281
Views
7
CrossRef citations to date
0
Altmetric
Review

Pharmacological treatment of focal epilepsy in adults: an evidence based approach

ORCID Icon
Pages 317-323 | Received 26 Aug 2020, Accepted 24 Sep 2020, Published online: 15 Oct 2020

References

  • Thijs RD, Surges R, O’Brien TJ, et al. Epilepsy in adults. Lancet. 2019;393:689–701.
  • Allers K, Essue BM, Hackett ML, et al. The economic impact of epilepsy: a systematic review. BMC Neurol. 2015;15:245.
  • The BE. Epidemiology of epilepsy. Neuroepidemiology. 2020;54:185–191.
  • Perucca E, Brodie MJ, Kwan P, et al. 30 years of second-generation antiseizure medications: impact and future perspectives. Lancet Neurol. 2020;19:544–556.
  • Perucca E, Tomson T. The pharmacological treatment of epilepsy in adults. Lancet Neurol. 2011;10:446–456.
  • French JA, White HS, Klitgaard H, et al. Development of new treatment approaches for epilepsy: unmet needs and opportunities. Epilepsia. 2013;54(Suppl 4):3–12.
  • Brodie MJ, Barry SJ, Bamagous GA, et al. Patterns of treatment response in newly diagnosed epilepsy. Neurology. 2012;78:1548–1554.
  • Kwan P, Arzimanoglou A, Berg AT, et al. Definition of drug resistant epilepsy: consensus proposal by the ad hoc task force of the ILAE commission on therapeutic strategies. Epilepsia. 2010;51:1069–1077.
  • Beyenburg S, Stavem K, Schmidt D. Placebo-corrected efficacy of modern antiepileptic drugs for refractory epilepsy: systematic review and meta-analysis. Epilepsia. 2010;51:7–26.
  • Mula M, Zaccara G, Galimberti CA, et al. Validated outcome of treatment changes according to international league against epilepsy criteria in adults with drug-resistant focal epilepsy. Epilepsia. 2019;60:1114–1123.
  • Chen Z, Brodie MJ, Liew D, et al. Treatment outcomes in patients with newly diagnosed epilepsy treated with established and new antiepileptic drugs: a 30-year longitudinal cohort study. JAMA Neurol. 2018;75:279–286.
  • Glauser T, Ben-Menachem E, Bourgeois B, et al. Updated ILAE evidence review of antiepileptic drug efficacy and effectiveness as initial monotherapy for epileptic seizures and syndromes. Epilepsia. 2013;54:551–563.
  • Edlund PW, Gronseth G, So Y, et al. CLINICAL PRACTICE GUIDELINE PROCESS MANUAL n.d.:57.
  • Baulac M, Rosenow F, Toledo M, et al. Efficacy, safety, and tolerability of lacosamide monotherapy versus controlled-release carbamazepine in patients with newly diagnosed epilepsy: a phase 3, randomised, double-blind, non-inferiority trial. Lancet Neurol. 2017;16:43–54.
  • Trinka E, Ben-Menachem E, Kowacs PA, et al. Efficacy and safety of eslicarbazepine acetate versus controlled-release carbamazepine monotherapy in newly diagnosed epilepsy: A phase III double-blind, randomized, parallel-group, multicenter study. Epilepsia. 2018;59:479–491.
  • Lattanzi S, Zaccara G, Giovannelli F, et al. Antiepileptic monotherapy in newly diagnosed focal epilepsy. a network meta-analysis. Acta Neurol Scand. 2019;139:33–41.
  • Werhahn KJ, Trinka E, Dobesberger J, et al. A randomized, double-blind comparison of antiepileptic drug treatment in the elderly with new-onset focal epilepsy. Epilepsia. 2015;56:450–459.
  • Lezaic N, Gore G, Josephson CB, et al. The medical treatment of epilepsy in the elderly: A systematic review and meta-analysis. Epilepsia. 2019;60:1325–1340.
  • Lattanzi S, Trinka E, Del Giovane C, et al. Antiepileptic drug monotherapy for epilepsy in the elderly: a systematic review and network meta-analysis. Epilepsia. 2019;60:2245–2254.
  • Nevitt SJ, Marson AG, Weston J, et al. Sodium valproate versus phenytoin monotherapy for epilepsy: an individual participant data review. Cochrane Database Syst Rev. 2018;8:CD001769.
  • Brigo F, Igwe SC, Bragazzi NL, et al. Clonazepam monotherapy for treating people with newly diagnosed epilepsy. Cochrane Database Syst Rev. 2019;2019. DOI:10.1002/14651858.CD013028.pub2
  • Nevitt SJ, Tudur Smith C, Weston J, et al. Lamotrigine versus carbamazepine monotherapy for epilepsy: an individual participant data review. Cochrane Database Syst Rev. 2018;6:CD001031.
