• Nederlands Trial Register. [cited 2018 April]. Available from: http://www.trialregister.nl/
   Google Scholar
• Pan African Clinical Trials Registry (PACTR). [cited 2018 April]. Available from: http://www.pactr.org
   Google Scholar
• Registro Brasileiro de Ensaios Clínicos. [cited 2018 April]. Available from: http://www.ensaiosclinicos.gov.br/
   Google Scholar
• Registro Público Cubano de Ensayos Clínicos. [cited 2018 April]. Available from: http://registroclinico.sld.cu
   Google Scholar
• Sri Lanka Clinical Trials Registry. [cited 2018 April]. Available from: http://www.slctr.lk/
   Google Scholar
• American Psychiatric Association. Diagnostic and Statistical Manual of Mental Disorders DSM-IV. Washington, DC: Amer Psychiatric Pub; 1994.
   Google Scholar
• American Psychiatric Association. Diagnostic and statistical manual of mental disorders DSM-IV-TR Fourth Edition (Text Revision). 4 ed. Washington, DC: Amer Psychiatric Pub; 2000.
   Google Scholar
• American Psychiatric Association. Diagnostic and statistical manual of mental disorders. Fifth ed. Arlington, VA: American Psychiatric Publishing; 2013.
   Google Scholar
• Centers for Disease Control and Prevention. International classification of diseases, ninth revision (ICD-9), 1978 [cited 2018 April]. Available from: http://www.cdc.gov/nchs/icd/icd9.htm
   Google Scholar
• Centers for Disease Control and Prevention. International classification of diseases, ninth revision, clinical modification (ICD-9-CM), 1979 [cited 2018 April]. Available from: http://www.cdc.gov/nchs/icd/icd9cm.htm
   Google Scholar
• Centers for Disease Control and Prevention. International classification of diseases, tenth revision (ICD-10), 1994 [cited 2018 April]. Available from: http://www.cdc.gov/nchs/icd/icd10.htm
   Google Scholar
• Hofmeijer-Sevink MK, Duits P, Rijkeboer MM, et al. No effects of D-cycloserine enhancement in exposure with response prevention therapy in panic disorder with agoraphobia: a double-blind, randomized controlled trial. J Clin Psychopharmacol. 2017 Oct;37(5):531–539.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Otto MW, Pollack MH, Dowd SM, et al. Randomized trial of D-cycloserine enhancement of cognitive-behavioral therapy for panic disorder. Depress Anxiety. 2016 Aug;33(8):737–745.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Van Apeldoorn FJ, Van Hout WJ, Timmerman ME, et al. Rate of improvement during and across three treatments for panic disorder with or without agoraphobia: cognitive behavioral therapy, selective serotonin reuptake inhibitor or both combined. J Affect Disord. 2013 Sep 5;150(2):313–319.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Freire RC, Amrein R, Mochcovitch MD, et al. A 6-year posttreatment follow-up of panic disorder patients: treatment with clonazepam predicts lower recurrence than treatment with paroxetine. J Clin Psychopharmacol. 2017 Aug;37(4):429–434.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Nardi AE, Valenca AM, Freire RC, et al. Psychopharmacotherapy of panic disorder: 8-week randomized trial with clonazepam and paroxetine. Revista Brasileira De Pesquisas Medicas Biologicas. 2011 Apr;44(4):366–373.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Nardi AE, Freire RC, Mochcovitch MD, et al. A randomized, naturalistic, parallel-group study for the long-term treatment of panic disorder with clonazepam or paroxetine. J Clin Psychopharmacol. 2012 Feb;32(1):120–126.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Cuijpers P, Sijbrandij M, Koole SL, et al. Adding psychotherapy to antidepressant medication in depression and anxiety disorders: a meta-analysis. World Psychiatry. 2014 Feb;13(1):56–67.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Furukawa TA, Watanabe N, Churchill R. Psychotherapy plus antidepressant for panic disorder with or without agoraphobia: systematic review. Br J Psychiatry. 2006 Apr;188:305–312.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Payne LA, White KS, Gallagher MW, et al. Second-stage treatments for relative nonresponders to cognitive behavioral therapy (Cbt) for panic disorder with or without agoraphobia-continued Cbt versus Ssri: a randomized controlled trial. Depress Anxiety. 2016 May;33(5):392–399.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Kampman M, Keijsers GP, Hoogduin CA, et al. A randomized, double-blind, placebo-controlled study of the effects of adjunctive paroxetine in panic disorder patients unsuccessfully treated with cognitive-behavioral therapy alone. J Clin Psychiatry. 2002 Sep;63(9):772–777.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Heldt E, Kipper L, Blaya C, et al. Predictors of relapse in the second follow-up year post cognitive-behavior therapy for panic disorder. Revista Brasileira De Psiquiatria (Sao Paulo, Brazil: 1999). 2011 Mar;33(1):23–29.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Rickels K, Schweizer E, Weiss S, et al. Maintenance drug treatment for panic disorder. II. Short- and long-term outcome after drug taper. Arch Gene Psychiatry. 1993 Jan;50(1):61–68.
