References
- Agnihotri, R. K. (2014). Multilinguality, education and harmony. International Journal of Multilingualism, 11(3), 364–379. doi: 10.1080/14790718.2014.921181
- Agwu, K., & Llewelyn, M. (2009). Compensation for the brain drain from developing countries. The Lancet, 373(9676), 1665–1666. doi: 10.1016/S0140-6736(09)60927-2
- Álvarez, J. A. A., Cárdenas, B. M. L., & González, M. A. (2011). Cobertura vs continuidad: dos retos para el desarrollo profesional para los docentes de inglés en el marco de Colombia Bilingüe. In J. A. Bastidas & I. J. Muñoz (Eds.), Fundamentos para el desarrollo profesional de los docentes de inglés (pp. 119–154). Nariño, Pasto: Calidad Educativa.
- Araujo, C. B. Q. (2013). Bilingüismo: herramienta clave en el contexto universitario. Revista Historia de la Educación Latinoamericana, 15(20), 189–204.
- Banya, K. (2010). Globalization, social justice, and education in Africa: Neoliberalism, knowledge capitalism in sub-Saharan Africa. In J. I. Zajda (Ed.), Globalization, education and social justice (pp. 15–31). Berlin, Heidelberg: Springer.
- Bonilla Carvajal, C. A., & Tejada-Sánchez, I. (2016). Unanswered questions in Colombia’s foreign language education policy. Profile Issues in Teachers’ Professional Development, 18(1), 185–201. doi: 10.15446/profile.v18n1.51996
- British Council. (2015). English in Colombia: A survey of the policies, perception and influencing factors. Retrieved from https://www.britishcouncil.co/sites/default/files/colombia_version_final_-_espanol.pdf
- British Council. (2016). Appraisal report. Retrieved from http://www.nationalarchives.gov.uk/documents/british-council-appraisal-report-november-2016.pdf
- British Council. (n.d.). IELTS in Colombia. Retrieved from: https://www.britishcouncil.co/examen/ielts/fechas-precios-lugares?gclid=EAIaIQobChMIhf2Nk4OB3QIVionICh138gdnEAAYASAAEgLeUPD_BwE
- Canagarajah, S. A. (2005). Accommodating tensions in language-in-education policies: An afterword. In Lin & Martin (Eds.), Decolonisation, globalisation: Language-in education policy and practice (pp. 194–201). Clevedon: Multilingual Matters.
- Canagarajah, S. A. (2006). Negotiating the local in English as a lingua franca. Annual Review of Applied Linguistics, 26, 197–218. doi: 10.1017/S0267190506000109
- Canagarajah, S. A. (2017). The Routledge handbook of migration and language. London: Routledge.
- Canagarajah, S., & Wurr, A. J. (2011). Multilingual communication and language acquisition: New research directions. The Reading Matrix, 11(1), 1–15. Retrieved from http://www.readingmatrix.com/articles/january_2011/canagarajah_wurr.pdf
- Cárdenas, M. L. (2006). Bilingual Colombia: Are we ready for it? What is needed? 19th Annual EA Education Conference 2006. Retrieved from http://www.docstoc.com/docs/32866051/Bilingual-Colombia-Are-weready-for-it-What-isneeded
- Colombia bilingüe. (n.d.). Metas para el año 2018. Retrieved from http://colombiaaprende.edu.co/html/micrositios/1752/w3-article-315516.html
- Correa, D. and González, A. (2016). English in public primary schools in Colombia: Achievements and challenges brought about by national language education policies. Education Policy Analysis Archives 24(83), 1–30.
- Corson, D. (1999). English only and social justice. TESOL Journal, 8(3), 18–22.
- Cronquist, K., & Ariel Fiszbein, A. (2017). English language learning in Latin America. [PDF file]. The Dialogue. Retrieved from https://www.thedialogue.org/wp-content/uploads/2017/09/English-Language-Learning-in-Latin-America-Final-1.pdf
- Cruz-Arcila, F. (2018). ELT policy interpretations and translations in rural Colombia. Current Issues in Language Planning, 19(4), 363–382. doi: 10.1080/14664208.2017.1377903
- Crystal, D. (2003). English as a global language (2nd ed). Cambridge: Cambridge University Press.
- Cuanto ganan los profesores del pais? (2017, June 13). Portafolio. Retrieved from http://www.portafolio.co/economia/cuanto-ganan-los-profesores-del-pais-506803
- de Mejía, A. M. (2006). Bilingual education in Colombia: Towards a recognition of languages, cultures and identities. Colombian Applied Linguistics Journal, (8), 152–168. Retrieved from http://www.scielo.org.co/scielo.php?script=sci_arttext&pid=S0123-46412006000100008&lng=en&tlng=en doi: 10.14483/22487085.176
- EF. (2019). EF English Proficiency Index. Retrieved from https://www.ef.com.co/epi/
- Espinoza, L. P. (2013). Brain drain social and political effects in Latin American countries. Revista Grafía, 10(2), 29–48.
- Estrada, J. A. E., Mejía, J. M., and Rey, J. A. V. (2015). Bilingualism in Colombia: Economy and society. Retrieved from https://journal.universidadean.edu.co/index.php/plou/article/download/1491/1450
- Fandiño-Parra, Y. J., Bermúdez-Jiménez, J. R., & Lugo-Vásquez, V. E. (2012). Retos del Programa Nacional de Bilingüismo. Colombia Bilingüe. Educación y Educadores, 15(3), 363–381. doi: 10.5294/edu.2012.15.3.2
- Fitts, S., & Weisman, E. M. (2010). Exploring questions of social justice in bilingual/bicultural teacher education: Towards a parity of participation. The Urban Review, 42, 373–393. doi: 10.1007/s11256-009-0139-9
- Fraser, N. (1997, May 1). A rejoinder to Iris Young. New Left Review, 0(223), 126–129.
- Freire, P. (1985). The politics of education. South Hadley, MA: Bergin & Garvey.
- Galindo, A., & Moreno, L. (2008). Estructura, resultados y retos del programa de bilingüismo colombiano 2004–2019. Revista de Investigaciones de la Universidad del Quindío, 18, 172–179.
- García, A. R. R. (2012). Evaluación de la política de bilingüismo en bogotá proyecto “bogotá bilingüe”. pontificia universidad javeriana facultad de ciencias políticas y relaciones internacionales maestría en política social. (MA thesis). Retrieved from https://repository.javeriana.edu.co/bitstream/handle/10554/1569/RodriguezGarciaAlixRocio2011.pdf?sequence=1
- García León, L. J. and García León, L. D. (2012). Políticas lingüísticas en Colombia: tensiones entre políticas para lenguas mayoritarias y lenguas minoritarias. Boletín de Filología [online], 47(2), 47–70. Retrieved from https://scielo.conicyt.cl/scielo.php?script=sci_arttext&pid=S0718-93032012000200002 doi: 10.4067/S0718-93032012000200002
- Gómez Sará, M. M. (2017). Review and analysis of the Colombian foreign language bilingualism policies and plans. HOW, 24(1), 139–156. doi: 10.19183/how.24.1.343
- Graddol, D. (2003). The decline of the native-speaker. In G. Anderman & M. Rogers (Eds.), Translation today: Trends and perspectives (pp. 152–167). Clevedon: Multilingual Matters.
- Gröll, I. (2009). Las lenguas amerindias y criollas en Colombia. Desarrollos políticos lingüísticos en el marco de la Constitución Política de 1991. En Daniel Aguirre (comp.). Las lenguas autóctonas en Colombia. Consideraciones alrededor de su legitimación en la Constitución de 1991 (pp. 13–116). Bogotá: Universidad de Los Andes.
- Guerrero, C. (2010). The portrayal of EFL teachers in official discourse: The perpetuation of disdain. Profile: Issues in Teachers’ Professional Development, 12(2), 33–49.
- Herazo, J., Jerez, S., & Lorduy, D. (2012). Opportunity and incentive for becoming bilingual in Colombia: Implications for Programa Nacional de Bilingüismo. Íkala, revista de lenguaje y cultura, 17(2), 199–213.
- Holliday, A. (2006). Native-Speakerism. ELT Journal, 60(4), 385–387. doi: 10.1093/elt/ccl030
- Hurie, A. H. (2018). ¿Inglés para la paz? Colonialidad, ideología neoliberal y expansión discursiva en Colombia Bilingüe. Íkala, Revista de Lenguaje y Cultura, 23(2), 333–354. doi: 10.17533/udea.ikala.v23n02a09
- ICFES. (2019, April 22). Saber 11. Retrieved from http://www2.icfes.gov.co/web/guest/acerca-examen-saber-once
- IELTS. (2018). IELTS for migration. Retrieved from https://www.ielts.org/en-us/what-is-ielts/ielts-for-migration
- Internships Colombia. (2018). MEN/SENA program. Retrieved from http://teachingenglishcolombia.org/programs/mensena-program/
- Invest in Bogotá. (2018). Outsourcing industry (BPO). Retrieved from https://en.investinbogota.org/investment-sectors/outsourcing-industry-bpo
- Kumaravadivelu, B. (2006). Dangerous liaison: Globalization, empire and TESOL. In J. Edge (Ed.), Re)locating TESOL in an age of empire (pp. 1–26). New York, NY: Palgrave Macmillan.
- La importancia de las pruebas Icfes. (2016, October 24). El Informador. Retrieved from http://www.elinformador.com.co/index.php/revistas/168-aula-universitaria/136535-la-importancia-de-las-pruebas-icfes
- La realidad salarial de los docentes en Colombia. (2016, February 27). La Otra Cara. Retrieved from https://laotracara.co/nota-ciudadania/la-realidad-salarial-de-los-docentes-en-colombia/
- Lin, A. M. Y., & Martin, P. (2005). From a critical deconstruction paradigm to a critical construction paradigm: An introduction to decolonisation, globalisation and language-in-education policy and practice. In A. M. Y. Lin & P. Martin (Eds.), Decolonisation, globalisation: Language-in-education policy and practice. New perspectives on language and education (pp. 1–19). Clevedon: Multilingual Matters.
- Lozano, F. L. and Gandini, L. (2011). Skilled-worker mobility and development in Latin American: Between brain drain and brain Waste. Paper presented at the 2011 Population Association of America Annual Meeting, Washington, DC, March 31-April.
- Marginson, S. (2007). The public/private divide in higher education: A global revision. Higher Education, 53(3), 307–333. doi: 10.1007/s10734-005-8230-y
- Medina, C. A., & Posso, C. M. (2011). Colombian immigrants in the United States of America: Education levels, job qualifications and the decision to go back home. Ensayos sobre POLÍTICA ECONÓMICA, 29(65), 12–59. Retrieved from http://www.scielo.org.co/scielo.php?script=sci_arttext&pid=S0120-44832011000200002&lng=en&tlng=en doi: 10.32468/Espe.6501
- Ministerio de Cultura. (2018). Lenguas nativas y criollas de Colombia. Retrieved from http://www.mincultura.gov.co/areas/poblaciones/APP-de-lenguas-nativas/Paginas/default.aspx
- Ministerio de Educación (MEN). (2017). Llegan a Colombia los primeros 180 Formadores Nativos Extranjeros que fortalecerán la enseñanza de inglés en colegios oficiales. Retrieved from https://www.mineducacion.gov.co/1759/w3-article-359123.html?_noredirect=1
- Ministerio de Educación Nacional (MEN). (2006). Formar en lenguas extranjeras: ¡el reto! Lo que necesitamos saber y saber hacer. Retrieved from https://www.mineducacion.gov.co/cvn/1665/articles-115174_archivo_pdf.pdf
- Ministerio de Educación Nacional (MEN). (2007). Solo vale el ingles. Retrieved from https://www.mineducacion.gov.co/cvn/1665/fo-article-125365.pdf
- Ministerio de Educación Nacional (MEN). (2014). Colombia very well! Programa Nacional de inglés 015-2025 (Documento de socialización). Bogotá, CO: Author. Retrieved from http://www.ucn.edu.co/institucion/sala-prensa/noticias/Documents/2014/Documento%20PRO-GRAMA%20NACIONAL%20DE%20INGL%C3%89S%202015-2025.pdf
- Ministerio de Educación Nacional (MEN). (2016). Colombia Bilingüe: Implementation of an English fellowship programme. Retrieved from http://aprende.colombiaaprende.edu.co/sites/default/files/naspublic/colombiabilingue/320Modelo20de20implementaciC3B3n20-20Resumen20en20inglC3%A9s.pdf
- Phillipson, R. (1992). Linguistic imperialism. Oxford: OUP.
- Phillipson, R. (1998). Globalizing English: Are linguistic human rights an alternative to linguistic imperialism? Language Sciences, 20(1), 101–112. doi: 10.1016/S0388-0001(97)00015-6
- ProColombia. (2019). El mundo invierte en Colombia: Business process outsourcing. Retrieved from https://www.inviertaencolombia.com.co/images/Adjuntos/SECTOR_BPO2016.pdf
- Ramos Holguín, B., and Aguirre Morales, J. (2016). English language teaching in rural areas: A new challenge for English language teachers in Colombia. Cuadernos de Lingüística Hispánica, 27, 209–222.
- Rey Hernández, M. L. (2015). Aulas de inmersión en Colegios Distritales de Bogotá D.C. Análisis de sus efectos en el desarrollo de comunicación oral en una muestra de un grupo de grado cuarto de primaria en un Colegio Distrital de la localidad 11 Suba (Unpublished master’s thesis). Universidad de los Andes, Bogotá, Colombia.
- Roldán, A. M., & Peláez, Ó. (2017). Pertinencia de las políticas de enseñanza del inglés en una zona rural de Colombia: un estudio de caso en Antioquia. Íkala. Revista de Lenguaje y Cultura, 22(1), 121–139. doi: 10.17533/udea.ikala.v22n01a08
- Sánchez, A. (2013). Bilingüismo en Colombia. Documentos de trabajo sobre economía regional. Cartagena: Banco de la República.
- Sánchez, A., & Obando, G. (2008). Is Colombia ready for “bilingualism”? PROFILE: Issues in Teachers’ Professional Development, 9(1), 181–195.
- Schiff, M. (2005). Brain Gain: Claims about its size and impact on welfare and growth are greatly exaggerated. Policy, Research working paper, WPS 3708. Washington, DC: World Bank. Retrieved from http://documents.worldbank.org/curated/en/270881468330045995/Brain-gain-claims-about-its-size-and-impact-on-welfare-and-growth-are-greatly-exaggerated
- Sen, A. (2010, April 22). Amartya Sen on language as capability. [video file]. Retrieved from https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=V3MZvPnZW8g
- Shlasko, D. (2015). Using the five faces of oppression to teach about interlocking systems of oppression. Equity & Excellence in Education, 48(3), 349–360. doi: 10.1080/10665684.2015.1057061
- Sierra, N. O. (2015). La formación de los docentes de inglés en el marco del Plan Nacional de Bilingüismo (pnb): experiencias en una región de Antioquia. Folios, Primera época, 43, 165–179.
- Spivak, G. (1988). Can the subaltern speak? In C. Nelson & L. Grossberg (Eds.), Marxism and the interpretation of culture (pp. 271–313). Urbana, IL: University of Illinois Press.
- Steger, M. B. (2017). Globalization: A very short introduction [Electronic resource] (4th edn). Oxford: Oxford University Press.
- Usma, W. J. A. (2009). Education and language policy in Colombia: Exploring processes of inclusion, exclusion, and stratification in times of global reform. Profile: Issues in Teachers’ Professional Development, 11(1), 123–141.
- Valencia, S. (2005). Bilingualism and English language teaching in Colombia: A critical outlook. Paper presented at the ELT conference. Universidad del Quindío, Armenia, October, 2005.
- Vincent, K., & Thomson, P. (2010). ‘Slappers like you don’t belong in this school’: The educational inclusion/exclusion of pregnant schoolgirls. International Journal of Inclusive Education, 14(4), 371–385. doi: 10.1080/13603110802504580
- The World Bank. (2012). Reviews of national policies for education: Tertiary education in Colombia 2012. Paris: OECD Publishing.
- Young, I. M. (1990). Justice and the politics of difference. Princeton, NJ: Princeton University Press.
- Young, I. M. (2002). Status inequality and social groups. Issues in Legal Scholarship, 2(1), 1–10. doi: 10.2202/1539-8323.1019
- Young, I. M. (2006). Education in the context of structural injustice: A symposium response. Educational Philosophy and Theory, 38(1), 93–103. doi: 10.1111/j.1469-5812.2006.00177.x