  • Eke T, Talbot JF, Lawden MC. Severe persistent visual field constriction associated with vigabatrin. BMJ. 1997;314:180–181.
  • Brickel N, Hewett K, Rayner K, et al. Safety of retigabine in adults with partial-onset seizures after long-term exposure: focus on unexpected ophthalmological and dermatological events. Epilepsy Behav. 2020;102:106580.
  • Baker GA, Bromley RL, Briggs M, et al. IQ at 6 years after in utero exposure to antiepileptic drugs: a controlled cohort study. Neurology. 2015;84:382–390.
  • Christensen J, Grønborg TK, Sørensen MJ, et al. Prenatal valproate exposure and risk of autism spectrum disorders and childhood autism. JAMA. 2013;309:1696–1703.
  • Tomson T, Battino D, Bonizzoni E, et al. Comparative risk of major congenital malformations with eight different antiepileptic drugs: a prospective cohort study of the EURAP registry. Lancet Neurol. 2018;17:530–538.
  • Kinney MO, Morrow J, Patterson CC, et al. Changing antiepilepsy drug-prescribing trends in women with epilepsy in the UK and Ireland and the impact on major congenital malformations. J Neurol Neurosurg Psychiatry. 2018;89:1320–1323.
  • Lee BI, No SK, Yi S-D, et al. Unblinded, randomized multicenter trial comparing lamotrigine and valproate combination with controlled-release carbamazepine monotherapy as initial drug regimen in untreated epilepsy. Seizure. 2018;55:17–24.
  • Bresnahan R, Panebianco M, Marson AG. Brivaracetam add-on therapy for drug-resistant epilepsy. Cochrane Database Syst Rev. 2019;3:CD011501.
  • Chang X-C, Yuan H, Wang Y, et al. Eslicarbazepine acetate add-on for drug-resistant partial epilepsy. Cochrane Database Syst Rev. 2017;10:CD008907.
  • Bresnahan R, Hounsome J, Jette N, et al. Topiramate add-on therapy for drug-resistant focal epilepsy. Cochrane Database Syst Rev. 2019;10:CD001417.
  • Bresnahan R, Gianatsi M, Maguire MJ, et al. Vigabatrin add-on therapy for drug-resistant focal epilepsy. Cochrane Database Syst Rev. 2020;7:CD007302.
  • Brigo F, Lattanzi S, Igwe SC, et al. Zonisamide add-on therapy for focal epilepsy. Cochrane Database Syst Rev. 2018;10:CD001416.
  • Panebianco M, Bresnahan R, Ramaratnam S, et al. Lamotrigine add-on therapy for drug-resistant focal epilepsy. Cochrane Database Syst Rev. 2020;3:CD001909.
  • Mbizvo GK, Dixon P, Hutton JL, et al. Levetiracetam add-on for drug-resistant focal epilepsy: an updated cochrane review. Cochrane Database Syst Rev. 2012;CD001901. DOI:10.1002/14651858.CD001901.pub2
  • Brodie MJ, Besag F, Ettinger AB, et al. Epilepsy, antiepileptic drugs, and aggression: an evidence-based review. Pharmacol Rev. 2016;68:563–602.
  • Bresnahan R, Atim-Oluk M, Marson AG. Oxcarbazepine add-on for drug-resistant focal epilepsy. Cochrane Database Syst Rev. 2020;3:CD012433.
  • Weston J, Shukralla A, McKay AJ, et al. Lacosamide add-on therapy for partial epilepsy. Cochrane Database Syst Rev. 2015;CD008841. DOI:10.1002/14651858.CD008841.pub2
  • Hsu WWQ, Sing CW, He Y, Worsley AJ, Wong ICK, Chan EW. Systematic review and meta-analysis of the efficacy and safety of perampanel in the treatment of partial-onset epilepsy. CNS Drugs. 2013;27:817–827.
  • Panebianco M, Al-Bachari S, Weston J, et al. Gabapentin add-on treatment for drug-resistant focal epilepsy. Cochrane Database Syst Rev. 2018;10:CD001415.
  • Bresnahan R, Martin-McGill KJ, Hutton JL, et al. Tiagabine add-on therapy for drug-resistant focal epilepsy. Cochrane Database Syst Rev. 2019;10:CD001908.
  • Hariri G, Ferre A, Legriel S Tiagabine-related status epilepticus: a case report and systematic literature review. Acta Neurol Belg 2020. DOI:10.1007/s13760-020-01464-6
  • Panebianco M, Bresnahan R, Hemming K, Marson AG. Pregabalin add-on for drug-resistant focal epilepsy. Cochrane Database Syst Rev. 2019;7:CD005612.
  • Brigo F, Igwe SC, Bragazzi NL. Stiripentol add-on therapy for focal refractory epilepsy. Cochrane Database Syst Rev. 2018;5:CD009887.