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Taylor JH, Jakubovski E, Bloch MH. Predictors of anxiety recurrence in the Coordinated Anxiety Learning and Management (CALM) trial. J Psychiatr Res. 2015 Jun;65:154–165.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Fava GA, Rafanelli C, Grandi S, et al. Long-term outcome of panic disorder with agoraphobia treated by exposure. Psychol Med. 2001 Jul;31(5):891–898.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Otto MW, Bruce SE, Deckersbach T. Benzodiazepine use, cognitive impairment, and cognitive-behavioral therapy for anxiety disorders: issues in the treatment of a patient in need. J Clin Psychiatry. 2005;66(Suppl 2):34–38.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Crowe SF, Stranks EK. The residual medium and long-term cognitive effects of benzodiazepine use: an updated meta-analysis. Arch Clin Neuropsychol. 2017 Dec 13;1–11.
   Google Scholar
• Nardi AE, Freire RC, Valenca AM, et al. Tapering clonazepam in patients with panic disorder after at least 3 years of treatment. J Clin Psychopharmacol. 2010 Jun;30(3):290–293.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Quagliato LA, Freire RC, Nardi AE. Risks and benefits of medications for panic disorder: a comparison of SSRIs and benzodiazepines. Expert Opin Drug Saf. 2018 Mar;17(3):315–324.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Johnson PL, Federici LM, Fitz SD, et al. Orexin 1 and 2 receptor involvement in Co2 -induced panic-associated behavior and autonomic responses. Depress Anxiety. 2015 Sep;32(9):671–683.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Johnson PL, Samuels BC, Fitz SD, et al. Activation of the orexin 1 receptor is a critical component of CO2-mediated anxiety and hypertension but not bradycardia. Neuropsychopharmacology. 2012 Jul;37(8):1911–1922.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Bonaventure P, Dugovic C, Shireman B, et al. Evaluation of JNJ-54717793 a novel brain penetrant selective orexin 1 receptor antagonist in two rat models of panic attack provocation. Front Pharmacol. 2017;8:357.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Johnson PL, Shekhar A. An animal model of panic vulnerability with chronic disinhibition of the dorsomedial/perifornical hypothalamus. Physiol Behav. 2012 Dec 5; 107(5):686–698.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Wemmie JA. Neurobiology of panic and pH chemosensation in the brain. Dialogues Clin Neurosci. 2011;13(4):475–483.
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Freire RC, Perna G, Nardi AE. Panic disorder respiratory subtype: psychopathology, laboratory challenge tests, and response to treatment. Harv Rev Psychiatry. 2010 Jul-Aug;18(4):220–229.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Perna G, Caldirola D. Is panic disorder a disorder of physical fitness? A heuristic proposal. F1000Research. 2018;7:294.
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Boss C, Roch C. Recent trends in orexin research–2010 to 2015. Bioorg Med Chem Lett. 2015 Aug 1;25(15):2875–2887.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Dobrovolsky A, Ichim TE, Ma D, et al. Xenon in the treatment of panic disorder: an open label study. J Transl Med. 2017 Jun 13;15(1):137.
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Perna G, Grassi M, Caldirola D, et al. The revolution of personalized psychiatry: will technology make it happen sooner? Psychol Med. 2018 Apr;48(5):705–713.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Grassi M, Caldirola D, Vanni G, et al. Baseline respiratory parameters in panic disorder: a meta-analysis. J Affect Disord. 2013 Apr 5;146(2):158–173.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Grassi M, Caldirola D, Di Chiaro NV, et al. Are respiratory abnormalities specific for panic disorder? A meta-analysis. Neuropsychobiology. 2014;70(1):52–60.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Zugliani MM, Freire RC, Perna G, et al. Laboratory, clinical and therapeutic features of respiratory panic disorder subtype. CNS Neurol Disord Drug Targets. 2015;14(5):627–635.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Roberson-Nay R, Latendresse SJ, Kendler KS. A latent class approach to the external validation of respiratory and non-respiratory panic subtypes. Psychol Med. 2012 Mar;42(3):461–474.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Perna G, Bertani A, Caldirola D, et al. Antipanic drug modulation of 35% CO2 hyperreactivity and short-term treatment outcome. J Clin Psychopharmacol. 2002 Jun;22(3):300–308.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Yeragani VK, Rao R, Tancer M, et al. Paroxetine decreases respiratory irregularity of linear and nonlinear measures of respiration in patients with panic disorder. A preliminary report. Neuropsychobiology. 2004;49(2):53–57.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Gorman JM, Browne ST, Papp LA, et al. Effect of antipanic treatment on response to carbon dioxide. Biol Psychiatry. 1997 Dec 1;42(11):982–991.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Perna G, Dario A, Caldirola D, et al. Panic disorder: the role of the balance system. J Psychiatr Res. 2001 Sep-Oct;35(5):279–286.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Caldirola D, Teggi R, Bondi S, et al. Is there a hypersensitive visual alarm system in panic disorder? Psychiatry Res. 2011 May 30;187(3):387–391.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Teggi R, Caldirola D, Bondi S, et al. Vestibular testing in patients with panic disorder and chronic dizziness. Acta Otorhinolaryngologica Italica. 2007 Oct;27(5):243–247.
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Perna G, Alpini D, Caldirola D, et al. Serotonergic modulation of the balance system in panic disorder: an open study. Depress Anxiety. 2003;17(2):101–106.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Chabbert C. Principles of vestibular pharmacotherapy. Handb Clin Neurol. 2016;137:207–218.
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Segui J, Marquez M, Garcia L, et al. Depersonalization in panic disorder: a clinical study. Compr Psychiatry. 2000 May-Jun;41(3):172–178.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Mula M, Pini S, Cassano GB. The neurobiology and clinical significance of depersonalization in mood and anxiety disorders: a critical reappraisal. J Affect Disord. 2007 Apr;99(1–3):91–99.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Ural C, Belli H, Tabo A, et al. Open-longitudinal study of the effect of dissociative symptoms on the response of patients with panic disorder to venlafaxine. Compr Psychiatry. 2015;57:112–116.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Locatelli M, Bellodi L, Perna G, et al. EEG power modifications in panic disorder during a temporolimbic activation task: relationships with temporal lobe clinical symptomatology. J Neuropsychiatry Clin Neurosci. 1993 Fall;5(4):409–414.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Hayashi K, Makino M, Hashizume M, et al. Electroencephalogram abnormalities in panic disorder patients: a study of symptom characteristics and pathology. Biopsychosoc Med. 2010 Aug;23(4):9.
   Google Scholar
• Caldirola D, Perna G. Is there a role for pharmacogenetics in the treatment of panic disorder? Pharmacogenomics. 2015 Jul;16(8):771–774.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Bandelow B, Baldwin D, Abelli M, et al. Biological markers for anxiety disorders, OCD and PTSD - a consensus statement. Part I: neuroimaging and genetics. World J Biol Psychiatry. 2016 Aug;17(5):321–365.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar