Pharmacotherapy of type 2 diabetes in patients with chronic liver disease: focus on nonalcoholic fatty liver disease

References

• Cefalu WT, Kaul S, Gerstein HC, et al. Cardiovascular outcomes trials in type 2 diabetes: where do we go from here? Reflections from a diabetes care editors’ expert forum. Diabetes Care. 2018;41:14–31.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Scheen AJ. Cardiovascular effects of new oral glucose-lowering agents: DPP-4 and SGLT-2 inhibitors. Circ Res. 2018;122:1439–1459.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Lewis JH, Stine JG. Review article: prescribing medications in patients with cirrhosis - a practical guide. Aliment Pharmacol Ther. 2013;37:1132–1156.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Weersink RA, Bouma M, Burger DM, et al. Evidence-based recommendations to improve the safe use of drugs in patients with liver cirrhosis. Drug Saf. 2018;41:603–613.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Garcia-Compean D, Gonzalez-Gonzalez JA, Lavalle-Gonzalez FJ, et al. The treatment of diabetes mellitus of patients with chronic liver disease. Ann Hepatol. 2015;14:780–788.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Zhang X, Harmsen WS, Mettler TA, et al. Continuation of metformin use after a diagnosis of cirrhosis significantly improves survival of patients with diabetes. Hepatology. 2014;60:2008–2016.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Scheen AJ. The safety of gliptins: updated data in 2018. Expert Opin Drug Saf. 2018;17:387–405.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Rinella ME. Nonalcoholic fatty liver disease: a systematic review. JAMA. 2015;313:2263–2273.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Bianchi G, Bugianesi E, Frystyk J, et al. Adiponectin isoforms, insulin resistance and liver histology in nonalcoholic fatty liver disease. Dig Liver Dis. 2011;43:73–77.
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Singh S, Allen AM, Wang Z, et al. Fibrosis progression in nonalcoholic fatty liver vs. nonalcoholic steatohepatitis: a systematic review and meta-analysis of paired-biopsy studies. Clin Gastroenterol Hepatol. 2015;13:643–654.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Anstee QM, Targher G, Day CP. Progression of NAFLD to diabetes mellitus, cardiovascular disease or cirrhosis. Nat Rev Gastroenterol Hepatol. 2013;10:330–344.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Sung KC, Wild SH, Byrne CD. Resolution of fatty liver and risk of incident diabetes. J Clin Endocrinol Metabolism. 2013;98:3637–3643.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Targher G, Day CP, Bonora E. Risk of cardiovascular disease in patients with nonalcoholic fatty liver disease. N Engl J Med. 2010;363:1341–1350.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Moscatiello S, Manini R, Marchesini G. Diabetes and liver disease: an ominous association. Nutr Metab Cardiovasc Dis. 2007;17:63–70.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Targher G, Byrne CD. Clinical review: nonalcoholic fatty liver disease: a novel cardiometabolic risk factor for type 2 diabetes and its complications. J Clin Endocrinol Metab. 2013;98:483–495.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Musso G, Gambino R, Tabibian JH, et al. Association of non-alcoholic fatty liver disease with chronic kidney disease: a systematic review and meta-analysis. PLoS Med. 2014;11:e1001680.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Cusi K. Treatment of patients with type 2 diabetes and non-alcoholic fatty liver disease: current approaches and future directions. Diabetologia. 2016;59:1112–1120.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Bril F, Cusi K. Management of nonalcoholic fatty liver disease in patients with type 2 diabetes: a call to action. Diabetes Care. 2017;40:419–430.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Chalasani N, Younossi Z, Lavine JE, et al. The diagnosis and management of nonalcoholic fatty liver disease: practice guidance from the American Association for the Study of Liver Diseases. Hepatology. 2018;67:328–357.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• European Association for the Study of the Liver, European Association for the Study of Diabetes, European Association for the Study of Obesity. EASL-EASD-EASO clinical practice guidelines for the management of non-alcoholic fatty liver disease. J Hepatol. 2016;64:1388–1402.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Rotman Y, Sanyal AJ. Current and upcoming pharmacotherapy for non-alcoholic fatty liver disease. Gut. 2017;66:180–190.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Townsend SA, Newsome PN. Review article: new treatments in non-alcoholic fatty liver disease. Aliment Pharmacol Ther. 2017;46:494–507.