  • Sergott RC, Johnson CA, Laxer KD, et al. Retinal structure and function in vigabatrin-treated adult patients with refractory complex partial seizures. Epilepsia. 2016;57:1634–1642.
  • Shi LL, Bresnahan R, Martin-McGill KJ, et al. Felbamate add-on therapy for drug-resistant focal epilepsy. Cochrane Database Syst Rev. 2019;8:CD008295.
  • Bresnahan R, Martin-McGill KJ, Williamson J, et al. Clobazam add-on therapy for drug-resistant epilepsy. Cochrane Database Syst Rev. 2019;10:CD004154.
  • Costa J, Fareleira F, Ascencao R, et al. Clinical comparability of the new antiepileptic drugs in refractory partial epilepsy: a systematic review and meta-analysis. Epilepsia. 2011;52:1280–1291.
  • Mula M. Emerging drugs for focal epilepsy. Expert Opin Emerg Drugs. 2018;23:243–249.
  • van Scheppingen J, Broekaart DWM, Scholl T, et al. Dysregulation of the (immuno)proteasome pathway in malformations of cortical development. J Neuroinflammation. 2016;13. DOI:10.1186/s12974-016-0662-z
  • French JA, Lawson JA, Yapici Z, et al. Adjunctive everolimus therapy for treatment-resistant focal-onset seizures associated with tuberous sclerosis (EXIST-3): a phase 3, randomised, double-blind, placebo-controlled study. Lancet. 2016;388:2153–2163.
  • Franz DN, Lawson JA, Yapici Z, et al. Everolimus for treatment-refractory seizures in TSC: extension of a randomized controlled trial. Neurol Clin Pract. 2018;8:412–420.
  • Lattanzi S, Brigo F, Trinka E, et al. Adjunctive cannabidiol in patients with dravet syndrome: a systematic review and meta-analysis of efficacy and safety. CNS Drugs. 2020;34:229–241.
  • Dhir A. Cenobamate for the treatment of focal epilepsy. Drugs Today. 2020;56:233–240.
  • Vernillet L, Greene SA, Kamin M. Pharmacokinetics of cenobamate: results from single and multiple oral ascending-dose studies in healthy subjects. Clin Pharmacol Drug Dev. 2020;9:428–443.
  • Dinsmore S Clinical Review NDA 212839 (cenobamate) XCOPRI. Center for Drug Evaluation and Research, U.S. Food and Drug Administration 2019.[cited 2020 Aug 17]. Available from: https://www.accessdata.fda.gov/drugsatfda_docs/nda/2019/212839Orig1s000M edR.pdf
  • Sperling MR, Klein P, Aboumatar S, et al. Cenobamate (YKP3089) as adjunctive treatment for uncontrolled focal seizures in a large, phase 3, multicenter, open-label safety study. Epilepsia. 2020;61:1099–1108.
  • Chung SS, French JA, Kowalski J, et al. Randomized phase 2 study of adjunctive cenobamate in patients with uncontrolled focal seizures. Neurology. 2020;94:e2311–22.
  • Krauss GL, Klein P, Brandt C, et al. Safety and efficacy of adjunctive cenobamate (YKP3089) in patients with uncontrolled focal seizures: a multicentre, double-blind, randomised, placebo-controlled, dose-response trial. Lancet Neurol. 2020;19:38–48.
  • DGA K-NT, DiVentura BD, Pollard JR, et al. Suppression of the photoparoxysmal response in photosensitive epilepsy with cenobamate (YKP3089). Neurology. 2019;93:e559–67.
  • Lattanzi S, Trinka E, Zaccara G, et al. Adjunctive cenobamate for focal-onset seizures in adults: a systematic review and meta-analysis. CNS Drugs. 2020. DOI:10.1007/s40263-020-00759-9
  • Tennis P, Stern RS. Risk of serious cutaneous disorders after initiation of use of phenytoin, carbamazepine, or sodium valproate: a record linkage study. Neurology. 1997;49:542–546.

Reprints and Corporate Permissions

Please note: Selecting permissions does not provide access to the full text of the article, please see our help page How do I view content?

To request a reprint or corporate permissions for this article, please click on the relevant link below:

Academic Permissions

Please note: Selecting permissions does not provide access to the full text of the article, please see our help page How do I view content?

Obtain permissions instantly via Rightslink by clicking on the button below:

If you are unable to obtain permissions via Rightslink, please complete and submit this Permissions form. For more information, please visit our Permissions help page.