Fresh News, innovative news: popularizing Cambodia’s authoritarian turn

References

• Åström, Joachim, Martin Karlsson, Jonas Linde, and Ali Pirannejad. 2012. “Understanding the Rise of E-Participation in Non-Democracies: Domestic and International Factors.” Government Information Quarterly 29 (2): 142–150. doi: 10.1016/j.giq.2011.09.008
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• BBC Media Action. 2014. Youth in Cambodia: Media Habits and Information Sources. Phnom Penh: BBC Media Action Research and Learning. Accessed July 4, 2019. http://downloads.bbc.co.uk/mediaaction/pdf/research/cambodia_media_habits_research_report.pdf.
   Google Scholar
• Beban, Alice, Laura Schoenberger, and Vanessa Lamb. 2020. “Pockets of Liberal Media in Authoritarian Regimes: What the Crackdown on Emancipatory Spaces Means for Rural Social Movements in Cambodia.” Journal of Peasant Studies 47 (1): 95–115. doi: 10.1080/03066150.2019.1672664
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Bhaliga, Ananth. 2017. “Breaking: NDI to be Shuttered, Foreign Staff Expelled.” Phnom Penh Post, August 23. Accessed February 2, 2020. https://www.phnompenhpost.com/national/breaking-ndi-be-shuttered-foreign-staff-expelled?__cf_chl_jschl_tk__=55517c6daf21cbd4a58af7bb542f3d4ea2fdaa26-1589289480-0-ARvKFiIbJd7N6uU7jgkx_bMTwS92gp7FFQ4pkY_iin5bcBcGTuUwizGf0C7PRJhLoQ6Uf5CMCG2Q5cDrzTsseiENHoLbnPfn201l_E3rtV4xG4cgvtjX0dtvooIh1Lau4W7AeehEDZvMmcBL5XsdoGBLfJJHbePPZWV4V1UDN4QwXx17sWVJo8FG3vp5AnqzdVFpBkcbbFdaz18D5W_UjG3ujmT575g0H0aR0RTAUSrrXoOUChd4WBFLrNjKdQr3elEGC6379LmNTgAq00L65grqoYslX4h6hH5r2VbqqUrw016LRlrr-ec6NsJwbT7vYyIwcpBXAMX4flFWeo9LPsJOXN6L7qG9vqJKC-AqZ9dR.
   Google Scholar
• Boyle, David. 2018. “Cambodia’s Controversial Press Guidelines Draw Concern.” Voice of America, June 1. Accessed June 6, 2019. https://www.voanews.com/south-central-asia/cambodias-controversial-press-guidelines-draw-concern.
   Google Scholar
• Carlson, Matt. 2018. “The Information Politics of Journalism in a Post-Truth Age.” Journalism Studies 19 (13): 1879–1888. doi: 10.1080/1461670X.2018.1494513
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Curato, Nicole, and Diego Fossati. 2020. “Authoritarian Innovations.” Democratization 27 (6): 1006–1020. doi: 10.1080/13510347.2020.1777985
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Dressel, Björn. 2014. “Governance, Courts, and Politics in Asia.” Journal of Contemporary Asia 44 (2): 259–278. doi: 10.1080/00472336.2013.870827
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Dressel, Björn, and Marcus Mietzner. 2012. “A Tale of Two Courts: The Judicialization of Electoral Politics in Asia.” Governance 25 (3): 391–414. doi: 10.1111/j.1468-0491.2012.01571.x
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Edwards, Penny. 2007. Cambodge: The Cultivation of a Nation, 1860-1945. Honolulu: University of Hawaii Press.
   Google Scholar
• Erlanger, Steven. 2017. “‘Fake News,’ Trump’s Obsession, is now a Cudgel for Strongmen.” New York Times, December 12. Accessed October 10, 2019. https://www.nytimes.com/2017/12/12/world/europe/trump-fake-news-dictators.html.
   Google Scholar
• Fresh News. 2017a. “Facebook tomleay tha: NDI riep chom yutthosastr chuoy CNRP daoembey phduol rumlum bâk kan omnach [Facebook Leak: NDI Prepared a Strategy to Help the CNRP Overthrow the Ruling Party].” Accessed September 12, 2019. http://www.freshnewsasia.com/index.php/en/localnews/62979-facebook-ndi-cnrp.html.
   Google Scholar
• Fresh News. 2017b. “Facebook tomleay sâmleng Lok Lu Lay Sreng [Facebook Leaks the voice of Lu Lay Sreng].” October 21. Accessed November 15, 2019. www.freshnewsasia.com/index.php/en/localnews/68193-2017-10-21-04-21-00.html.
   Google Scholar
• Fresh News. 2017c. “Montri Krosuong Mohea Phtei [Ministry of Interior Official].” Accessed September 12, 2019. http://www.freshnewsasia.com/index.php/en/localnews/63019-ndi.html.
   Google Scholar
• Fresh News. 2017d. “Reach rodthaphibal chenh sechkey thlengkar [The Government Issues a Statement].” September 4. Accessed November 5, 2019. http://www.freshnewsasia.com/index.php/en/localnews/115-localnews-facebook/64423-top-news-6.html.
   Google Scholar
• Fresh News. 2017e. “Srop pel NDI kompung klay chea brotheanbât chochek knea [While the NDI is Becoming a Topic of Debate].” Accessed September 15, 2019. http://www.freshnewsasia.com/index.php/en/localnews/63239-ndi-vibol.html.
   Google Scholar
• Fresh News. 2018a. “Tossânah Kone Khmer [A Khmer Viewpoint].” July 27. Accessed May 15, 2019. http://www.freshnewsasia.com/index.php/en/localnews/94095-2018-07-27-04-18-29.html.
   Google Scholar
• Fresh News. 2018b. “Neak vipheak Chao Chak Smok: Taoe kasaet mean nonineakar brochang reach rodthaphibal bângkaoet pormean klaeng klay daoembey bâmroe kol bomnong âvey? [Analyst Chao Chak Smok: For what Purposes do Anti-government Newspapers Create Fake News?].” March 9. Accessed August 12, 2019. http://www.freshnewsasia.com/index.php/en/localnews/80701-2018-03-09-02-47-15.html.
   Google Scholar
• Fresh News. 2018c. “Sâkâreach nei boros klang nov Asi" [The Era of Asian Strongmen].” March 21. Accessed May 18, 2019. http://www.freshnewsasia.com/index.php/en/localnews/81885-2018-03-21-13-25-13.html.
   Google Scholar
• Fresh News. 2018d. “Sechkdey thlengkar: kar phdâl pormean klaeng klay dâl vityu Asi Serey tha monus 6 neak slap neung cheang 40 neak robuos nov srok Snuol keu mean neak riep chom pi kroy khnong! [Press Release: The Fake News to RFA that Six People were Killed and more than Forty Others Injured in Snuol was Arranged!].” March 10. Accessed August 12, 2019. www.freshnewsasia.com/index.php/en/localnews/80821-2018-03-10-09-23-16.html.
   Google Scholar
• Fresh News. 2018e. “Tossânah vipheak: yutthoneakar phsay pormean klaeng klay robâs bândanh pormean brâchang! [Analysis: The Fake News Campaign of the Oppositional Information Networks].” March 10. Accessed August 14, 2019. http://www.freshnewsasia.com/index.php/en/localnews/80829-2018-03-10-10-53-20.html.
   Google Scholar
• Fresh News. 2019. “Samdech Hun Sen.” January 11. Accessed August 10, 2019. http://www.freshnewsasia.com/index.php/en/localnews/109999-2019-01-11-14-43-50.html.
   Google Scholar
• Gainous, Jason, Kevin M. Wagner, and Charles E Ziegler. 2018. “Digital Media and Political Opposition in Authoritarian Systems: Russia’s 2011 and 2016 Duma Elections.” Democratization 25 (2): 209–226. doi: 10.1080/13510347.2017.1315566
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Glasius, Marlies. 2018. “What Authoritarianism is … and is not: A Practice Perspective.” International Affairs 94 (3): 515–533. doi: 10.1093/ia/iiy060
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Gunitsky, Seva. 2015. “Corrupting the Cyber-Commons: Social Media as a Tool of Autocratic Stability.” Perspectives on Politics 13 (1): 42–54. doi: 10.1017/S1537592714003120
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Hellmeier, Sebastian. 2016. “The Dictator’s Digital Toolkit: Explaining Variation in Internet Filtering in Authoritarian Regimes.” Politics & Policy 44 (6): 1158–1191. doi: 10.1111/polp.12189
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Hirschl, Ran. 2008. “The Judicialization of Politics.” In The Oxford Handbook of Law and Politics, edited by Gregory E. Caldeira, G. A. Caldeira, R. Kelemen, and K. E. Whittington, 119–141. Oxford: Oxford University Press.
   Google Scholar
• Hirschl, Ran. 2009. Towards Juristocracy: The Origins and Consequences of the New Constitutionalism. Cambridge, MA: Harvard University Press.
   Google Scholar
• Howard, Philip N., Sheetal Agarwal, and Muzammil Hussain. 2011. “When do States Disconnect Their Digital Networks? Regime Responses to the Political Uses of Social Media.” The Communication Review 14 (3): 216–232. doi: 10.1080/10714421.2011.597254
   Google Scholar
• Howard, Philip, and Muzammil Hussain. 2013. Democracy’s Fourth Wave? Digital Media and the Arab Spring. Oxford: Oxford University Press.
   Google Scholar
• Hughes, Caroline. 2006. “The Politics of Gifts: Traditions and Regimentation in Contemporary Cambodia.” Journal of Southeast Asian Studies 37 (3): 469–489. doi: 10.1017/S0022463406000749
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Hughes, Caroline, and Netra Eng. 2019. “Facebook, Contestation, and Poor People’s Politics: Spanning the Urban–Rural Divide in Cambodia?” Journal of Contemporary Asia 49 (3): 365–388. doi: 10.1080/00472336.2018.1520910
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Hussain, Muzammil, and Philip Howard. 2014. State Power 2.0: Authoritarian Entrenchment and Political Engagement Worldwide. Surrey, UK: Ashgate.
   Google Scholar
• Jackson, Daniel, Einar Thorsen, and Dominic Wring. 2016. EU Referendum Analysis 2016: Media, Voters and the Campaign. Bournemouth, UK: The Centre for the Study of Journalism, Culture, and Community.
   Google Scholar
• Kann, Vicheika. 2017. “In First Correspondents’ Dinner, PM Hun Sen Lays into ‘Unprofessional’ Journalists.” Voice of America, January 16. Accessed September 25, 2019. https://www.voacambodia.com/a/in-first-correspondents-dinner-pm-hun-sen-lays-into-unprofessional-journalists/3678178.html.
   Google Scholar
• Kann, Vicheika. 2018. “Cambodia Forms Task Force to Monitor ‘Fake News’ on Social Media.” Voice of America, June 6. Accessed October 10, 2019. https://www.voacambodia.com/a/cambodia-forms-task-force-to-monitor-fake-news-on-social-media/4425534.html.
   Google Scholar
• Khy, Sovuthy. 2018. “Government to Tackle Fake News Frenzy.” Khmer Times, July 5. Accessed October 10, 2019. https://www.khmertimeskh.com/508265/government-to-tackle-fake-news-frenzy/.
   Google Scholar
• Khy, Sovuthy. 2019. “Spokespersons Unit Created to Address Criticisms from Media.” Khmer Times, March 14. Accessed October 12, 2019. https://www.khmertimeskh.com/50586572/spokespersons-unit-created-to-address-criticism-from-media.
   Google Scholar
• Kijewski, Leonie, and Meas Sokchea. 2017. “Fresh News ‘plot’ thickens as Site Publishes Allegations Taiwanese ‘Extremist Group’ trained CNRP.” Phnom Penh Post, September 1. Accessed October 5, 2019. https://www.phnompenhpost.com/national/fresh-news-plot-thickens-site-publishes-allegations-taiwanese-extremist-group-trained-cnrp.
   Google Scholar
• King, Gary, Jennifer Pan, and Margaret E. Roberts. 2017. “How the Chinese Government Fabricates Social Media Posts for Strategic Distraction, not Engaged Argument.” American Political Science Review 111 (3): 484–501. doi: 10.1017/S0003055417000144
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Lai, Brian, and Dan Slater. 2006. “Institutions of the Offensive: Domestic Sources of Dispute Initiation in Authoritarian Regimes, 1950–1992.” American Journal of Political Science 50 (1): 113–126. doi: 10.1111/j.1540-5907.2006.00173.x
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Levitsky, Steven, and Lucan A. Way. 2010. Competitive Authoritarianism: Hybrid Regimes after the Cold War. New York: Cambridge University Press.
   Google Scholar
• Lilleker, Darren, Daniel Jackson, Einar Thorsen, and Anastasia Veneti. 2016. US Election Analysis 2016: Media, Voters and the Campaign. Bournemouth: The Centre for the Study of Journalism, Culture and Community Bournemouth University.
   Google Scholar
• Loughlin, Neil. 2020. “Reassessing Cambodia’s Patronage System (s) and the End of Competitive Authoritarianism: Electoral Clientelism in the Shadow of Coercion.” Pacific Affairs 93 (3): 497–518. doi: 10.5509/2020933497
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• MacKinnon, Rebecca. 2011. “Liberation Technology: China’s Networked Authoritarianism.” Journal of Democracy 22 (2): 32–46. doi: 10.1353/jod.2011.0033
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Maerz, Seraphine F. 2016. “The Electronic Face of Authoritarianism: E-Government as a Tool for Gaining Legitimacy in Competitive and Non-Competitive Regimes.” Government Information Quarterly 33 (4): 727–735. doi: 10.1016/j.giq.2016.08.008
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• McCargo, Duncan. 2014. “Competing Notions of Judicialization in Thailand.” Contemporary Southeast Asia: A Journal of International and Strategic Affairs 36 (3): 417–441. doi: 10.1355/cs36-3d
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• McNair, Brian. 2017. An Introduction to Political Communication. Abingdon, Oxon; New York: Routledge.
   Google Scholar
• Mech, Dara, and Shaun Turton. 2017. “Government-aligned Fresh News seemingly a Bludgeon for Ruling Party.” Phnom Penh Post, August 28. Accessed October 15, 2019. https://www.phnompenhpost.com/national-post-depth-politics/government-aligned-fresh-news-seemingly-bludgeon-ruling-party.
   Google Scholar
• Men, Kimseng. 2014. “Shaping Political Change: The Role of Social Media in Cambodia’s 2013 Elections.” Asia Pacific Media Educator 24 (1): 107–116. doi: 10.1177/1326365X14539201
   Google Scholar
• Meyn, Colin. 2017. “The Fresh Prince of Cambodian Media.” Southeast Asia Globe, June 2. Accessed May 20, 2019. https://southeastasiaglobe.com/cambodia-fresh-news/.
   Google Scholar
• Millar, Paul. 2017. “The Tangled Web: How Leaks, Lies and Fake News took over Cambodian Politics.” Southeast Asia Globe, March 7. Accessed May 25, 2019. https://southeastasiaglobe.com/the-tangled-web-how-leaks-lies-and-fake-news-took-over-cambodian-politics/.
   Google Scholar
• Morgenbesser, Lee. 2018. “Misclassification on the Mekong: The Origins of Hun Sen’s Personalist Dictatorship.” Democratization 25 (2): 191–208. doi: 10.1080/13510347.2017.1289178
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Morgenbesser, Lee. 2019. “Cambodia’s Transition to Hegemonic Authoritarianism.” Journal of Democracy 30 (1): 158–171. doi: 10.1353/jod.2019.0012
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Nachemson, Andrew. 2019. “Fresh News and the Future of the Fourth Estate in Cambodia.” Coda Story, February 22. Accessed February 23, 2019. https://www.codastory.com/authoritarian-tech/fresh-news-and-the-future-of-the-fourth-estate-in-cambodia/
   Google Scholar
• Nachemson, Andrew, and Mech Dara. 2017. “Analysts say Government use of Fresh News fits the Authoritarian Playbook.” Phnom Penh Post, October 25. Accessed February 28, 2019. https://www.phnompenhpost.com/national-post-depth-politics/analysts-say-government-use-fresh-news-fits-authoritarian-playbook.
   Google Scholar
• Neou, Vannarin. 2018. “Hun Sen says further Media Restrictions needed to Stifle Fake News.” Voice of America, January 22. Accessed October 12, 2019. https://www.voacambodia.com/a/hun-sen-says-further-media-restrictions-needed-to-stifle-fake-news/4218547.html.
   Google Scholar
• Niem, Chheng, and Ananth Bhaliga. 2017. “US-funded National Democratic Institute accused of colluding with CNRP.” Phnom Penh Post, August 18. Accessed September 26, 2019. https://www.phnompenhpost.com/national/us-funded-national-democratic-institute-accused-colluding-cnrp.
   Google Scholar
• Niem, Chheng, and Andrew Nachemson. 2018. “Former Deputy PM Lu Lay Sreng Convicted of Defamation.” Phnom Penh Post, January 25. Accessed October 10, 2019. https://www.phnompenhpost.com/national/former-deputy-pm-lu-lay-sreng-convicted-defamation.
   Google Scholar
• Norén-Nilsson, Astrid. 2016. Cambodia’s Second Kingdom: Nation, Imagination, and Democracy. Ithaca, NY: Cornell SEAP.
   Google Scholar
• Ouch, Sony. 2020. “Lawyers Spar, Aiming to Exclude Evidence From Kem Sokha Trial.” Voice of Democracy, February 6. Accessed February 6, 2019. https://vodenglish.news/lawyers-spar-aiming-to-exclude-evidence-from-kem-sokha-trial/.
   Google Scholar
• Peter, Alain, Mengshu Chen, and Silvia Carrasco. 2016. “Power Interplay and Newspaper Digitization: Lessons From the Pengpai Experiment.” Global Media and China 1 (4): 497–510. doi: 10.1177/2059436416687313
   Google Scholar
• Phong, Kimchhoy, Lihol Srou, and Javier Sola. 2015. “Mobile Phones and Internet in Cambodia 2015.” Development Innovations, November. Accessed June 2, 2019. https://asiafoundation.org/resources/pdfs/MobilePhonesinCB2015.pdf.
   Google Scholar
• Phong, Kimchhoy, Lihol Srou, and Javier Sola. 2016. “Mobile Phones and Internet Use in Cambodia, 2016.” Development Innovations, December. Accessed June 2, 2019. http://asiafoundation.org/wp-content/uploads/2016/12/Mobile-Phones-and-Internet-Use-in-Cambodia-2016.pdf.
   Google Scholar
• Post Staff. 2017. “Sokha Arrested for ‘Treason’, is Accused of Colluding with US to Topple the Government.” Phnom Penh Post, September 4, 2017. Accessed 27 October, 2020. https://www.phnompenhpost.com/national/sokhaarrested-treason-accused-colluding-us-topple-government.
   Google Scholar
• Radio Free Asia. 2018. “Cambodia Security Forces Shoot Protesters Dead in Land Dispute,” March 8. Accessed December 12, 2019. https://www.rfa.org/english/news/cambodia/protest-03082018150029.html.
   Google Scholar
• Rajagopalan, Megha. 2018. “This Country’s Democracy has fallen apart and it played out to Millions on Facebook.” Buzzfeed News, January 21. Accessed June 5, 2019. https://www.buzzfeednews.com/article/meghara/facebook-cambodia-democracy.
   Google Scholar
• Repnikova, Maria, and Kecheng Fang. 2019. “Digital Media Experiments in China: ‘Revolutionizing’ Persuasion Under Xi Jinping.” The China Quarterly 239: 679–701. doi: 10.1017/S0305741019000316
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Rød, Espen Geelmuyden, and Nils Weidmann. 2015. “Empowering Activists or Autocrats? The Internet in Authoritarian Regimes.” Journal of Peace Research 52 (3): 338–351. doi: 10.1177/0022343314555782
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Schoenberger, Laura, Alice Beban, and Vanessa Lamb. 2018. “Authoritarian Rule Shedding its Populist Skin: How loss of Independent Media in the 2017 Crackdown Shapes Rural Politics in Cambodia.” Conference Paper 70, ERPI 2018 International Conference. Accessed August 25, 2019. https://www.tni.org/files/article-downloads/erpi_cp_70_schoenberger_et_al.pdf.
   Google Scholar
• Sen, Amartya. 1997. Human Rights and Asian Values. New York: Carnegie Council on Ethics and International Affairs.
   Google Scholar
• Shirky, Clay. 2011. “The Political Power of Social Media: Technology, the Public Sphere, and Political Change.” Foreign Affairs 90 (1): 28–41.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Stephens, Sarah. 1999. “Weak Sales for the Strong Man.” Phnom Penh Post, December 10. Accessed September 25, 2019. https://www.phnompenhpost.com/national/weak-sales-strong-man.
   Google Scholar
• Stockmann, Daniela. 2013. Media Commercialization and Authoritarian Rule in China. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press.
   Google Scholar
• Stockmann, Daniela, and Mary E. Gallagher. 2011. “Remote Control: How the Media Sustain Authoritarian Rule in China.” Comparative Political Studies 44 (4): 436–467. doi: 10.1177/0010414010394773
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Strangio, Sebastian. 2016. “The Media in Cambodia.” In The Handbook of Contemporary Cambodia, edited by Katherine Brickell and Simon Springer, 96–106. New York: Routledge.
   Google Scholar
• Supreme Court of Cambodia. 2017. Verdict No. 340, November 16.
   Google Scholar
• Tandoc Jr, Edson C., Zheng Wei Lim, and Richard Ling. 2018. “Defining Fake News: A Typology of Scholarly Definitions.” Digital Journalism 6 (2): 137–153. doi: 10.1080/21670811.2017.1360143
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Un, Kheang, and Sokbunthoeun So. 2012. “Cambodia’s Judiciary: Heading for Political Judicialization?” In The Judicialization of Poleitics in Asia, edited by Björn Dressel, 198–215. London: Routledge.
   Google Scholar
• Vong, Mun, and Kimhean Hok. 2018. “Facebooking: Youth’s Everyday Politics in Cambodia.” South East Asia Research 26 (3): 219–234. doi: 10.1177/0967828X17754113
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Waisbord, Silvio. 2018. “Truth is What Happens to News.” Journalism Studies 19 (13): 1866–1878. doi: 10.1080/1461670X.2018.1492881
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Walker, Christopher, and Robert W. Orttung. 2014. “Breaking the News: The Role of State-run Media.” Journal of Democracy 25 (1): 71–85. doi: 10.1353/jod.2014.0015
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Zhao, Yuezhi. 1998. Media, Market, and Democracy in China: Between the Party Line and the Bottom Line. Champaign: University of Illinois Press.
   Google Scholar