287
Views
1
CrossRef citations to date
0
Altmetric
Original Articles

Why some ethnic insurgencies decline: Political parties and social cleavages in Punjab and Northern Ireland compared

Pages 1-26 | Published online: 25 Mar 2008

Notes

  • 1987 . Times of India (New Delhi) , 4 Jan. : 1
  • 1987 . Times of India , 10 Jan. : 9
  • 1993 . India Today (New Delhi) , 15 April : 42
  • King , G. , Keohane , R. and Verba , S. 1994 . Designing Social Inquiry: Scientific Inference in Qualitative Research , 13 – 19 . Princeton : Princeton University Press .
  • Przeworski , A. and Teune , H. 1970 . Logic of Comparative Social Inquiry , 32 – 4 . New York : John Wiley and Sons .
  • Ragin , C. 1987 . The Comparative Method: Moving Beyond Qualitative and Quantitative Strategies , 31 Berkeley : University of California Press .
  • Lijphart , A. 1971 . ‘Comparative Politics and the Comparative Method’ . American Political Science Review , 65 ( 3 ) Sept. : 391 – 2 .
  • Ragin . The Comparative Method , 11
  • Lijphart . “ ‘Comparative Polities’ ” . 690
  • Horowitz , D. 1985 . Ethnic Groups in Conflict , 291 – 302 . Berkeley : University of California Press .
  • Government of Punjab, Economic and Statistical Organisation . 1994 . Punjab Statistical Abstract No. 725 (1993) 48 Chandigarh
  • Central Statistical Office (Great Britain) . 1995 . Annual Abstract of Statistics (1995) 5 London
  • Wallace , P. 1995 . “ ‘Political Violence and Terrorism in India: The Crisis of Identity’ ” . In Terrorism in Context , Edited by: Crenshaw , M. 354 University Park : Pennsylvania State University Press .
  • 1994 . The Europa World Year Book (1994) , 3077 London : Europa Publishers Limited .
  • McGarry , J. and O'Leary , B. 1995 . Explaining Northern Ireland: Broken Images , 35 – 44 . Oxford : Blackwell Publishers .
  • Townshend , C. “ ‘The Culture of Paramilitarism in Ireland’ ” . In Terrorism in Context Edited by: Crenshaw , M. 323
  • Crighton , E. and Iver , M.A. Mac . 1991 . ‘The Evolution of Protracted Ethnic Conflict: Group Dominance and Political Underdevelopment in Northern Ireland and Lebanon’ . Comparative Politics , 23 ( 2 ) Jan. : 128 – 30 .
  • Guelke , A. 1991 . ‘The Political Impasse in South Africa and Northern Ireland: A Comparative Perspective’ . Comparative Politics , 23 ( 2 ) Jan. : 151
  • Oberoi , H. 1994 . The Construction of Religious Boundaries: Culture, Identity and Diversity in the Sikh Tradition , Delhi : Oxford University Press .
  • Kapur , R. 1988 . Sikh Separatism: The Politics of Faith , 100 New Delhi : World Book Centre .
  • Wallace , P. 1990 . “ ‘Religious and Ethnic Politics: Political Mobilisation in Punjab’ ” . In Dominance and State Power in Modern India , Edited by: Frankel , F. and Rao , M.S.A. Vol. 2 , 445 Delhi : Oxford University Press .
  • Brass , P. 1991 . Ethnicity and Nationalism: Theory and Comparison , 170 – 71 . New Delhi : Sage Publications .
  • Nayar , K. and Singh , K. 1984 . Tragedy of Punjab: Operation Bluestar and After , 30 – 90 . New Delhi : Vision Books .
  • Pettigrew , J. 1987 . ‘In Search of the New Kingdom of Lahore’ . Pacific Affairs , 60 ( 1 ) Spring : 1 – 25 .
  • Juergensmeyer , M. 1988 . ‘The Logic of Religious Violence: The Case of the Punjab’ . Contributions to Indian Sociology , 22 ( 1 ) : 73
  • Madan , T.N. 1991 . “ ‘The Double‐edged Sword: Fundamentalism and the Sikh Religious Tradition’ ” . In Fundamentalism Observed , Edited by: Marty , M.E. and Appleby , R.S. 602 Chicago : University of Chicago Press .
  • Singh , G. 1991 . History of the Sikhs , Vol. 2 , 258 – 67 . New Delhi : Atlantic Publishers and Distributors . Appendix 22
  • Bew , P. and Patterson , H. 1982 . ‘The Protestant‐Catholic Conflict in Ulster,’ . Journal of International Affairs , 36 ( 2 ) Fall : 223 /Winter 1983
  • Tully , M. and Jacob , S. 1985 . Amritsar: Mrs. Gandhi's Last Battle , 137 London : Jonathan Cape .
  • 1984 . India Today , 30 June : 17
  • Pettigrew , J. 1984 . ‘Take Not Arms Against Thy Sovereign’ . South Asia Research , 4 ( 2 ) Nov. : 112
  • Sartori , G. 1976 . Parties and Party Systems , 192 Cambridge : Cambridge University Press .
  • Brass , P. 1974 . Language, Religion and Politics in North India , 37 – 43 . Cambridge : Cambridge University Press .
  • Horowitz . Ethnic Groups , 291
  • Horowitz . Ethnic Groups , 296
  • Wallace . “ ‘Religious and Ethnic Polities’ ” . 416
  • Dhami , M.S. 1988 . “ ‘Religious‐Political Mobilisation and Shifts in the Party Support Bases in the 1985 Punjab Assembly Elections’ ” . In Political Dynamics and Crisis in Punjab , Edited by: Wallace , P. and Chopra , S. 381 Amritsar : Guru Nanak Dev University Press .
  • Brass . Language, Religion and Politics , 398 – 400 .
  • Nayar , R.B. 1966 . Minority Politics in the Punjab , 326 – 8 . Princeton : Princeton University Press .
  • Cohen , S.P. 1988 . “ ‘The Military and Indian Democracy’ ” . In India's Democracy: An Analysis of Changing State‐Society Relations , Edited by: Kohli , A. 133 Princeton, New Jersey : Princeton University Press .
  • Pettigrew , J. 1991 . ‘Betrayal and Nation‐building Among the Sikhs’ . The Journal of Commonwealth and Comparative Politics , 29 ( 1 ) March : 25
  • Horowitz . Ethnic Groups , 304
  • 1997 . India Today , 28 Feb. : 14 – 19 .
  • Brass . Ethnicity and Nationalism , 224 – 7 .
  • Brass . Ethnicity and Nationalism , 226 Table 6.2
  • Brass . Ethncity and Nationalism , 224 – 5 .
  • Dhami . “ ‘Religious‐Political Mobilisation’ ” . 377 – 98 .
  • Dhami . “ ‘Religious‐Political Mobilisation’ ” . 397
  • D'Souza , V. 1982 . ‘Economy, Caste, Religion and Population Distribution: An Analysis of Communal Tension in Punjab’ . Economic and Political Weekly , 17 ( 19 ) 8 May : 784 Table 1
  • Horowitz . Ethnic Groups , 376
  • 1997 . India Today , 28 Feb. : 15
  • Nayar . Minority Politics , 212 – 33 .
  • O'Leary , B. 1989 . ‘The Limits to Coercive Consociationalism in Northern Ireland’ . Political Studies , 37 ( 4 ) December : 562 – 3 .
  • Crighton and Mac Iver . “ ‘Protracted Ethnic Conflict’ ” . 131
  • Rose , R. 1971 . Governing Without Consensus: An Irish Perspective , 25 – 41 . Boston : Beacon Press .
  • O'Leary , B. and McGarry , J. 1993 . The Politics of Antagonism: Understanding Northern Ireland , 186 London : Athlone Press . Table 5.1
  • Evans , G. and Duffy , M. 1997 . ‘Beyond the Sectarian Divide: The Social Bases and Political Consequences of Nationalist and Unionist Party Competition in Northern Ireland’ . British Journal of Political Science , 27 ( 1 ) Jan. : 69
  • O'Leary , B. 1992 . ‘Public Opinion and Northern Irish Futures’ . The Political Quarterly , 63 ( 2 ) April‐June : 154 Table 3
  • Bruce , Steve . 1995 . ‘Paramilitaries, Peace and Politics: Ulster's Loyalists and the 1994 Truce’ . Studies in Conflict and Terrorism , 18 ( 3 ) July‐Sept. : 191
  • Rose , McAllister R. 1984 . The Nationwide Competition for Votes: The 1983 British Election , 153 London : Frances Pinter Publishers . Table 8.3
  • O'Leary . “ ‘Public Opinion” . 154 Table 3
  • Whyte , J. 1981 . ‘Why is the Northern Ireland Problem So Intractable?’ . Parliamentary Affairs , 34 ( 4 ) Autumn : 423
  • Whyte , J. 1990 . Interpreting Northern Ireland , 76 Oxford : Clarendon Press . Table 4.8
  • O'Leary and McGarry . The Politics of Antagonism , 186 Table 5.1
  • O'Leary . “ ‘Public Opinion’ ” . 154 Table 3
  • Whyte . Interpreting Northern Ireland , 76 Table 4.8
  • O'Leary . “ ‘Public Opinion” . 154 Table 3
  • McGarry , J. 1988 . ‘The Anglo‐Irish Agreement and the Prospects for Powersharing in Northern Ireland’ . The Political Quarterly , 59 ( 2 ) April‐June : 242
  • McGarry . “ ‘Anglo‐Irish Agreement’ ” . 242
  • 1997 . New York Times (New York) , 3 May : 5
  • Guelke . “ ‘Political Impasse’ ” . 154
  • Horowitz . Ethnic Groups , 342
  • Evans and Duffy . “ ‘Beyond the Sectarian Divide’ ” . 47 – 81 .
  • McGarry and O'Leary . Explaining Northern Ireland , 108 Table 3.1
  • Stringer , P. and Robinson , G. , eds. 1991 . Social Attitudes in Northern Ireland , 25 Belfast : Blackstaff Press .
  • Evans and Duffy . “ ‘Beyond the Sectarian Divide’ ” . 75
  • Stringer and Robinson . Social Attitudes , 29
  • Hamilton , A. 1995 . ‘Policing Northern Ireland: Current Issues’ . Studies in Conflict and Terrorism , 18 ( 3 ) July‐Sept. : 235
  • O'Leary and McGarry . Politics of Antagonism , 207 Table 5.5
  • Telford , H. 1992 . ‘The Political Economy of Punjab: Creating Space for Sikh Militancy’ . Asian Survey , 32 ( 11 ) Nov. : 982
  • Wallace . “ ‘Political Violence and Terrorism’ ” . 394
  • 1990 . India Today , 15 April : 27
  • Singh , G. 1991 . ‘The Punjab Problem in the 1990s: A Post‐1984 Assessment’ . Journal of Comparative and Commonwealth Politics , 29 ( 2 ) July : 182 Table 4
  • Wallace , P. 1993 . “ ‘The Regionalisation of Indian Electoral Politics 1989–90: Punjab and Haryana’ ” . In India Votes: Alliance Politics and Minority Governments in the Ninth and Tenth General Elections , Edited by: Gould , H. and Ganguly , S. 147 Boulder : Westview Press .
  • 1997 . India Today , 28 Feb. : 15
  • 1993 . India Today , 15 April : 37 – 8 .
  • 1996 . New York Times , 25 Feb. : 8
  • Fletcher , B. Jr. 1989 . ‘Interview with Sinn Fein President Gerry Adams’ . Monthly Review , 41 ( 1 ) May : 24
  • 1987 . India Today , 30 April : 23
  • McGarry . “ ‘Anglo‐Irish Agreement’ ” . 241
  • 1996 . New York Times , 11 Feb. : 1
  • 1996 . New York Times , 10 Feb. : 1 5
  • 1996 . New York Times , 5 March : A2
  • 1997 . New York Times , 3 May : 5
  • 1997 . New York Times , 3 May : 5

Reprints and Corporate Permissions

Please note: Selecting permissions does not provide access to the full text of the article, please see our help page How do I view content?

To request a reprint or corporate permissions for this article, please click on the relevant link below:

Academic Permissions

Please note: Selecting permissions does not provide access to the full text of the article, please see our help page How do I view content?

Obtain permissions instantly via Rightslink by clicking on the button below:

If you are unable to obtain permissions via Rightslink, please complete and submit this Permissions form. For more information, please visit our Permissions help page.