Pharmacotherapeutic strategies for treating bronchiectasis in pediatric patients

References

• Javidan-Nejad C, Bhalla S. Bronchiectasis. Thorac Surg Clin. 2010 Feb;20(1):85–102.
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Kim HY, Kwon JW, Seo J, et al. Bronchiectasis in children: 10-year experience at a single institution. Allergy Asthma Immunol Res. 2011 Jan;3(1):39–45.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Quint JK, Millett ER, Joshi M, et al. Changes in the incidence, prevalence and mortality of bronchiectasis in the UK from 2004 to 2013: a population-based cohort study. Eur Respir J. 2016 Jan;47(1):186–193.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Weycker D, Hansen GL, Seifer FD. Prevalence and incidence of noncystic fibrosis bronchiectasis among US adults in 2013. Chron Respir Dis. 2017 Nov;14(4):377–384.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Das L, Kovesi TA. Bronchiectasis in children from Qikiqtani (Baffin) Region, Nunavut, Canada. Ann Am Thorac Soc. 2015 Jan;12(1):96–100.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Singleton R, Morris A, Redding G, et al. Bronchiectasis in Alaska Native children: causes and clinical courses. Pediatr Pulmonol. 2000 Mar;29(3):182–187.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Goeminne PC, De Soyza A. Bronchiectasis: how to be an orphan with many parents? Eur Respir J. 2016 Jan;47(1):10–13.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Goyal V, Grimwood K, Marchant J, et al. Pediatric bronchiectasis: no longer an orphan disease. Pediatr Pulmonol. 2016 May;51(5):450–469.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Chang AB, Bilton D. Exacerbations in cystic fibrosis: 4–non-cystic fibrosis bronchiectasis. Thorax. 2008 Mar;63(3):269–276.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Kapur N, Masel JP, Watson D, et al. Bronchoarterial ratio on high-resolution CT scan of the chest in children without pulmonary pathology: need to redefine bronchial dilatation. Chest. 2011 Jun;139(6):1445–1450.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Long FR, Williams RS, Castile RG. Structural airway abnormalities in infants and young children with cystic fibrosis. J Pediatr. 2004 Feb;144(2):154–161.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Kapur N, Karadag B. Differences and similarities in non-cystic fibrosis bronchiectasis between developing and affluent countries. Paediatr Respir Rev. 2011 Jun;12(2):91–96.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Nathan AM, de Bruyne JA, Eg KP, et al. Review: quality of life in children with non-cystic fibrosis bronchiectasis. Front Pediatr. 2017;5:84.
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Bahali K, Gedik AH, Bilgic A, et al. The relationship between psychological symptoms, lung function and quality of life in children and adolescents with non-cystic fibrosis bronchiectasis. Gen Hosp Psychiatry. 2014 Sep-Oct;36(5):528–532.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Goeminne PC, Scheers H, Decraene A, et al. Risk factors for morbidity and death in non-cystic fibrosis bronchiectasis: a retrospective cross-sectional analysis of CT diagnosed bronchiectatic patients. Respir Res. 2012 Mar;16(13):21.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Contarini M, Finch S, Chalmers JD. Bronchiectasis: a case-based approach to investigation and management. Eur Respir Rev. 2018 Sep 30;27(149).
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Crowley S, Matthews I. Resolution of extensive severe bronchiectasis in an infant. Pediatr Pulmonol. 2010 Jul;45(7):717–720.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Satirer O, Mete Yesil A, Emiralioglu N, et al. A review of the etiology and clinical presentation of non-cystic fibrosis bronchiectasis: A tertiary care experience. Respir Med. 2018;137:35–39.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Karadag B, Karakoc F, Ersu R, et al. Non-cystic-fibrosis bronchiectasis in children: a persisting problem in developing countries. Respiration. 2005 May-Jun;72(3):233–238.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Redondo M, Keyt H, Dhar R, et al. Global impact of bronchiectasis and cystic fibrosis. Breathe (Sheff). 2016 Sep;12(3):222–235.
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Brower KS, Del Vecchio MT, Aronoff SC. The etiologies of non-CF bronchiectasis in childhood: a systematic review of 989 subjects. BMC Pediatr. 2014 Dec 10;14:4.
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Li AM, Sonnappa S, Lex C, et al. Non-CF bronchiectasis: does knowing the aetiology lead to changes in management? Eur Respir J. 2005 Jul;26(1):8–14.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Wurzel DF, Marchant JM, Yerkovich ST, et al. Protracted bacterial bronchitis in children: natural history and risk factors for bronchiectasis. Chest. 2016 Nov;150(5):1101–1108.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Kuehni CE, Frischer T, Strippoli MP, et al. Factors influencing age at diagnosis of primary ciliary dyskinesia in European children. Eur Respir J. 2010 Dec;36(6):1248–1258.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Davis SD, Rosenfeld M, Lee HS, et al. Primary ciliary dyskinesia: longitudinal study of lung disease by ultrastructure defect and genotype. Am J Respir Crit Care Med. 2019 Jan 15;199(2):190–198.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Lucas JS, Barbato A, Collins SA, et al. European respiratory society guidelines for the diagnosis of primary ciliary dyskinesia. Eur Respir J. 2017 Jan;49(1).
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Goutaki M, Meier AB, Halbeisen FS, et al. Clinical manifestations in primary ciliary dyskinesia: systematic review and meta-analysis. Eur Respir J. 2016 Oct;48(4):1081–1095.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Loebinger MR, Bilton D, Wilson R. Upper airway 2: bronchiectasis, cystic fibrosis and sinusitis. Thorax. 2009 Dec;64(12):1096–1101.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Shteinberg M, Nassrallah N, Jrbashyan J, et al. Upper airway involvement in bronchiectasis is marked by early onset and allergic features. ERJ Open Res. 2018 Jan;4(1).
   Google Scholar
• Piccione JC, McPhail GL, Fenchel MC, et al. Bronchiectasis in chronic pulmonary aspiration: risk factors and clinical implications. Pediatr Pulmonol. 2012 May;47(5):447–452.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Quinti I, Soresina A, Guerra A, et al. Effectiveness of immunoglobulin replacement therapy on clinical outcome in patients with primary antibody deficiencies: results from a multicenter prospective cohort study. J Clin Immunol. 2011 Jun;31(3):315–322.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Baumann U, Routes JM, Soler-Palacin P, et al. The lung in primary immunodeficiencies: new concepts in infection and inflammation. Front Immunol. 2018;9:1837.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Quinti I, Soresina A, Spadaro G, et al. Long-term follow-up and outcome of a large cohort of patients with common variable immunodeficiency. J Clin Immunol. 2007 May;27(3):308–316.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Yoon J, Lee SY, Lee SH, et al. Exposure to humidifier disinfectants increases the risk of asthma in children. Am J Respir Crit Care Med. 2018 Sep 7.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Hare KM, Smith-Vaughan HC, Leach AJ, et al. Reduced nontypeable Haemophilus influenzae lower airway infection in children with chronic endobronchial suppuration vaccinated with the 10-valent pneumococcal H. influenzae protein D conjugate vaccine. Vaccine. 2018 Mar 20;36(13):1736–1742.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Pizzutto SJ, Hare KM, Upham JW. Bronchiectasis in children: current concepts in immunology and microbiology. Front Pediatr. 2017;5:123.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Kapur N, Grimwood K, Masters IB, et al. Lower airway microbiology and cellularity in children with newly diagnosed non-CF bronchiectasis. Pediatr Pulmonol. 2012 Mar;47(3):300–307.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Guran T, Ersu R, Karadag B, et al. Withdrawal of inhaled steroids in children with non-cystic fibrosis bronchiectasis. J Clin Pharm Ther. 2008 Dec;33(6):603–611.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Bedi P, Davidson DJ, McHugh BJ, et al. Blood neutrophils are reprogrammed in bronchiectasis. Am J Respir Crit Care Med. 2018 May;198(7):880–890.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Hodge S, Upham JW, Pizzutto S, et al. Is alveolar macrophage phagocytic dysfunction in children with protracted bacterial bronchitis a forerunner to bronchiectasis? Chest. 2016 Feb;149(2):508–515.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Chang AB, Bush A, Grimwood K. Bronchiectasis in children: diagnosis and treatment. Lancet. 2018 Sep 8;392(10150):866–879.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Pizzutto SJ, Grimwood K, Bauert P, et al. Bronchoscopy contributes to the clinical management of indigenous children newly diagnosed with bronchiectasis. Pediatr Pulmonol. 2013 Jan;48(1):67–73.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Pizzutto SJ, Upham JW, Yerkovich ST, et al. High pulmonary levels of IL-6 and IL-1beta in children with chronic suppurative lung disease are associated with low systemic IFN-gamma production in response to non-typeable haemophilus influenzae. PLoS One. 2015;10(6):e0129517.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Martinez-Garcia MA, Soler-Cataluna JJ, Perpina-Tordera M, et al. Factors associated with lung function decline in adult patients with stable non-cystic fibrosis bronchiectasis. Chest. 2007 Nov;132(5):1565–1572.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Chalmers JD. Bronchiectasis: phenotyping a complex disease. Copd. 2017 Mar 15;14(Suppl1):S12–S18.
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Chalmers JD, Aliberti S, Filonenko A, et al. Characterization of the “Frequent Exacerbator Phenotype” in Bronchiectasis. Am J Respir Crit Care Med. 2018 Jun 1;197(11):1410–1420.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Olveira G, Olveira C, Dorado A, et al. Cellular and plasma oxidative stress biomarkers are raised in adults with bronchiectasis. Clin Nutr. 2013 Feb;32(1):112–117.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Zheng L, Lam WK, Tipoe GL, et al. Overexpression of matrix metalloproteinase-8 and −9 in bronchiectatic airways in vivo. Eur Respir J. 2002 Jul;20(1):170–176.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Taylor SL, Rogers GB, Chen AC, et al. Matrix metalloproteinases vary with airway microbiota composition and lung function in non-cystic fibrosis bronchiectasis. Ann Am Thorac Soc. 2015 May;12(5):701–707.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Chen AC, Pena OM, Nel HJ, et al. Airway cells from protracted bacterial bronchitis and bronchiectasis share similar gene expression profiles. Pediatr Pulmonol. 2018 May;53(5):575–582.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Main E, Grillo L, Rand S. Airway clearance strategies in cystic fibrosis and non-cystic fibrosis bronchiectasis. Semin Respir Crit Care Med. 2015 Apr;36(2):251–266.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Indinnimeo L, Tancredi G, Barreto M, et al. Effects of a program of hospital-supervised chest physical therapy on lung function tests in children with chronic respiratory disease: 1-year follow-up. Int J Immunopathol Pharmacol. 2007 Oct-Dec;20(4):841–845.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Lee AL, Burge AT, Holland AE. Airway clearance techniques for bronchiectasis. Cochrane Database Syst Rev. 2015 Nov;23(11):CD008351.
   Google Scholar
• Polverino E, Goeminne PC, McDonnell MJ, et al. European respiratory society guidelines for the management of adult bronchiectasis. Eur Respir J. 2017 Sep;50(3):1700629.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Lee AL, Hill CJ, Cecins N, et al. The short and long term effects of exercise training in non-cystic fibrosis bronchiectasis–a randomised controlled trial. Respir Res. 2014 Apr;15(15):44.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Burtin C, Hebestreit H. Rehabilitation in patients with chronic respiratory disease other than chronic obstructive pulmonary disease: exercise and physical activity interventions in cystic fibrosis and non-cystic fibrosis bronchiectasis. Respiration. 2015;89(3):181–189.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Chang AB, Marsh RL, Smith-Vaughan HC, et al. Emerging drugs for bronchiectasis: an update. Expert Opin Emerg Drugs. 2015 Jun;20(2):277–297.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Tsang KW, Ho PL, Lam WK, et al. Inhaled fluticasone reduces sputum inflammatory indices in severe bronchiectasis. Am J Respir Crit Care Med. 1998 Sep;158(3):723–727.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Goyal V, Chang AB. Combination inhaled corticosteroids and long-acting beta2-agonists for children and adults with bronchiectasis. Cochrane Database Syst Rev. 2014 Jun;10(6):CD010327.
   Google Scholar
• Wurzel DF, Chang AB. An update on pediatric bronchiectasis. Expert Rev Respir Med. 2017 Jul;11(7):517–532.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Kapur N, Petsky HL, Bell S, et al. Inhaled corticosteroids for bronchiectasis. Cochrane Database Syst Rev. 2018 May;16(5):CD000996.
   Google Scholar
• Hare KM, Grimwood K, Leach AJ, et al. Respiratory bacterial pathogens in the nasopharynx and lower airways of Australian indigenous children with bronchiectasis. J Pediatr. 2010 Dec;157(6):1001–1005.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Araujo D, Shteinberg M, Aliberti S, et al. The independent contribution of Pseudomonas aeruginosa infection to long-term clinical outcomes in bronchiectasis. Eur Respir J. 2018 Feb;51(2).
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Goddard AF, Staudinger BJ, Dowd SE, et al. Direct sampling of cystic fibrosis lungs indicates that DNA-based analyses of upper-airway specimens can misrepresent lung microbiota. Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A. 2012 Aug 21;109(34):13769–13774.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Rosenfeld M, Emerson J, Accurso F, et al. Diagnostic accuracy of oropharyngeal cultures in infants and young children with cystic fibrosis. Pediatr Pulmonol. 1999 Nov;28(5):321–328.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Feigelman R, Kahlert CR, Baty F, et al. Sputum DNA sequencing in cystic fibrosis: non-invasive access to the lung microbiome and to pathogen details. Microbiome. 2017 Feb 10;5(1):20.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Chang AB, Bell SC, Torzillo PJ, et al. Chronic suppurative lung disease and bronchiectasis in children and adults in Australia and New Zealand Thoracic Society of Australia and New Zealand guidelines. Med J Aust. 2015 Jan 19;202(1):21–23.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Goyal V, Grimwood K, Byrnes CA, et al. Amoxicillin-clavulanate versus azithromycin for respiratory exacerbations in children with bronchiectasis (BEST-2): a multicentre, double-blind, non-inferiority, randomised controlled trial. Lancet. 2018 Oct;392:1197-1206.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Wurzel DF, Mackay IM, Marchant JM, et al. Adenovirus species C is associated with chronic suppurative lung diseases in children. Clin Infect Dis. 2014 Jul 1;59(1):34–40.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Pasteur MC, Bilton D, Hill AT, et al. British Thoracic Society guideline for non-CF bronchiectasis. Thorax. 2010 Jul;65(Suppl 1):i1–58.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Yang JW, Fan LC, Lu HW, et al. Efficacy and safety of long-term inhaled antibiotic for patients with noncystic fibrosis bronchiectasis: a meta-analysis. Clin Respir J. 2016 Nov;10(6):731–739.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Antonela Antoniu S. Inhaled ciprofloxacin for chronic airways infections caused by Pseudomonas aeruginosa. Expert Rev Anti Infect Ther. 2012 Dec;10(12):1439–1446.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Spencer S, Felix LM, Milan SJ, et al. Oral versus inhaled antibiotics for bronchiectasis. Cochrane Database Syst Rev. 2018 Mar;27(3):CD012579.
   Google Scholar
• Brodt AM, Stovold E, Zhang L. Inhaled antibiotics for stable non-cystic fibrosis bronchiectasis: a systematic review. Eur Respir J. 2014 Aug;44(2):382–393.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Haworth CS, Foweraker JE, Wilkinson P, et al. Inhaled colistin in patients with bronchiectasis and chronic Pseudomonas aeruginosa infection. Am J Respir Crit Care Med. 2014 Apr 15;189(8):975–982.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Vendrell M, Munoz G, de Gracia J. Evidence of inhaled tobramycin in non-cystic fibrosis bronchiectasis. Open Respir Med J. 2015;9:30–36.
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Abu Dabrh AM, Hill AT, Dobler CC, et al. Prevention of exacerbations in patients with stable non-cystic fibrosis bronchiectasis: a systematic review and meta-analysis of pharmacological and non-pharmacological therapies. BMJ Evid Based Med. 2018 Jun;23(3):96–103.
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Donovan T, Felix LM, Chalmers JD, et al. Continuous versus intermittent antibiotics for bronchiectasis. Cochrane Database Syst Rev. 2018 Jun;3(6):CD012733.
   Google Scholar
• Cramer CL, Patterson A, Alchakaki A, et al. Immunomodulatory indications of azithromycin in respiratory disease: a concise review for the clinician. Postgrad Med. 2017 Jun;129(5):493–499.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Kwiatkowska B, Maslinska M. Macrolide therapy in chronic inflammatory diseases. Mediators Inflamm. 2012;2012:636157.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Kanoh S, Rubin BK. Mechanisms of action and clinical application of macrolides as immunomodulatory medications. Clin Microbiol Rev. 2010 Jul;23(3):590–615.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Wong C, Jayaram L, Karalus N, et al. Azithromycin for prevention of exacerbations in non-cystic fibrosis bronchiectasis (EMBRACE): a randomised, double-blind, placebo-controlled trial. Lancet. 2012 Aug 18;380(9842):660–667.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Altenburg J, de Graaff CS, Stienstra Y, et al. Effect of azithromycin maintenance treatment on infectious exacerbations among patients with non-cystic fibrosis bronchiectasis: the BAT randomized controlled trial. JAMA. 2013 Mar 27;309(12):1251–1259.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Valery PC, Morris PS, Byrnes CA, et al. Long-term azithromycin for Indigenous children with non-cystic-fibrosis bronchiectasis or chronic suppurative lung disease (Bronchiectasis Intervention Study): a multicentre, double-blind, randomised controlled trial. Lancet Respir Med. 2013 Oct;1(8):610–620.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Hare KM, Grimwood K, Chang AB, et al. Nasopharyngeal carriage and macrolide resistance in Indigenous children with bronchiectasis randomized to long-term azithromycin or placebo. Eur J Clin Microbiol Infect Dis. 2015 Nov;34(11):2275–2285.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Tarrant BJ, Le Maitre C, Romero L, et al. Mucoactive agents for chronic, non-cystic fibrosis lung disease: A systematic review and meta-analysis. Respirology. 2017 Aug;22(6):1084–1092.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Nair GB, Ilowite JS. Pharmacologic agents for mucus clearance in bronchiectasis. Clin Chest Med. 2012 Jun;33(2):363–370.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Blasi F, Page C, Rossolini GM, et al. The effect of N-acetylcysteine on biofilms: implications for the treatment of respiratory tract infections. Respir Med. 2016;117:190–197.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Wilkinson M, Sugumar K, Milan SJ, et al. Mucolytics for bronchiectasis. Cochrane Database Syst Rev. 2014 May;2(5):CD001289.
   Google Scholar
• Daviskas E, Anderson SD, Young IH. Effect of mannitol and repetitive coughing on the sputum properties in bronchiectasis. Respir Med. 2010 Mar;104(3):371–377.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Bilton D, Tino G, Barker AF, et al. Inhaled mannitol for non-cystic fibrosis bronchiectasis: a randomised, controlled trial. Thorax. 2014 Dec;69(12):1073–1079.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Herrero-Cortina B, Alcaraz V, Vilaro J, et al. Impact of hypertonic saline solutions on sputum expectoration and their safety profile in patients with bronchiectasis: a randomized crossover trial. J Aerosol Med Pulm Drug Deliv. 2018 Jun 7.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Elkins MR, Robinson M, Rose BR, et al. A controlled trial of long-term inhaled hypertonic saline in patients with cystic fibrosis. N Engl J Med. 2006 Jan 19;354(3):229–240.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Elkins M, Dentice R. Timing of hypertonic saline inhalation for cystic fibrosis. Cochrane Database Syst Rev. 2016 Dec;22(12):CD008816.
   Google Scholar
• Desai M, Weller PH, Spencer DA. Clinical benefit from nebulized human recombinant DNase in Kartagener’s syndrome. Pediatr Pulmonol. 1995 Nov;20(5):307–308.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Snijders D, Calgaro S, Bertozzi I, et al. Inhaled mucoactive drugs for treating non-cystic fibrosis bronchiectasis in children. Int J Immunopathol Pharmacol. 2013 Apr-Jun;26(2):529–534.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• El-Abiad NM, Clifton S, Nasr SZ. Long-term use of nebulized human recombinant DNase1 in two siblings with primary ciliary dyskinesia. Respir Med. 2007 Oct;101(10):2224–2226.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Wills PJ, Wodehouse T, Corkery K, et al. Short-term recombinant human DNase in bronchiectasis. Effect on clinical state and in vitro sputum transportability. Am J Respir Crit Care Med. 1996 Aug;154(2 Pt 1):413–417.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• O’Donnell AE, Barker AF, Ilowite JS, et al. Treatment of idiopathic bronchiectasis with aerosolized recombinant human DNase I. rhDNase Study Group Chest. 1998 May;113(5):1329–1334.
   Google Scholar
• Caylak H, Genc O, Kavakli K, et al. Surgical management of bronchiectasis: a collective review of 339 patients with long-term follow-up. Thorac Cardiovasc Surg. 2011 Dec;59(8):479–483.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Andrade CF, Melo IA, Holand AR, et al. Surgical treatment of non-cystic fibrosis bronchiectasis in Brazilian children. Pediatr Surg Int. 2014 Jan;30(1):63–69.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Marostica PJ, Fischer GB. Non-cystic-fibrosis bronchiectasis: a perspective from South America. Paediatr Respir Rev. 2006 Dec;7(4):275–280.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Balci AE, Balci TA, Ozyurtan MO. Current surgical therapy for bronchiectasis: surgical results and predictive factors in 86 patients. Ann Thorac Surg. 2014 Jan;97(1):211–217.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Coutinho D, Fernandes P, Guerra M, et al. Surgical treatment of bronchiectasis: A review of 20 years of experience. Rev Port Pneumol. 2016 Mar-Apr;22(2):82–85.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar