197
Views
0
CrossRef citations to date
0
Altmetric
Research Articles

Opportunistic nationalism and racism: race, nation, and online mobilization in the context of the Polish Independence March 2020

ORCID Icon, &

Bibliography

  • Ames, N. ‘Serbian Football’s eye-watering Racism Problem Shows No Sign of Abating’. The Guardian. 2017. https://www.theguardian.com/ (accessed March 17, 2021).
  • Arnold, R. ‘Systematic Racist Violence in Russia: Between “Hate Crime” and “Ethnic Conflict’. Theoretical Criminology 19 (2015): 239–256. doi:10.1177/1362480615581102.
  • Arnold, R. ‘Sport and Official Nationalism in Modern Russia’. Problems of Post-Communism 65 (2018): 129–141. doi:10.1080/10758216.2018.1425093.
  • Arnold, R., and K.M. Veth. ‘Racism and Russian Football Supporters’ Culture. A Case for Concern?’. Problems of Post-Communism 65 (2018): 88–100. doi:10.1080/10758216.2017.1414613.
  • Bairner, A. ‘National Sports and National Landscapes: In Defence of Primordialism’. National Identities 11 (2009): 223–239. doi:10.1080/14608940903081101.
  • Bakic, J. Right-Wing Extremism in Serbia. Friedrich-Ebert-Stiftung: Berlin, 2013, http://library.fes.de/ (accessed March 17, 2021).
  • Barna, I., and B. Hunyadi. ‘Zenit St Petersburg Fans Want Black and Gay Players Excluded’. 2012. https://www.bbc.com/sport/football/20770678 (accessed March 17, 2021).
  • Barna, I., and B. Hunyadi. ‘England to Report Racist Abuse of Players in Montenegro’. 2019a. https://www.bbc.com/sport/football/47700628 (accessed March 17, 2021).
  • Barna, I., and B. Hunyadi. ‘Taison: Shakhtar’s Brazil Midfielder after sending-off following Alleged Racist Abuse’. 2019b. https://www.bbc.com/sport/football/50372465 (accessed March 17, 2021).
  • Barna, I., and B. Hunyadi. ‘Report on Xenophobia and Radical Nationalism in Hungary’. Political Capital. Policy Research and Consulting, www.politicalcapital.hu/ (accessed October 5, 2019c).
  • BBC Sport. ‘Bulgaria Fans’ Racism: Racist Abuse of England Players Leads to Stadium Ban’. 2019. https://www.bbc.com/sport/football/50212951 (accessed May 8, 2021).
  • Berend, I. ‘What Is Central and Eastern Europe?’.European’. Journal of Social Theory 8 (2005): 401–416. doi:10.1177/1368431005056420.
  • Bond, A.J., D. Cockayne, J. Ludvigsen, K. Maguire, D. Parnell, D. Plumley, P. Widdop, and R. Wilson. ‘COVID-19: The Return of Football Fans’. Managing Sport and Leisure (2020). doi:10.1080/23750472.2020.1841449.
  • Boulianne, S. ‘Social Media Use and Participation: A meta-analysis of Current Research. Information’. Communication & Society 18 (2015): 524–538.
  • Bradbury, S. ‘From Racial Exclusions to New Inclusions: Black and Minority Ethnic Participation in Football Clubs in the East Midlands of England’. International Review for the Sociology of Sport 46 (2011): 23–44. doi:10.1177/1012690210371562.
  • Burdsey, D. Racism and English Football: For Club and Country. London: Routledge, 2020.
  • Burski, J., and W. Woźniak. ‘The Sociopolitical Roots of Antisemitism among Football Fandom: The Real Absence and Imagined Presence of Jews in Polish Football’. In Football and Discrimination: Antisemitism and Beyond, ed. P. Brunssen and S. SchülerSchülerSpringorum, 47–64. London: Routledge, 2021.
  • Castells, M. ‘Communication, Power and Counter-Power in the Network Society’. International Journal of Communication 1 (2007): 238–266.
  • Charlish, A., and A. Ptak. ‘Far-right Polish Independence Day March Draws Thousands despite Ban’. Reuters. 2020. https://www.reuters.com (accessed March 17, 2021).
  • Cleland, J., and E. Cashmore. ‘Football Fans’ Views of Racism in British Football’. International Review for the Sociology of Sport 51 (2016): 27–43. doi:10.1177/1012690213506585.
  • Doidge, M., R. Kossakowski, and S.-M. Mintert. Ultras: The Passion and Performance of Contemporary Football Fandom. Manchester: Manchester University Press, 2020.
  • Edensor, T. National Identity, Popular Culture and Everyday Life. Oxford: Berg, 2002.
  • Eurosport. ‘Kiedyś bananami w Olisadebe, teraz to piłkarze odpowiadają’. 2010. https://eurosport.tvn24.pl/archiwum,133/kiedys-bananami-w-olisadebe-teraz-to-pilkarze-odpowiadaja,121127.html (accessed March 29, 2021).
  • FARE. ‘Incident List’. 2020. https://www.farenet.org/get-involved/report-discrimination/incidents-lists/ (accessed March 17, 2021).
  • Ford, M. ‘Hooligans in 2020: How “Militant neo-Nazis” Have Spearheaded Coronavirus Protests’. DW. 2020. https://www.dw.com/en/hooligans-in-2020-how-militant-neo-nazis-have-spearheaded-coronavirus-protests/a-55983780 (accessed May 8, 2021).
  • Forman, J., and L. Damschroder. ‘Qualitative Content Analysis’. In Empirical Methods for Bioethics: A Primer, ed. L. Jacoby and L.A. Siminoff, 39–62. Bingley: Emerald Group Publishing Limited, 2007.
  • Gennoy, T. ‘Coronavirus: German Football Ultras Pull Together in Trying Times’. DW. 2020. https://www.dw.com/en/coronavirus-german-football-ultras-pull-together-in-trying-times/a-53168447 (accessed May 5, 2021).
  • Glathe, J. ‘Football Fan Subculture in Russia: Aggressive Support, Readiness to Fight, and Far Right Links’. Europe-Asia Studies 68 (2016a): 1506–1525.
  • Glathe, J. ‘Football Fan Subculture in Russia: Aggressive Support, Readiness to Fight, and Far Right Links’. Europe-Asia Studies 68, no. 9 (2016b): 1506–1525. doi:10.1080/09668136.2016.1244260.
  • Grodecki, M. ‘Occasional Nationalists: The National Ideology of Ultras’. Nationalities Papers. 2020. first published online, DOI: 10.1017/nps.2020.25.
  • Harsányi, L. Report on hooliganism, racism, antisemitism and intolerance in Slovak football. Bratislava: Ludia proti rasizmu, 2005:http://protinenavisti.sk/ (accessed March 17, 2021).
  • Hill, T., R. Canniford, and P. Millward. ‘Against Modern Football: Mobilising Protest Movements in Social Media’. Sociology 52 (2016): 688–708. doi:10.1177/0038038516660040.
  • Honza, H.S. ‘Demonstracja’. To My Kibice Plus 70 (2020): 6–9.
  • Hseih, H.-F.A.S., and S. E. ‘Three Approaches to Qualitative Content Analysis’. Qualitative Health Research 15 (2005): 1277–1288. doi:10.1177/1049732305276687.
  • Independent. ‘Racist Zenit St Petersburg Fans Protest over Signing of Malcom with Banner’. 2019. https://www.independent.co.uk/sport/football/world/zenit-st-petersburg-malcom-signing-barcelona-banner-protest-a9039761.html (accessed March 17, 2021).
  • Jajecznik, K. ‘The Nationalist Movement in Poland: The Third Evolution Phase of Polish Nationalism after 1989?’ In The Transformation of Nationalism in Central and Eastern Europe: Ideas and Structures, ed. K. Cordell and K. Jajecznik, 35–62. Warsaw: University of Warsaw Press, 2015.
  • Jaskułowski, K., and P. Majewski. ‘The UEFA European Football Championship 2012 and Pop Nationalism in Poland: Between Confirmation and Contestation’. Identities 23 (2016): 555–571. doi:10.1080/1070289X.2015.1075406.
  • Kossakowski, R. Hooligans, Ultras, Activist: Polish Football Fandom in Sociological Perspective. London: Palgrave, 2021.
  • Kossakowski, R., D. Antonowicz, and H. Jakubowska. ‘The Reproduction of Hegemonic Masculinity in Football Fandom: An Analysis of the Performance of Polish Ultras’. In The Palgrave Handbook of Masculinity and Sport, ed. M. Rory, C. Jamie, and E. Anderson, 517–536. Cham: Palgrave Macmillan, 2020.
  • Kossakowski, R., and T. Besta. ‘Football, Conservative Values, and A Feeling of Oneness with the Group: A Study of Polish Football Fandom’. East European Politics and Societies 32 (2018): 866–891. doi:10.1177/0888325418756991.
  • Kossakowski, R., P. Nosal, and W. Woźniak. Politics, Ideology and Football Fandom: The Transformation of Modern Poland. London: Routledge, 2020.
  • Kušnierová, D. ‘Ultras in Trnava: History, Activities and Ideology’. Ethnologia Actualis 14 (2014): 59–96. doi:10.1515/eas-2015-0004.
  • Llopis-Goig, R. ‘Racism, Xenophobia and Intolerance’. In Spanish Football and Social Change: Football Research in an Enlarged Europe, ed. R. LlopisLlopisGoig, 153–173. London: Palgrave Macmillan, 2015.
  • Łukianow, M., and P. Kocyba. ‘The Right in the Streets: The past and Present of the Polish March of Independence’. Political Research Associates. 2020. https://www.politicalresearch.org (accessed March 17 2021).
  • Magdziarz, A., and M. Santora. ‘Women Converge on Warsaw, Heightening Poland’s Largest Protests in Decades’. The New York Times. October 30, 2020. https://www.nytimes.com/2020/10/30/world/europe/poland-abortion-women-protests.html (accessed January 25, 2021).
  • Mareš, M. Right-Wing Extremism in the Czech Republic. Friedrich-Ebert-Stiftung: Berlin, 2012. https://library.fes.de/ (accessed March 17, 2021).
  • Mazurkiewicz, M. ‘The Mass Mobilization of Polish Football Fans in the Face of Covid-19: Duties of the Heart’. In Sport and the Pandemic: Perspectives on Covid-19ʹs Impact on the Sport Industry, ed. P.M. Pedersen, B.J. Ruihley, and B. Li, 196–206. London: Routledge, 2020.
  • Molnar, G., and S. Whigham. ‘Radical Right Populist Politics in Hungary: Reinventing the Magyars through Sport’. International Review for the Sociology of Sport 56 (2021): 134–148. doi:10.1177/1012690219891656.
  • Mudde, C. The Ideology of the Extreme Right. Manchester: Manchester University Press, 2000.
  • Mudde, C. The Far Right Today. Cambridge: Polity, 2019.
  • Nielsen, C.A. ‘Stronger than the State? Football Hooliganism, Political Extremism and the Gay Pride Parades in Serbia’. Sport in Society 16 (2013): 1038–1053. doi:10.1080/17430437.2013.801221.
  • Nociar, T. Right-Wing Extremism in Slovakia. Friedrich-Ebert-Stiftung: Berlin, 2012. http://library.fes.de/ (accessed March 17, 2021).
  • Nosal, P., and N. Organista. ‘Dark-skinned Pioneers in European National Football Teams: Patterns and Stories’. Soccer & Society (2021). doi:10.1080/14660970.2021.1906538.
  • Obradovic-Wochink, J. ‘Racism in Serbian Football Fan Culture: The Establishment Fails to Act’. The Guardian. 2012. https://www.theguardian.com/ (accessed March 17, 2021).
  • Oprawcy, S. ‘Jedenasty Marsz Niepodległości’. October 26, 2020a. https://stadionowioprawcy.net/news/jedenasty-marsz-niepodleglosci/ (accessed March 29, 2021).
  • Oprawcy, S. ‘LIVE Marsz Niepodległości’. November 10, 2020b. https://stadionowioprawcy.net/news/live-marsz-niepodleglosci-2020/ (accessed March 17, 2021].
  • Pankowski, R. Hateful: Monitoring Racism, Discrimination and Hate Crime in Polish and Ukrainian Football 2009-2011. Warszawa: Never Again, 2011.
  • Perasović, B., M. Mustapić, D. Vukušić, and A. Nuredinović. ‘Covid-19 and the Mobilisation of Ultras in Croatia: From Hooligans to Community Heroes and Back?’ In Sport and the Pandemic: Perspectives on Covid-19ʹs Impact on the Sport Industry, ed. P.M. Pedersen, B.J. Ruihley, and B. Li, 207–216. London: Routledge, 2020.
  • Podaliri, C., and C. Balestri. ‘The Ultras, Racism and Football Culture in Italy’. In Fanatics! Power, Identity and Fandom in Football, ed. A. Brown, 88–100. London: Routledge, 1998.
  • Purski, J. ‘Czuję się obywatelem Polski.“ Nigdy Więcej 20 (2012): https://www.nigdywiecej.org/pdf/pl/pismo/20/20-Wywiad-z-Arboleda.pdf. accessed May 5, 2021.
  • Rek-Woźniak, M., and W. Woźniak. ‘BBC’s Documentary “Stadiums of Hate” and Manufacturing of the News: Case Study in Moral Panics and Media Manipulation’. Journal of Sport and Social Issues 44 (2020): 515–533. doi:10.1177/0193723519899244.
  • Schreier, M. ‘Qualitative Content Analysis’. in The SAGE Handbook of Qualitative Data Analysis, ed. U. Flick, 170–183. London: Sage, 2014.
  • Spaaij, R. ‘Football Hooliganism as A Transnational Phenomenon: Past and Present Analysis: A Critique – More Specificity and Less Generality’. The International Journal of the History of Sport 24, no. 4 (2007): 411–431. doi:10.1080/09523360601157156.
  • Sportowy, P. ‘Strajk Kobiet: Kogo poprze kibic?’. Onet. October 27, 2020. https://www.onet.pl/sport/onetsport/strajk-kobiet-kibice-pilki-noznej-niejednomyslni/qjc61g9,d87b6cc4 (accessed March 8, 2021).
  • Stowarzyszenie, M.N. ‘Cel’. https://marszniepodleglosci.pl/cel/ (accessed January 20, 2021).
  • Sztejnberg, A., and T.L. Jasiński. ‘Postawy studentów wobec rasizmu i dyskryminacji rasowej na polskich stadionach’. Forum Oświatowe 29 (2017): 181–198.
  • Taylor, M. ‘“white Europe”: 60 000 Nationalist March on Poland’s Independence Day’. The Guardian. 2017. https://www.theguardian.com/ (accessed March 17, 2021).
  • Tomić, D. ‘On the ‘Right’ Side? the Radical Right in the Post-Yugoslav Area and the Serbian Case. Fascism’. Journal of Comparative Fascist Studies 2 (2013): 94–114.
  • Tosa, M. ‘Sport Nationalism in South Korea: An Ethnographic Study’. SAGE Open 5 (2015): 1–13. doi:10.1177/2158244015604691.
  • Wiącek, E. ‘The Rhetoric of the “March of Independence” in Poland (2010-2017) as the Answer for the Policy of Multiculturalism in EU and the Refugee Crisis’. Politeja 16 (2019): 149–166. doi:10.12797/Politeja.16.2019.61.09.
  • Włoch, R. Raport dotyczący wybranych przejawów dyskryminacji (rasizm, antysemityzm, ksenofobia i homofobia) w polskim sporcie ze szczególnym uwzględnieniem środowiska kibiców sportowych. Warszawa: Ministerstwo Sportu i Turystyki, 2014.
  • Zivanovic, M. ‘Red Star Belgrade Face Punishment for Anti-Muslim Banner’. Balkan Insight. 2018. https://balkaninsight.com/ (accessed March 17, 2021).

Reprints and Corporate Permissions

Please note: Selecting permissions does not provide access to the full text of the article, please see our help page How do I view content?

To request a reprint or corporate permissions for this article, please click on the relevant link below:

Academic Permissions

Please note: Selecting permissions does not provide access to the full text of the article, please see our help page How do I view content?

Obtain permissions instantly via Rightslink by clicking on the button below:

If you are unable to obtain permissions via Rightslink, please complete and submit this Permissions form. For more information, please visit our Permissions help page.