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Sumida Y, Yoneda M. Current and future pharmacological therapies for NAFLD/NASH. J Gastroenterol. 2018;53:362–376.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Sanyal AJ, Chalasani N, Kowdley KV, et al. Pioglitazone, vitamin E, or placebo for nonalcoholic steatohepatitis. N Engl J Med. 2010;362:1675–1685.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Lavine JE, Schwimmer JB, Van Natta ML, et al. Effect of vitamin E or metformin for treatment of nonalcoholic fatty liver disease in children and adolescents: the TONIC randomized controlled trial. JAMA. 2011;305:1659–1668.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Chan JM, Darke AK, Penney KL, et al. Selenium- or vitamin E-related gene variants, interaction with supplementation, and risk of high-grade prostate cancer in SELECT. Cancer Epidemiol Biomarkers Prev. 2016;25:1050–1058.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Schurks M, Glynn RJ, Rist PM, et al. Effects of vitamin E on stroke subtypes: meta-analysis of randomised controlled trials. BMJ. 2010;341:c5702.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Concept paper on the need for the development of a reflection paper on regulatory requirements for the development of medicinal products for chronic noninfectious liver diseases (PBC, PSC, NASH). 2017 [ cited 2018 May 18]. Available from: http://www ema europa eu/docs/en_GB/document_library/Scientific_guideline/ 192017/06/WC500228852 pdf
   Google Scholar
• Konerman MA, Jones JC, Harrison SA. Pharmacotherapy for NASH: current and emerging. J Hepatol. 2018;68:362–375.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Sanyal AJ, Miller V. Regulatory science and drug approval for alcoholic and nonalcoholic steatohepatitis. Gastroenterology. 2016;150:1723–1727.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Sanyal AJ, Friedman SL, McCullough AJ, et al. Challenges and opportunities in drug and biomarker development for nonalcoholic steatohepatitis: findings and recommendations from an American Association for the Study of Liver Diseases-U.S. Food and Drug Administration Joint Workshop. Hepatology. 2015;61:1392–1405.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Prati D, Taioli E, Zanella A, et al. Updated definitions of healthy ranges for serum alanine aminotransferase levels. Ann Intern Med. 2002;137:1–10.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Teschke R, Danan G. Diagnosis and management of drug-induced liver injury (DILI) in patients with pre-existing liver disease. Drug Saf. 2016;39:729–744.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• 8. Pharmacologic approaches to glycemic treatment: standards of medical care in diabetes-2018. Diabetes Care. 2018;41:S73–S85.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• UK Prospective Diabetes Study (UKPDS) Group. Effect of intensive blood-glucose control with metformin on complications in overweight patients with type 2 diabetes (UKPDS 34). Lancet. 1998;352:854–865.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Holman RR, Paul SK, Bethel MA, et al. 10-year follow-up of intensive glucose control in type 2 diabetes. N Engl J Med. 2008;359:1577–1589.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Rena G, Hardie DG, Pearson ER. The mechanisms of action of metformin. Diabetologia. 2017;60:1577–1585.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Marchesini G, Brizi M, Bianchi G, et al. Metformin in non-alcoholic steatohepatitis. Lancet. 2001;358:893–894.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Bugianesi E, Gentilcore E, Manini R, et al. A randomized controlled trial of metformin versus vitamin E or prescriptive diet in nonalcoholic fatty liver disease. Am J Gastroenterol. 2005;100:1082–1090.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Loomba R, Lutchman G, Kleiner DE, et al. Clinical trial: pilot study of metformin for the treatment of non-alcoholic steatohepatitis. Aliment Pharmacol Ther. 2009;29:172–182.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Rakoski MO, Singal AG, Rogers MA, et al. Meta-analysis: insulin sensitizers for the treatment of non-alcoholic steatohepatitis. Aliment Pharmacol Ther. 2010;32:1211–1221.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Zhang X, Harmsen WS, Mettler TA, et al. Continuation of metformin use after a diagnosis of cirrhosis significantly improves survival of patients with diabetes. Hepatology. 2014;60:2008–2016.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Chen HP, Shieh JJ, Chang CC, et al. Metformin decreases hepatocellular carcinoma risk in a dose-dependent manner: population-based and in vitro studies. Gut. 2013;62:606–615.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Marchesini G, Forlani G. Diabetes and hepatocellular cancer risk: not only a matter of hyperglycemia. Hepatology. 2012;55:1298–1300.
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Graham GG, Punt J, Arora M, et al. Clinical pharmacokinetics of metformin. Clin Pharmacokinet. 2011;50:81–98.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Kajbaf F, Arnouts P, de BM, et al. Metformin therapy and kidney disease: a review of guidelines and proposals for metformin withdrawal around the world. Pharmacoepidemiol Drug Saf. 2013;22:1027–1035.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Chang CH, Sakaguchi M, Dolin P. Epidemiology of lactic acidosis in type 2 diabetes patients with metformin in Japan. Pharmacoepidemiol Drug Saf. 2016;25:1196–1203.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Ku E, McCulloch CE, Mauer M, et al. Association between blood pressure and adverse renal events in type 1 diabetes. Diabetes Care. 2016;39:2218–2224.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Inzucchi SE, Lipska KJ, Mayo H, et al. Metformin in patients with type 2 diabetes and kidney disease: a systematic review. JAMA. 2014;312:2668–2675.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Kalantar-Zadeh K, Kovesdy CP. Should restrictions be relaxed for metformin use in chronic kidney disease? No, we should never again compromise safety! Diabetes Care. 2016;39:1281–1286.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Bakris GL, Molitch ME. Should restrictions be relaxed for metformin use in chronic kidney disease? Yes, they should be relaxed! What’s the fuss? Diabetes Care. 2016;39:1287–1291.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Lalau JD, Kajbaf F, Bennis Y, et al. Metformin treatment in patients with type 2 diabetes and chronic kidney disease stages 3A, 3B, or 4. Diabetes Care. 2018;41:547–553.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Motola D, Piccinni C, Biagi C, et al. Cardiovascular, ocular and bone adverse reactions associated with thiazolidinediones: a disproportionality analysis of the US FDA adverse event reporting system database. Drug Saf. 2012;35:315–323.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Yau H, Rivera K, Lomonaco R, et al. The future of thiazolidinedione therapy in the management of type 2 diabetes mellitus. Curr Diab Rep. 2013;13:329–341.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Ratziu V, Giral P, Jacqueminet S, et al. Rosiglitazone for nonalcoholic steatohepatitis: one-year results of the randomized placebo-controlled fatty liver improvement with rosiglitazone therapy (FLIRT) trial. Gastroenterology. 2008;135:100–110.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Ratziu V, Charlotte F, Bernhardt C, et al. Long-term efficacy of rosiglitazone in nonalcoholic steatohepatitis: results of the fatty liver improvement by rosiglitazone therapy (FLIRT 2) extension trial. Hepatology. 2010;51:445–453.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Belfort R, Harrison SA, Brown K, et al. A placebo-controlled trial of pioglitazone in subjects with nonalcoholic steatohepatitis. N Engl J Med. 2006;355:2297–2307.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Cusi K, Orsak B, Bril F, et al. Long-term pioglitazone treatment for patients with nonalcoholic steatohepatitis and prediabetes or type 2 diabetes mellitus: a randomized trial. Ann Intern Med. 2016;165:305–315.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Musso G, Cassader M, Paschetta E, et al. Thiazolidinediones and advanced liver fibrosis in nonalcoholic steatohepatitis: a meta-analysis. JAMA Intern Med. 2017;177:633–640.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Piccinni C, Motola D, Marchesini G, et al. Assessing the association of pioglitazone use and bladder cancer through drug adverse event reporting. Diabetes Care. 2011;34:1369–1371.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Tuccori M, Filion KB, Yin H, et al. Pioglitazone use and risk of bladder cancer: population based cohort study. BMJ. 2016;352:i1541.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Chang CH, Lin JW, Wu LC, et al. Association of thiazolidinediones with liver cancer and colorectal cancer in type 2 diabetes mellitus. Hepatology. 2012;55:1462–1472.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Kim GA, Lee HC, Choe J, et al. Association between non-alcoholic fatty liver disease and cancer incidence rate. J Hepatol. 2018;68:140–146.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Kernan WN, Viscoli CM, Furie KL, et al. Pioglitazone after ischemic stroke or transient ischemic attack. N Engl J Med. 2016;374:1321–1331.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Vaccaro O, Masulli M, Nicolucci A, et al. Effects on the incidence of cardiovascular events of the addition of pioglitazone versus sulfonylureas in patients with type 2 diabetes inadequately controlled with metformin (TOSCA.IT): a randomised, multicentre trial. Lancet Diabetes Endocrinol. 2017;5:887–897.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• de Jong M, van der Worp HB, van der Graaf Y, et al. Pioglitazone and the secondary prevention of cardiovascular disease. A meta-analysis of randomized-controlled trials. Cardiovasc Diabetol. 2017;16:134.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Strongman H, Christopher S, Majak M, et al. Pioglitazone and cause-specific risk of mortality in patients with type 2 diabetes: extended analysis from a European multidatabase cohort study. BMJ Open Diabetes Res Care. 2018;6:e000481.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Knop FK, Bronden A, Vilsboll T. Exenatide: pharmacokinetics, clinical use, and future directions. Expert Opin Pharmacother. 2017;18:555–571.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Marso SP, Daniels GH, Brown-Frandsen K, et al. Liraglutide and cardiovascular outcomes in type 2 diabetes. N Engl J Med. 2016;375:311–322.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Holman RR, Bethel MA, Mentz RJ, et al. Effects of once-weekly exenatide on cardiovascular outcomes in type 2 diabetes. N Engl J Med. 2017;377:1228–1239.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Armstrong MJ, Houlihan DD, Rowe IA, et al. Safety and efficacy of liraglutide in patients with type 2 diabetes and elevated liver enzymes: individual patient data meta-analysis of the LEAD program. Aliment Pharmacol Ther. 2013;37:234–242.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Armstrong MJ, Hull D, Guo K, et al. Glucagon-like peptide 1 decreases lipotoxicity in non-alcoholic steatohepatitis. J Hepatol. 2016;64:399–408.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Armstrong MJ, Gaunt P, Aithal GP, et al. Liraglutide safety and efficacy in patients with non-alcoholic steatohepatitis (LEAN): a multicentre, double-blind, randomised, placebo-controlled phase 2 study. Lancet. 2016;387:679–690.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Marso SP, Bain SC, Consoli A, et al. Semaglutide and cardiovascular outcomes in patients with type 2 diabetes. N Engl J Med. 2016;375:1834–1844.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Doggrell SA. Sgemaglutide in type 2 diabetes - is it the best glucagon-like peptide 1 receptor agonist (GLP-1R agonist)? Expert Opin Drug Metab Toxicol. 2018;14:371–377.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Avogaro A, Fadini GP. The pleiotropic cardiovascular effects of dipeptidyl peptidase-4 inhibitors. Br J Clin Pharmacol. 2018;84:1686–1695.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Li L, Li S, Deng K, et al. Dipeptidyl peptidase-4 inhibitors and risk of heart failure in type 2 diabetes: systematic review and meta-analysis of randomised and observational studies. BMJ. 2016;352:i610.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Yilmaz Y, Yonal O, Deyneli O, et al. Effects of sitagliptin in diabetic patients with nonalcoholic steatohepatitis. Acta Gastroenterol Belg. 2012;75:240–244.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Kato H, Nagai Y, Ohta A, et al. Effect of sitagliptin on intrahepatic lipid content and body fat in patients with type 2 diabetes. Diabetes Res Clin Pract. 2015;109:199–205.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Fukuhara T, Hyogo H, Ochi H, et al. Efficacy and safety of sitagliptin for the treatment of nonalcoholic fatty liver disease with type 2 diabetes mellitus. Hepatogastroenterology. 2014;61:323–328.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Cui J, Philo L, Nguyen P, et al. Sitagliptin vs. placebo for non-alcoholic fatty liver disease: a randomized controlled trial. J Hepatol. 2016;65:369–376.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Raschi E, Poluzzi E, Fadini GP, et al. Observational research on sodium glucose co-transporter-2 inhibitors: a real breakthrough? Diabetes Obes Metab. 2018 Jul 13; [Epub ahead of print]. DOI:10.1111/dom.13468
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Ferrannini E, Baldi S, Frascerra S, et al. Shift to fatty substrate utilization in response to sodium-glucose cotransporter 2 inhibition in subjects without diabetes and patients with type 2 diabetes. Diabetes. 2016;65:1190–1195.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Hayashi T, Fukui T, Nakanishi N, et al. Dapagliflozin decreases small dense low-density lipoprotein-cholesterol and increases high-density lipoprotein 2-cholesterol in patients with type 2 diabetes: comparison with sitagliptin. Cardiovasc Diabetol. 2017;16:8.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Fadini GP, Bonora BM, Zatti G, et al. Effects of the SGLT2 inhibitor dapagliflozin on HDL cholesterol, particle size, and cholesterol efflux capacity in patients with type 2 diabetes: a randomized placebo-controlled trial. Cardiovasc Diabetol. 2017;16:42.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Patoulias D. SGLT-2 inhibitors: are they a promising treatment option in T2DM patients with NAFLD? Acta Medica (Hradec Kralove). 2017;60:167–170.
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Leiter LA, Forst T, Polidori D, et al. Effect of canagliflozin on liver function tests in patients with type 2 diabetes. Diabetes Metab. 2016;42:25–32.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Tobita H, Sato S, Miyake T, et al. Effects of dapagliflozin on body composition and liver tests in patients with nonalcoholic steatohepatitis associated with type 2 diabetes mellitus: a prospective, open-label, uncontrolled study. Curr Ther Res Clin Exp. 2017;87:13–19.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Shibuya T, Fushimi N, Kawai M, et al. Luseogliflozin improves liver fat deposition compared to metformin in type 2 diabetes patients with non-alcoholic fatty liver disease: a prospective randomized controlled pilot study. Diabetes Obes Metab. 2018;20:438–442.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Ohki T, Isogawa A, Toda N, et al. Effectiveness of ipragliflozin, a sodium-glucose co-transporter 2 inhibitor, as a second-line treatment for non-alcoholic fatty liver disease patients with type 2 diabetes mellitus who do not respond to incretin-based therapies including glucagon-like peptide-1 analogs and dipeptidyl peptidase-4 inhibitors. Clin Drug Investig. 2016;36:313–319.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Ohta A, Kato H, Ishii S, et al. Ipragliflozin, a sodium glucose co-transporter 2 inhibitor, reduces intrahepatic lipid content and abdominal visceral fat volume in patients with type 2 diabetes. Expert Opin Pharmacother. 2017;18:1433–1438.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Ito D, Shimizu S, Inoue K, et al. Comparison of ipragliflozin and pioglitazone effects on nonalcoholic fatty liver disease in patients with type 2 diabetes: a randomized, 24-week, open-label, active-controlled trial. Diabetes Care. 2017;40:1364–1372.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Sumida Y, Seko Y, Yoneda M. Novel antidiabetic medications for non-alcoholic fatty liver disease with type 2 diabetes mellitus. Hepatol Res. 2017;47:266–280.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Joshi SR. Saroglitazar for the treatment of dyslipidemia in diabetic patients. Expert Opin Pharmacother. 2015;16:597–606.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Consoli A, Formoso G, Baldassarre MPA, et al. A comparative safety review between GLP-1 receptor agonists and SGLT2 inhibitors for diabetes treatment. Expert Opin Drug Saf. 2018;17:293–302.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Doumas M, Imprialos K, Stavropoulos K, et al. Combination of SGLT-2 inhibitors and GLP-1 receptor agonists: potential benefits in surrogate and hard end points. Curr Pharm Des. 2018 Jun 3; [Epub ahead of print]. DOI:10.2174/1381612824666180604113653
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Magan-Fernandez A, Rizzo M, Montalto G, et al. Statins in liver disease: not only prevention of cardiovascular events. Expert Rev Gastroenterol Hepatol. 2018;12:743–744.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Athyros VG, Alexandrides TK, Bilianou H, et al. The use of statins alone, or in combination with pioglitazone and other drugs, for the treatment of non-alcoholic fatty liver disease/non-alcoholic steatohepatitis and related cardiovascular risk. An Expert Panel Statement. Metabolism. 2017;71:17–32.
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Abul-Husn NS, Cheng X, Li AH, et al. A protein-truncating HSD17B13 variant and protection from chronic liver disease. N Engl J Med. 2018;378:1096–1106.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar