References
- Al-Tayyib, A. A., Koester, S., & Riggs, P. (2017). Prescription opioids prior to injection drug use: Comparisons and public health implications. Addictive Behaviors, 65, 224–228. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.addbeh.2016.08.016
- Al-Tayyib, A., Riggs, P., Mikulich-Gilbertson, S., & Hopfer, C. (2018). Prevalence of nonmedical use of prescription opioids and association with co-occurring substance use disorders among adolescents in substance use treatment. Journal of Adolescent Health, 62(2), 241–244. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jadohealth.2017.09.018
- Arria, A. M., & Compton, W. M. (2017). Complexities in understanding and addressing the serious public health issues related to the nonmedical use of prescription drugs. Addictive Behaviors, 65, 215–217. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.addbeh.2016.09.002
- Back, S. E., Payne, R. L., Simpson, A. N., & Brady, K. T. (2010). Gender and prescription opioids: Findings from the national survey on drug use and health. Addictive Behaviors, 35(11), 1001–1007. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.addbeh.2010.06.018
- Boyd, C. J., Young, A., Grey, M., & McCabe, S. E. (2009). Adolescents’ nonmedical use of prescription medications and other problem behaviors. Journal of Adolescent Health, 45(6), 543–550. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jadohealth.2009.03.023
- Canadian Centre on Substance Abuse. (2017). Canadian Drug Summary: Prescription Opioids. Canadian Centre on Substance Use and Addiction.
- Canadian Institute for Health Information. (2018). Opioid-related harms in Canada, December 2018. CIHI.
- Cicero, T. J., Ellis, M. S., Surratt, H. L., & Kurtz, S. P. (2013). Factors influencing the selection of hydrocodone and oxycodone as primary opioids in substance abusers seeking treatment in the United States. PAIN, 154(12), 2639–2648. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.pain.2013.07.025
- Clayton, H. B., Demissie, Z., Lowry, R., Lundeen, E. A., Sharma, A. J., & Bohm, M. K. (2017a). Unhealthy weight management practices and non-medical use of prescription drugs. American Journal of Preventive Medicine, 52(2), 215–219. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.amepre.2016.09.015
- Clayton, H. B., Lowry, R., Basile, K. C., Demissie, Z., & Bohm, M. K. (2017b). Physical and sexual dating violence and nonmedical use of prescription drugs. Pediatrics, 140(6), e20172289. https://doi.org/10.1542/peds.2017-2289
- Conn, B. M., & Marks, A. K. (2017). An ecological approach to understanding adolescent prescription drug misuse. Journal of Adolescent Research, 32(2), 183–204. https://doi.org/10.1177/0743558415589369
- Drazdowski, T. K. (2016). A systematic review of the motivations for the non-medical use of prescription drugs in young adults. Drug and Alcohol Dependence, 162, 3–25. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.drugalcdep.2016.01.011
- Elton-Marshall, T., Leatherdale, S. T., Manske, S. R., Wong, K., Ahmed, R., & Burkhalter, R. (2011). Research methods of the youth smoking survey (YSS). Chronic Diseases and Injuries in Canada, 32(1), 47–54. Retrieved from https://www.canada.ca/en/public-health/services/reports-publications/health-promotion-chronic-disease-prevention-canada-research-policy-practice/vol-32-no-1-2011/research-methods-youth-smoking-survey.html
- Guo, L., Xu, Y., Deng, J., Huang, J., Huang, G., Gao, X., Wu, H., Pan, S., Zhang, W.H., Lu, C. (2016). Association between nonmedical use of prescription drugs and suicidal behavior among adolescents. JAMA Pediatrics, 170(10), 971. https://doi.org/10.1001/jamapediatrics.2016.1802
- Harris, K. M., Griffin, B. A., McCaffrey, D. F., & Morral, A. R. (2008). Inconsistencies in self-reported drug use by adolescents in substance abuse treatment: Implications for outcome and performance measurements. Journal of Substance Abuse Treatment, 34(3), 347–355. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jsat.2007.05.004
- Jones, C. M. (2017). The paradox of decreasing nonmedical opioid analgesic use and increasing abuse or dependence — An assessment of demographic and substance use trends, United States, 2003–2014. Addictive Behaviors, 65, 229–235. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.addbeh.2016.08.027
- Karjalainen, K., Lintonen, T., & Hakkarainen, P. (2017, September 1). Illicit drug use is increasing among non-medical users of prescription drugs—results from population-based Surveys 2002–2014. Drug and Alcohol Dependence, 178, 430–434. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.drugalcdep.2017.05.041
- Leatherdale, S. T., Brown, K. S., Carson, V., Childs, R. A., Dubin, J. A., Elliott, S. J., … Thompson-Haile, A. (2014). The COMPASS study: A longitudinal hierarchical research platform for evaluating natural experiments related to changes in school-level programs, policies and built environment resources. BMC Public Health, 14(1), 331. https://doi.org/10.1186/1471-2458-14-331
- Levy, S. (2019). Youth and the opioid epidemic. Pediatrics, 143(2), e20182752. https://doi.org/10.1542/peds.2018-2752
- Lin, L. A., Walton, M. A., Bonar, E. E., & Blow, F. C. (2016). Trajectories of nonmedical use of prescription opioids among adolescents in primary care. Addiction Research & Theory, 24(6), 514–520. https://doi.org/10.1080/16066359.2016.1178244
- McCabe, S. E., Schulenberg, J. E., O’Malley, P. M., Patrick, M. E., & Kloska, D. D. (2014). Non-medical use of prescription opioids during the transition to adulthood: A multi-cohort national longitudinal study. Addiction, 109(1), 102–110. https://doi.org/10.1111/add.2014.109.issue-1
- McCabe, S. E., Veliz, P. V., & Schulenberg, J. E. (2016). Adolescent context of exposure to prescription opioids and substance use disorder symptoms at age 35. PAIN, 157(10), 2173–2178. https://doi.org/10.1097/j.pain.0000000000000624
- McCabe, S. E., West, B. T., & Boyd, C. J. (2013a). Medical use, medical misuse, and nonmedical use of prescription opioids: Results from a longitudinal study. PAIN, 154(5), 708–713. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.pain.2013.01.011
- McCabe, S. E., West, B. T., & Boyd, C. J. (2013b). Motives for medical misuse of prescription opioids among adolescents. The Journal of Pain, 14(10), 1208–1216. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jpain.2013.05.004
- McCabe, S. E., West, B. T., Morales, M., Cranford, J. A., & Boyd, C. J. (2007). Does early onset of non-medical use of prescription drugs predict subsequent prescription drug abuse and dependence? Results from a national study. Addiction, 102(12), 1920–1930. https://doi.org/10.1111/add.2007.102.issue-12
- McCabe, S. E., West, B. T., Teter, C. J., & Boyd, C. J. (2012a). Medical and nonmedical use of prescription opioids among high school seniors in the United States. Archives of Pediatrics & Adolescent Medicine, 166(9), 797. https://doi.org/10.1001/archpediatrics.2012.85
- McCabe, S. E., West, B. T., Teter, C. J., Cranford, J. A., Ross-Durow, P. L., & Boyd, C. J. (2012b). Adolescent nonmedical users of prescription opioids: Brief screening and substance use disorders. Addictive Behaviors, 37(5), 651–656. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.addbeh.2012.01.021
- McCabe, S. E., Wilens, T. E., Boyd, C. J., Chua, K.-P., Voepel-Lewis, T., & Schepis, T. S. (2019). Age-specific risk of substance use disorders associated with controlled medication use and misuse subtypes in the United States. Addictive Behaviors, 90, 285–293. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.addbeh.2018.11.010
- McHugh, R. K., Nielsen, S., & Weiss, R. D. (2015). Prescription drug abuse: From epidemiology to public policy. Journal of Substance Abuse Treatment, 48(1), 1–7. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jsat.2014.08.004
- Murphy, Y., Goldner, E. M., & Fischer, B. (2015). Prescription opioid use, harms and interventions in Canada: A review update of new developments and findings since 2010. Pain Physician, 18, E605–E614. Retrieved from https://www.painphysicianjournal.com/linkout?issn=1533-3159&vol=18&page=E605
- Nakawaki, B., & Crano, W. D. (2012). Predicting adolescents’ persistence, non-persistence, and recent onset of nonmedical use of opioids and stimulants. Addictive Behaviors, 37(6), 716–721. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.addbeh.2012.02.011
- National Advisory Committee on Prescription Drug Misuse. (2013). First do no harm: Responding to Canada’s prescription drug crisis. Canadian Centre on Substance Use and Addiction.
- Osborne, V., Serdarevic, M., Crooke, H., Striley, C., & Cottler, L. B. (2017). Non-medical opioid use in youth: Gender differences in risk factors and prevalence. Addictive Behaviors, 72, 114–119. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.addbeh.2017.03.024
- Pierce, J. P., Choi, W. S., Gilpin, E. A., Farkas, A. J., & Merritt, R. K. (1996). Validation of susceptibility as a predictor of which adolescents take up smoking in the United States. Health Psychology, 15(5), 355–361. https://doi.org/10.1037/0278-6133.15.5.355
- Pierce, J. P., Farkas, A. J., Evans, N., & Gilpin, E. (1995). An improved surveillance measure for adolescent smoking? Tobacco Control, 4(Suppl 1), S47–56. https://doi.org/10.1136/tc.4.suppl1.S47
- Qian, W., Battista, K., Bredin, C., Brown, K. S., & Leatherdale, S. T. (2015). Assessing longitudinal data linkage results in the COMPASS study. Compass Technical Report Series, 3(4). Retrieved from https://uwaterloo.ca/compass-system/publications/assessing-longitudinal-data-linkage-results-compass-study
- Reel, B., Battista, K., Bredin, C., & Leatherdale, S. T. (2019). COMPASS questionnaire changes from year 1 to year 7. Compass Technical Report Series, 6(1). Retrieved from https://uwaterloo.ca/compass-system/publications/compass-questionnaire-changes-year-1-year-7
- Schepis, T. S., & Krishnan-Sarin, S. (2008). Characterizing adolescent prescription misusers: A population-based study. Journal of the American Academy of Child & Adolescent Psychiatry, 47(7), 745–754. doi:10.1097/CHI.0b013e318172ef0ld
- Schepis, T. S., Teter, C. J., & McCabe, S. E. (2018). Prescription drug use, misuse and related substance use disorder symptoms vary by educational status and attainment in U.S. adolescents and young adults. Drug and Alcohol Dependence, 189, 172–177. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.drugalcdep.2018.05.017
- Tucker, J. S., Ewing, B. A., Miles, J. N. V., Shih, R. A., Pedersen, E. R., & D’Amico, E. J. (2015, November 1). Predictors and consequences of prescription drug misuse during middle School. Drug and Alcohol Dependence, 156, 254–260. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.drugalcdep.2015.09.018
- Vaughn, M. G., Nelson, E. J., Salas-Wright, C. P., Qian, Z., & Schootman, M. (2016, February). Racial and ethnic trends and correlates of non-medical use of prescription opioids among adolescents in the United States 2004–2013. Journal of Psychiatric Research, 73, 17–24. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jpsychires.2015.11.003
- Wenner, A., & Gigli, K. H. (2016). Opioid addiction in adolescents: A background and policy brief. Journal of Pediatric Health Care, 30(6), 606–609. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.pedhc.2016.08.001
- Wu, L.-T., Blazer, D. G., Li, T.-K., & Woody, G. E. (2011). Treatment use and barriers among adolescents with prescription opioid use disorders. Addictive Behaviors, 36(12), 1233–1239. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.addbeh.2011.07.033
- Yantsides, K. E., Tracy, M. R., & Skeer, M. (2017). Non-medical use of prescription drugs and its association with heroin use among high school students. Journal of Substance Use, 22(1), 102–107. https://doi.org/10.1080/14659891.2016.1217089
- Young, A. M., Glover, N., & Havens, J. R. (2012). Nonmedical use of prescription medications among adolescents in the United States: A systematic review. Journal of Adolescent Health, 51(1), 6–17. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jadohealth.2012.01.011
- Zuckermann, A. M. E., Williams, G., Battista, K., de Groh, M., Jiang, Y., & Leatherdale, S. T. (2019, December). Trends of poly-substance use among Canadian youth. Addictive Behaviors Reports, 10, 100189. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.abrep.2019.100189