1,166
Views
14
CrossRef citations to date
0
Altmetric
Original Articles

Complementary reversing language shift strategies in education: the importance of adult heritage learners of threatened minority languages

&
Pages 312-326 | Received 31 May 2013, Accepted 12 Jan 2014, Published online: 21 May 2014

References

  • Armstrong, T. C. (2013). ‘Why won't you speak to me in Gaelic?’ Authenticity, integration and the heritage language learning project. Journal of Language, Identity, and Education, 12(5), 340–356. doi: 10.1080/15348458.2013.835585
  • Baker, C. (2007). Becoming bilingual through bilingual education. In P. Auer & Li Wei (Eds.), Handbook of multilingualism and multilingual communication (pp. 131–154). Berlin: Mouton de Gruyter.
  • Bòrd na Gàidhlig. (2007). The national plan for Gaelic: 2007–2012. Inverness: Bòrd na Gàidhlig.
  • Bòrd na Gàidhlig. (2010). Ginealach ùr na Gàidhlig: An action plan to increase the number of Gaelic speakers [The new Gaelic generation]. Inverness: Bòrd na Gàidhlig.
  • Bòrd na Gàidhlig. (2012). The national plan for Gaelic: 2012–2017. Inverness: Bòrd na Gàidhlig.
  • Bòrd na Gàidhlig. (2013). Annual report 2012/2013. Inverness: Bòrd na Gàidhlig.
  • Bourdieu, P. (1991). Language and symbolic power. Cambridge: Polity.
  • Comunn na Gàidhlig & Comann an Luchd-Ionnsachaidh. (1992). Feumalachdan Luchd-Ionnsachaidh – Rannsachadh Nàiseanta. Provision for Gaelic learners – A national survey. Inverness: Comunn na Gàidhlig.
  • Cormack, M. (2010). Gaelic in the new digital landscape. In G. Munro & I. Mac an Tàilleir (Eds.), Coimhearsnachd na Gàidhlig an-diugh/Gaelic Communities Today (pp. 127–137). Edinburgh: Dunedin.
  • Dunbar, R. (2010). Language planning. In M. Watson & M. Macleod (Eds.), The Edinburgh companion to the Gaelic language (pp. 146–171). Edinburgh: Edinburgh University Press.
  • Dunbar, R. (2011). An tèid aig an lagh air cleachdadh mhion-chànan a bhrosnachadh? Achd na Gàidhlig agus achdan cànain eile fon phrosbaig [Can the law be used to encourage the use of a minority language? The Gaelic language act and other language acts examined]. In R. A. V. Cox & T. C. Armstrong (Eds.), A’ cleachdadh na Gàidhlig: Slatan-tomhais ann an dìon cànain sa choimhearsnachd [Using Gaelic: Standards for protecting a language in the community] (pp. 201–226). Slèite: Clò Ostaig.
  • Edwards, V., & Newcombe, L. P. (2005). When school is not enough: New initiatives in intergenerational language transmission in Wales. International Journal of Bilingual Education and Bilingualism, 8(4), 298–312. doi: 10.1080/13670050508668612
  • Fishman, J. A. (1967). Bilingualism with and without diglossia: Diglossia with and without bilingualism. Journal of Social Issues, 23(2), 29–38. doi: 10.1111/j.1540-4560.1967.tb00573.x
  • Fishman, J. A. (1991). Reversing language shift. Clevedon: Multilingual Matters.
  • Fishman, J. A. (2001). Can threatened languages be saved? Reversing language shift revisited: A twenty-first century perspective. Clevedon: Multilingual Matters.
  • Gafaranga, J. (2010). Transition space medium repair: Language shift talked into being. Journal of Pragmatics, 43(1), 118–135. doi: 10.1016/j.pragma.2010.08.001
  • Galloway, J. M. K. (2012). Gaelic education data 2011–12. Inverness: Bòrd na Gàidhlig.
  • Goffman, I. (1981). Forms of talk. Philadelphia: University of Pennsylvania Press.
  • Hornberger, N. H., & Johnson, D.C. (2007). Slicing the onion ethnographically: Layers and spaces in multilingual language education policy and practice. TESOL Quarterly, 41(3), 509–532.
  • Lamb, W. (1999). A diachronic account of Gaelic news-speak: The development and expansion of a register. Scottish Gaelic Studies, 19, 141–71.
  • Mac an Tàilleir, I., Rothach, G., & Armstrong, T. C. (2010). Barail agus comas cànain [Language abilities and attitudes]. Inverness: Bòrd na Gàidhlig.
  • MacCaluim, A. (2006). Air iomall an iomaill? Luchd-ionnsachaidh na Gàidhlig ann an ath-thilleadh gluasad cànain [On the margins of the margins? Gaelic learners and reversing language shift]. In W. McLeod (Ed.), Revitalising Gaelic in Scotland: Policy, planning and social discourse (pp. 185–198). Edinburgh: Dunedin.
  • MacCaluim, A. (2007). Reversing language shift: The social identity and role of adult learners of Scottish Gaelic. Belfast: Cló Ollscoil na Banríona.
  • Mac Giolla Chríost, D. (2012). Welsh for adults teaching and learning approaches, Methodologies and resources. Retrieved from http://www.labwales.org.uk/welsh/subsites/welshforadultsresearch/reports/130416-research-study-en.pdf
  • MacKinnon, K. (1974). The lions tongue: The original and continuing language of the Scottish people. Inverness: Club Leabhar.
  • MacKinnon, K. (1977). Language, education and social processes in a Gaelic community. London: Routledge.
  • MacKinnon, K. (1991). Gaelic: A past and future prospect. Edinburgh: Saltire Society.
  • McEwan-Fujita, E. (2010). Ideology, affect, and socialization in language shift and revitalization: The experiences of adults learning Gaelic in the Western Isles of Scotland. Language in Society, 39, 27–64. doi: 10.1017/S0047404509990649
  • McLeod, W. (2002). Alba: Luchd an Aona-Chànanachais agus Buaidh na Cairt Eòrpaich [Scotland: Monolinguals and the impact of the European Charter]. In J. M. Kirk & D. P. Ó. Baoill (Eds.), Language planning and education: Linguistic issues in Northern Ireland, the Republic of Ireland and Scotland (pp. 284–289). Belfast: Cló Ollscoil na Banríona.
  • McLeod, W., Pollock, I., & MacCaluim, A. (2010). Adult Gaelic learners in Scotland: Opportunities, motivations and challenges. Inverness: Bòrd na Gàidhlig.
  • Milligan, L. G. (2009). Territoriality and macro Gaelic education policy. Scottish Gaelic Studies, 24, 331–349.
  • National Records of Scotland. (2013). ‘Statistical Bulletin – Release 2A’. Retreived September 26, 2013, from http://www.scotlandscensus.gov.uk/documents/censusresults/release2a/StatsBulletin2A.pdf
  • Newton, M. (2005). ‘This could have been mine’: Scottish Gaelic learners in North America. e-Keltoi, 1, 1–37. Retrieved from http://www4.uwm.edu/celtic/ekeltoi/
  • O'Hanlon, F. (2010). Gaelic-medium primary education in Scotland: Toward a new taxonomy? In G. Munro & I. Mac an Tàilleir (Eds.), Coimhearsnachd na Gàidhlig an-Diugh/Gaelic Communities Today (pp. 99–116). Edinburgh: Dunedin.
  • Ó hIfearnáin, T. (2007). Raising children to be bilingual in the Gaeltacht: Language preference and practice. International Journal of Bilingual Education and Bilingualism, 10(4), 510–528. doi: 10.2167/beb457.0
  • O'Rourke, B. (2011). Whose language is it? Struggles for language ownership in an Irish language classroom. Journal of Language, Identity and Education, 10(5), 327–345. doi: 10.1080/15348458.2011.614545
  • Robertson, B. A. G. (2000). Gaelic immersion course provision in Scotland. Scottish Qualification Authority.
  • Ricento, T. K., & Hornberger, N. H. (1996). Unpeeling the onion: Language planning and policy and the ETL professional. TESOL Quarterly, 30(3), 401–427. doi: 10.2307/3587691
  • Saville-Troike, M. (1987). Dilingual discourse: The negotiation of meaning without a common code. Linguistics, 25(1), 81–106. doi: 10.1515/ling.1987.25.1.81
  • Scottish Qualification Authority. (2012). SQA launches new Gaelic qualifications. Press release, Retrieved from www.sqa.org.uk
  • Smith-Christmas, C. (2012). I've lost it here dè a bh’ agam: Language shift, maintenance, and code-switching in a bilingual family (Unpublished doctoral dissertation). University of Glasgow, UK.
  • Spolsky, B. (1991). Hebrew language revitalization within a general theory of second language learning. In R. L. Cooper & B. Spolsky (Eds.), Influence of language on culture and thought: Essays in honor of Joshua A. Fishmans sixty-fifth birthday (pp. 136–156). Berlin: Walter de Gruyter.
  • Stockdale, A., MacGregor, B., & Munro, G. (2003). Migration, Gaelic-medium education and language use. Sleat, Isle of Skye: Ionad Nàiseanta na h-Imrich, Sabhal Mòr Ostaig.
  • The Scottish Council for Research in Education. (1961). Gaelic-speaking children in Highland schools. London: University of London Press.
  • Urla, J. (1993). Cultural politics in an age of statistics: Numbers, nations, and the making of Basque identity. American Ethnologist, 20(4), 818–843. doi: 10.1525/ae.1993.20.4.02a00080
  • Van Deusen-Scholl, N. (2003). Toward a definition of heritage language: Sociopolitical and pedagogical considerations. Journal of Language, Identity, and Education, 2(3), 211–230. doi: 10.1207/S15327701JLIE0203_4
  • Walsh, J., & McLeod, W. (2008). An overcoat wrapped around an invisible man? Language legislation and language revitalisation in Ireland and Scotland. Language Policy, 7, 21–46. doi: 10.1007/s10993-007-9069-0
  • Wells, G. (2011). Perceptions of Gaelic learning and use in a bilingual island community: An exploratory study. Retrieved from http://www.soillse.ac.uk/downloads/Cothrom_SMO_Soillse_3.pdf

Reprints and Corporate Permissions

Please note: Selecting permissions does not provide access to the full text of the article, please see our help page How do I view content?

To request a reprint or corporate permissions for this article, please click on the relevant link below:

Academic Permissions

Please note: Selecting permissions does not provide access to the full text of the article, please see our help page How do I view content?

Obtain permissions instantly via Rightslink by clicking on the button below:

If you are unable to obtain permissions via Rightslink, please complete and submit this Permissions form. For more information, please visit our Permissions help page.