Does competitive balance explain stadium attendance? Evidence from Finnish men’s football

Bibliography

• Baade, R.A., and L.J. Tiehen. “An Analysis of Major League Baseball Attendance, 1969 – 1987”. Journal of Sport and Social Issues 14, no. 1 (1990): 14–32. doi:10.1177/019372359001400102.
   Google Scholar
• Baydina, K., P. Parshakov, and M. Zavertiaeva. “Uncertainty of Outcome and Attendance: Evidence from Russian Football”. International Journal of Sport Finance 16, no. 2 (2021): 33–43. doi:10.32731/IJSF/161.022020.03.
   Google Scholar
• Bird, P.J.W.N. “The Demand for League Football”. Applied Economics 14, no. 6 (1982): 637–649. doi:10.1080/00036848200000038.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Bond, A.J., and F. Addesa. “Competitive Intensity, Fans’ Expectations, and Match-Day Tickets Sold in the Italian Football Serie A, 2012-2015”. Journal of Sports Economics 21, no. 1 (2020): 20–43. doi:10.1177/1527002519864617.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Borland, J., and R.D. MacDonald. “Demand for Sport”. Oxford Review of Economic Policy 19, no. 4 (2003): 478–502. doi:10.1093/oxrep/19.4.478.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Bradbury, J.C. “Determinants of Attendance in Major League Soccer.” Journal of Sport Management 34, no. 1 (2020): 53–63. 10.1123/jsm.2018-0361.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Buraimo, B. “Stadium Attendance and Television Audience Demand in English League Football”. Managerial and Decision Economics 29, no. 6 (2008): 513–523. doi:10.1002/mde.1421.
   Google Scholar
• Buraimo, B., D. Forrest, and R. Simmons. “Insights for Clubs from Modelling Match Attendance in Football”. The Journal of the Operational Research Society 60, no. 2 (2009): 147–155. doi:10.1057/palgrave.jors.2602549.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Caruso, R., F. Addesa, and M. Di Domizio. “The Determinants of the TV Demand for Soccer: Empirical Evidence on Italian Serie a for the Period 2008-2015”. Journal of Sports Economics 20, no. 1 (2019): 25–49. doi:10.1177/1527002517717298.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Dickey, D.A., and W.A. Fuller. “Distribution of the Estimators for Autoregressive Time Series with a Unit Root”. Journal of the American Statistical Association 74, no. 366 (1979): 427–431. doi:10.1080/01621459.1979.10482531.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Dunning, E. Sport Matters: Sociological Studies of Sport, Violence and Civilisation.Whole. Routledge, 1999. 10.4324/9780203025291.
   Google Scholar
• Feehan, P. “Attendance at Sports Events”. In Handbook on the Economics of Sport. 2006. eds. Andreff, Wladimir & Szymanski, Stefan Cheltenham, UK: Edward Elgar, 90–99.
   Google Scholar
• Ferguson, D.G., G.S. Kenneth, J.C.H. Jones, and A. Le Dressay. “The Pricing of Sports Events: Do Teams Maximize Profit”. Journal of Industrial Economics 39, no. 3 (1991): 297–310. doi:10.2307/2098521.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Forrest, D., and R. Simmons. “Outcome Uncertainty and Attendance Demand in Sport: The Case of English Soccer”. Journal of the Royal Statistical Society: Series D (The Statistician) 51, no. 2 (2002): 229–241. doi:10.1111/1467-9884.00314.
   Google Scholar
• Framås, M. Etterspørselsanalyse av tilskuertallet i Tippeligaen : en empiriskanalyse av tilskuertalletmellom 1995-2014 Institutt for samfunnsøkonomi. Trondheim: Norwegian University of Science and Technolog, 2015.
   Google Scholar
• Frey, B.S., and A. Gullo. “Does Sports Make People Happier, or Do Happy People More Sports?”. Journal of Sports Economics 22, no. 4 (2021): 432–458. doi:10.1177/1527002520985667.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Funk, D.C., and J. James. “The Psychological Continuum Model: A Conceptual Framework for Understanding an Individual’s Psychological Connection to Sport”. Sport Management Review 4, no. 2 (2001): 119–150. doi:10.1016/S1441-3523(01)70072-1.
   Google Scholar
• Gerrard, B., and M. Kringstad. “The Multi-Dimensionality of Competitive Balance: Evidence from European Football”. Sport, Business and Management: An International Journal 12, no. 4 (2022): 382–402. doi:10.1108/SBM-04-2021-0054.
   Google Scholar
• Giulianotti, R. Football: A Sociology of the Global Game. Cambridge, U.K: Wiley, Polity Press, 1999.
   Google Scholar
• Goddard, J. “The Economics of Soccer”, in Handbook on the Economics of Sport, ed. Andreff, W. and Szymanski, S (Cheltenham, UK: Edward Elgar, 2006), 451–458.
   Google Scholar
• Gouguet, J.-J. “The Demand for Sport”. in Handbook on the Economics of Sport, ed. S. Szymanski, 71–76. Cheltenham, UK: Edward Elgar, 2006.
   Google Scholar
• Graham, E., T.J. Rothenberg, and J. Stock. “Efficient Tests for an Autoregressive Unit Root”. Econometrica 64, no. 4 (1996): 813–836. doi:10.2307/2171846.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Groot, M., and T. Robinson. “Sport Fan Attachment and the Psychological Continuum Model: A Case Study of an Australian Football League Fan”. Leisure/loisir 32 (2008): 117–138. doi:10.1080/14927713.2008.9651402.
   Google Scholar
• Gyimesi, A. “League Ranking Mobility Affects Attendance: Evidence from European Soccer Leagues”. Journal of Sports Economics 21, no. 8 (2020): 808–828. doi:10.1177/1527002520944451.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Hart, R.A., J. Hutton, and T. Sharot. “Correction: A Statistical Analysis of Association Football Attendances”. Applied Statistics 24, no. 3 (1975): 308. doi:10.2307/2347091.
   Google Scholar
• Hautbois, C., F. Vernier, and N. Scelles. “Influence of Competitive Intensity on Stadium Attendance. An Analysis of the French Football Ligue 1 Over the Period 2009-2019 Through a Visualization System”. Soccer &society 23, no. 2 (2022): 201–223. doi:10.1080/14660970.2021.1920407.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Heinonen, H., and P. Godenhjelm. “Ohranjyvä silmässä: Suomalaiset urheiluyleisöt ja alkoholi.” Jyväskylän yliopisto, liikunnan sosiaalitieteiden laitos (2000): https://jyu.finna.fi/Record/jykdok.861728
   Google Scholar
• Itkonen, H., and A. Nevala. “A Popular Game in Father Christmas Land? Football in Finland”. Soccer and Society 13, no. 4 (2012): 570–583. doi:10.1080/14660970.2012.677229.
   Google Scholar
• Itkonen, H., A. Nevala, and A. Heikkinen, Kuningaspelin kentät: Jalkapalloilu paikallisena ja globaalina ilmiönä (Helsinki: Gaudeamus, 2007). https://jyu.finna.fi/Record/jykdok.1032402.
   Google Scholar
• Jones, I. “A Model of Serious Leisure Identification: The Case of Football Fandom”. Leisure Studies 19, no. 4 (2000): 283–298. doi:10.1080/02614360050118841.
   Google Scholar
• Jones, J.C.H. “The Economics of the National Hockey League”. The Canadian Journal of Economics/Revue Canadienned’economique 2, no. 1 (1969): 1–20. doi:10.2307/133568.
   Google Scholar
• KimYukyoum, M.M., M. Kim, H.-W. Lee, and H.-W. Lee. “Meta-Analytic Review of Sport Consumption: Factors Affecting Attendance to Sporting Events”. Sport Marketing Quarterly 28, no. 3 (2019): 117–134. doi:10.32731/SMQ.283.092019.01.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Kirkendall, D.T. “Evolution of Soccer as a Research Topic”. Progress in Cardiovascular Diseases 63, no. 6 (2020): 723–729. doi:10.1016/j.pcad.2020.06.011.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Knowles, G., and K. Sherony. “The Demand for Major League Baseball: A Test of the Uncertainty of the Outcome Hypothesis”. American Economist 36, no. 2 (1992): 72–80. doi:10.1177/056943459203600210.
   Google Scholar
• Kringstad, M., H. Arne Solberg, and T. Georg Jakobsen. “Does Live Broadcasting Reduce Stadium Attendance? The Case of Norwegian Football”. Sport, Business and Management: An International Journal 8, no. 1 (2018): 67–81. doi:10.1108/SBM-11-2016-0071.
   Google Scholar
• Maehr, M.L., and L.A. Braskamp. The Motivation Factor: A Theory of Personal Investment. Lexington: Lexington Books/D. C. Heath and Com, 1986.
   Google Scholar
• Mangeloja, E., R.-J. Heikki, and R.-J. Tapio. “Jääkiekkoviihteen kysyntätekijät”. In Kolikon kaksi puolta, Suomen Urheiluhistoriallisen seuran vuosikirja 2021. Finland sIdrottshistoriska Förenings Årsbok, In ed. Heikki Roiko-Jokela, Tapio Roiko-Jokela, and Hanna Jakosuo, 219–235. Jyväskylä: Suomen Urheiluhistoriallinenseura, 2021.
   Google Scholar
• Mangeloja, E., and M. Szerovay. “Football match attendance in Finland”. In Book of Abstracts: 1st Nordic Football Conference: The Game Through Many Lenses, 11-12 May 2022, 43. Jyväskylä: University of Jyväskylä, Finland 2022.
   Google Scholar
• Mehus, I. “Sociability and Excitement Motives of Spectators Attending Entertainment Sport Events: Spectators of Soccer and Ski-Jumping”. Journal of Sport Behavior 28, no. 4 (2005): 333–350.
   Google Scholar
• Mills, B.M., and R. Fort. “Team-Level Time Series Analysis in MLB, the NBA, and the NHL: Attendance and Outcome Uncertainty”. Journal of Sports Economics 19, no. 7 (2018): 911–933. doi:10.1177/1527002517690787.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Morten, K., T. Georg Jakobsen, and R.K. Storm. “Nordic Spectator Studies. The Literature on Attendance and Satisfaction at Professional Football Matches.” In Football in the Nordic Countries. Practices, Equality and Influenceed. Mihaly Szerovay, Arto Nevala, and Hannu Itkonen (London: Routledge, Taylor & Francis Group, 2023) 10.4324/9781003280729-21
   Google Scholar
• Neale, W.C. “The Peculiar Economics of Professional Sports: A Contribution to the Theory of the Firm in Sporting Competition and in Market Competition”. The Quarterly Journal of Economics 78, no. 1 (1964): 1–14. doi:10.2307/1880543.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Nielsen, C.G., R.K. Storm, and T.G. Jakobsen. “The Impact of English Premier League Broadcasts on Danish Spectator Demand: A Small League Perspective”. Journal of Business Economics 89, no. 6 (2019): 633–653. doi:10.1007/s11573-019-00932-7.
   Google Scholar
• Pawlowski, T., and C. Anders. “Stadium Attendance in German Professional Football – the (Un)importance of Uncertainty of Outcome Reconsidered”. Applied Economics Letters 19, no. 16 (2012): 1553–1556. doi:10.1080/13504851.2011.639725.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Rottenberg, S. “The Baseball Player’s Labour Market”. American Economic Review 64, no. 3 (1956): 242–258. doi:10.1086/257790.
   Google Scholar
• Scelles, N., C. Durand, L. Bonnal, D. Goyeau, and W. Andreff. “Competitive Balance versus Competitive Intensity Before a Match: Is One of These Two Concepts More Relevant in Explaining Attendance? The Case of the French Football Ligue 1 Over the Period 2008–2011”. Applied Economics 45, no. 29 (2013): 4184–4192. doi:10.1080/00036846.2013.770124.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Schreyer, D., and P. Ansari. “Stadium Attendance Demand Research: A Scoping Review”. Journal of Sports Economics 23, no. 6 (2022): 749–788. doi:10.1177/15270025211000404.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Simmons, R. “The Demand for Spectator Sports”. In Handbook on the Economics of Sport, In ed. Wladimir Andreff and Stefan Szymanski, 77–89. Cheltenham, UK: Edward Elgar, 2006.
   Google Scholar
• Skjetne, S.B. Effekten av enutvidelse av Tippeligaenfra 14 til 16 lag: En empiriskanalyse av tilskuertalletinorsk football. Trondheim: Norwegian University of Science and Technolog, 2013.
   Google Scholar
• Sloan, L.R. “The Motives of Sports Fans”. Sports, Games, and Play: Social and Psychological Viewpoints 2 (1989): 175–240.
   Google Scholar
• Sloane, P.J. “The Labour Market in Professional Football”. British Journal of Industrial Relations 7, no. 2 (1969): 181–199. doi:10.1111/j.1467-8543.1969.tb00560.x.
   Google Scholar
• Sloane, P.J. “The Economics of Professional Football: The Football Club as a Utility Maximiser”. Scottish Journal of Political Economy 18, no. 2 (1971): 121–146. doi:10.1111/j.1467-9485.1971.tb00979.x.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Sloane, P.J. “Restriction of Competition in Professional Team Sports”. Bulletin of Economic Research 28, no. 1 (1976): 3–22. doi:10.1111/j.1467-8586.1976.tb00120.x.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Solberg, H.A., and I. Mehus. “The Challenge of Attracting Football Fans to Stadia?”International’. Journal of Sport Finance 9, no. 1 (2014): 3–19.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Sponsor Insight, “Tutkimus: Muut Lajit Kuroivat Kiinni Jääkiekon Etumatkaa – ESports Nousi Nuorten Miesten Suosikkilajiksi”,News Release, March 19, 2019. https://www.sponsorinsight.fi/uploads/1/1/1/0/11102604/sponsor_insight_lehdist%C3%B6tiedote_19_03_2019.pdf.
   Google Scholar
• Stebbins, R.A. “Serious Leisure and Well-Being”. In Work, Leisure and Well-Being, ed. Haworth, John T., 129–142. London: Routledge, 2006.
   Google Scholar
• Szerovay, M., and H. Itkonen. “Global and Local Interactions in Football: The Changing Field of Professional Football Stadiums in Finland and Hungary in the 2000s”. Sport in Society 21, no. 12 (2018): 1897–1916. doi:10.1080/17430437.2018.1445992.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Tajfel, H. Human Groups and Social Categories. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, 1981.
   Google Scholar
• Tajfel, H., J.C. Turner, W.G. Austin, and S. Worchel. “An Integrative Theory of Intergroup Conflict”. Organizational Identity: A Reader 56, no. 65 (1979): 56–65.
   Google Scholar
• Thompson, K., C. Palmer, and M. Raven. “Drinkers, Non-Drinkers and Deferrers: Reconsidering the Beer/Footy Couplet Amongst Australian Rules Football Fans 1”. The Australian Journal of Anthropology 22, no. 3 (2011): 388–408. doi:10.1111/j.1757-6547.2011.00152.x.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Thrane, C. “Sport Spectatorship in Scandinavia: A Class Phenomenon?’. International Review for the Sociology of Sport”. International Review for the Sociology of Sport 36, no. 2 (2001): 149–163. doi:10.1177/101269001036002002.
   Google Scholar
• Wallrafen, T., T. Pawlowski, and C. Deutscher. “Substitution in Sports: The Case of Lower Division Football Attendance”. Journal of Sports Economics 20, no. 3 (2019): 319–343. doi:10.1177/1527002518762506.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar