References
- Ollendick TH, Jarrett MA, Grills-Taquechel AE, et al. Comorbidity as a predictor and moderator of treatment outcome in youth with anxiety, affective, attention deficit/hyperactivity disorder, and oppositional/conduct disorders. Clin Psychol Rev. 2008;28(8):1447–1471.
- Barkley RA, Peters H. The earliest reference to ADHD in the medical literature? Melchior Adam Weikard’s description in 1775 of “attention deficit” (mangel der Aufmerksamkeit, Attentio Volubilis). J Atten Disord. 2012;16(8):623–630.
- Perera B, Courtenay K. ADHD and challenging behaviour in people with intellectual disability: should we screen for ADHD? Psychiatr Danub. 2017;29(Suppl 3):562–564.
- Perera B. Attention deficit hyperactivity disorder in people with intellectual disability. Ir J Psychol Med. 2018;35(3):213–219.
- Rose E, Bramham J, Young S, et al. Neuropsychological characteristics of adults with comorbid ADHD and borderline/mild intellectual disability. Res Dev Disabil. 2009;30(3):496–502.
- Al‐Khudairi R, Perera B, Solomou S, et al. Adults with intellectual disability and attention deficit hyperactivity disorder: clinical characteristics and medication profiles. Br J Lear Disabil. 2019;47(2): 145–152. .
- American Psychiatric Association. Diagnostic and statistical manual of mental disorders: DSM-5. Arlington: American Psychiatric Publishing; 2013.
- Thapar A, Cooper M, Rutter M. Neurodevelopmental disorders. Lancet Psychiatry. 2017;4(4):339–346.
- Cooper SA, Smiley E, Morrison J, et al. Mental ill-health in adults with intellectual disabilities: prevalence and associated factors. Br J Psychiatry. 2007;190(1):27–35.
- Hughes-McCormack LA, Rydzewska E, Henderson A, et al. Prevalence of mental health conditions and relationship with general health in a whole-country population of people with intellectual disabilities compared with the general population. BJPsych Open. 2017;3(5):243–248.
- Polanczyk G, Rohde LA. Epidemiology of attention-deficit/hyperactivity disorder across the lifespan. Curr Opin Psychiatry. 2007;20(4):386–392.
- Simon V, Czobor P, Bálint S, et al. Prevalence and correlates of adult attention-deficit hyperactivity disorder: meta-analysis. Br J Psychiatry. 2009;194(3):204–211.
- Polanczyk G, De Lima MS, Horta BL, et al. The worldwide prevalence of ADHD: A systematic review and metaregression analysis. Am J Psychiatry. 2007;164(6):942–948.
- Fayyad J, De Graaf R, Kessler R, et al. Cross-national prevalence and correlates of adult attention-deficit hyperactivity disorder. Br J Psychiatry. 2007;190(5):402–409.
- Emerson E. Prevalence of psychiatric disorders in children and adolescents with and without intellectual disability. J Intellect Disabil Res. 2003;47(1):51–58.
- Simonoff E, Pickles A, Wood N, et al. ADHD symptoms in children with mild intellectual disability. J Am Acad Child Adolesc Psychiatry. 2007;46(5):591–600.
- Voigt RG, Barbaresi WJ, Colligan RC, et al. Developmental dissociation, deviance, and delay: occurrence of attention‐deficit‐hyperactivity disorder in individuals with and without borderline‐to‐mild intellectual disability. Dev Med Child Neurol. 2006;48(10):831–835.
- Baker BL, Neece CL, Fenning RM, et al. Mental disorders in five-year-old children with or without developmental delay: focus on ADHD. J Clin Child Adolesc Psychol. 2010;39(4):492–505.
- Neece CL, Baker BL, Crnic K, et al. Examining the validity of ADHD as a diagnosis for adolescents with intellectual disabilities: clinical presentation. J Abnorm Child Psychol. 2013;41(4):597–612.
- Perera B, Audi S, Solomou S, et al. Mental and physical health conditions in people with intellectual disabilities: comparing local and national data. Br J Learn Disabil. 2020;48(1):19–27. .
- Lowe K, Allen D, Jones E, et al. Challenging behaviours: prevalence and topographies. J Intellect Disabil Res. 2007;51(8):625–636.
- Ahuja A, Martin J, Langley K, et al. Intellectual disability in children with attention deficit hyperactivity disorder. J Pediatr. 2013;163(3):890–895.
- Xenitidis K, Paliokosta E, Rose E, et al. ADHD symptom presentation and trajectory in adults with borderline and mild intellectual disability. J Intellect Disabil Res. 2010;54(7):668–677.
- Kolias AG, Cowie CJ, Tarnaris A, et al. Proposal for a British neurosurgical trainee research collaborative. Br J Neurosurg. 2012;26(3):434–435.
- Dowswell G, Bartlett DC, Futaba K, et al. How to set up and manage a trainee-led research collaborative. BMC Med Educ. 2014;14(1):1–6.
- Harris PA, Taylor R, Thielke R, et al. Research electronic data capture (REDCap)—a metadata-driven methodology and workflow process for providing translational research informatics support. J Biomed Inform. 2009;42(2):377–381.
- Willcutt EG. The prevalence of DSM-IV attention-deficit/hyperactivity disorder: a meta-analytic review. Neurotherapeutics. 2012;9(3):490–499.
- Fayyad J, Sampson NA, Hwang I, et al. The descriptive epidemiology of DSM-IV adult ADHD in the world health organization world mental health surveys. ADHD Atten Def Hyp Disord. 2017;9(1):47–65.
- Sheehan R, Hassiotis A, Walters K, et al. Mental illness, challenging behaviour, and psychotropic drug prescribing in people with intellectual disability: UK population based cohort study. BMJ. 2015;351:h4326.
- McQuire C, Hassiotis A, Harrison B, et al. Pharmacological interventions for challenging behaviour in children with intellectual disabilities: a systematic review and meta-analysis. BMC Psychiatry. 2015;15(1):303.
- Clark T, Feehan C, Tinline C, et al. Autistic symptoms in children with attention deficit-hyperactivity disorder. Eur Child Adolesc Psychiatry. 1999;8(1):50–55.
- Williams NM, Zaharieva I, Martin A, et al. Rare chromosomal deletions and duplications in attention-deficit hyperactivity disorder: a genome-wide analysis. Lancet. 2010;376(9750):1401–1408.
- Reichow B, Volkmar FR, Bloch MH. Systematic review and meta-analysis of pharmacological treatment of the symptoms of attention-deficit/hyperactivity disorder in children with pervasive developmental disorders. J Autism Dev Disord. 2013;43(10):2435–2441.
- Bowring DL, Totsika V, Hastings RP, et al. Challenging behaviours in adults with an intellectual disability: a total population study and exploration of risk indices. Br J Clin Psychol. 2017;56(1):16–32.
- Shaw M, Hodgkins P, Caci H, et al. A systematic review and analysis of long-term outcomes in attention deficit hyperactivity disorder: effects of treatment and non-treatment. BMC Med. 2012;10:99.