Culture and personality in international schools: are trait differences in students’ personalities attenuated or amplified?

References

• Allik, J. , and R. R. McCrae . 2004. “Toward a Geography of Personality Traits: Patterns of Profiles across 36 Cultures.” Journal of Cross-Cultural Psychology 35: 13–28. doi:10.1177/0022022103260382.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Banks, J. A. 2008. “Diversity, Group Identity, and Citizenship Education in a Global Age.” Educational Researcher 37 (3): 129–139.10.3102/0013189X08317501
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Barkhoff, J. , and H. Eberhart . 2009. “Introduction.” In Networking across Borders and Frontiers , edited by J. Barkhoff and H. Eberhart , 7–15. Frankfurt: Peter Lang.
   Google Scholar
• Bates, R. 2011. “Introduction.” In Schooling Internationally: Globalisation, Internationalisation and the Future for International Schools , edited by R. Bates , 1–21. London: Routledge.
   Google Scholar
• Bauman, Z. 2001. “Identity in the Globalizing World.” Social Anthropology 9 (2): 121–129.
   Google Scholar
• Buchanan, T. 2001. “Online Personality Assessment.” In Dimensions of Internet Science , edited by U. D. Reips and M. Bosnjak , 57–74. Lengerich: Pabst Science Publishers.
   Google Scholar
• Buchanan, T. , L. R. Goldberg , and J. A. Johnson (November, 1999). “WWW Personality Assessment: Evaluation of an Online Five Factor Inventory .” Paper presented at the Society for Computers in Psychology Conference. Los Angeles, CA.
   Google Scholar
• Buchanan, T. , J. A. Johnson , and L. R. Goldberg . 2005. “Implementing a Five-Factor Personality Inventory for Use on the Internet.” European Journal of Psychological Assessment 21 (2): 115–127.10.1027/1015-5759.21.2.115
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Caprara, G. V. , M. Vecchione , G. Alessandri , M. Gerbino , and C. Barbaranelli . 2011. “The Contribution of Personality Traits and Self-Efficacy Beliefs to Academic Achievement: A Longitudinal Study.” British Journal of Educational Psychology 81 (1): 78–96.10.1348/2044-8279.002004
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Chamorro-Premuzic, T. , A. Furnham , A. N. Christopher , J. Garwood , and G. N. Martin . 2008. “Birds of a Feather: Students’ Preferences for Lecturers’ Personalities as Predicted by Their Own Personality and Learning Approaches.” Personality and Individual Differences 44 (4): 965–976.10.1016/j.paid.2007.10.032
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Chen, C. , and L. F. Zhang . 2011. “Temperament, Personality and Achievement Goals among Chinese Adolescent Students.” Educational Psychology 31 (3): 339–359.10.1080/01443410.2011.559310
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Church, A. T. , J. M. Alvarez , T. Nhu , N. T. Mai , B. F. French , M. S. Katigbak , and F. A. Ortiz . 2011. “Are Cross-Cultural Comparisons of Personality Profiles Meaningful? Differential Item and Facet Functioning in the Revised NEO Personality Inventory.” Journal of Personality and Social Psychology 101 (5): 1068–1089.10.1037/a0025290
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Cummins, J. 2015. “Intercultural Education and Academic Achievement: A Framework for School-Based Policies in Multilingual Schools.” Intercultural Education 26 (6): 455–468.10.1080/14675986.2015.1103539
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Cushner, K. , and S. C. Chang . 2015. “Developing Intercultural Competence through Overseas Student Teaching: Checking Our Assumptions.” Intercultural Education 26 (3): 165–178.10.1080/14675986.2015.1040326
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• De Fruyt, F. , I. Mervielde , H. A. Hoekstra , and J. P. Rolland . 2000. “Assessing Adolescents' Personality with the NEO PI-R.” Assessment 7 (4): 329–345.10.1177/107319110000700403
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Dewaele, J. M. , and A. Stavans . 2014. “The Effect of Immigration, Acculturation and Multicompetence on Personality Profiles of Israeli Multilinguals.” International Journal of Bilingualism 18 (3): 203–221.10.1177/1367006912439941
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Dewaele, J. M. , and J. P. van Oudenhoven . 2009. “The Effect of Multilingualism/Multiculturalism on Personality: No Gain without Pain for Third Culture Kids?” International Journal of Multilingualism 6 (4): 443–459.10.1080/14790710903039906
   Google Scholar
• Eap, S. , D. S. DeGarmo , A. Kawakami , S. N. Hara , G. C. Hall , and A. L. Teten . 2008. “Culture and Personality among European American and Asian American Men.” Journal of Cross-Cultural Psychology 39 (5): 630–643.10.1177/0022022108321310
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Gelade, G. A. 2013. “Personality and Place.” British Journal of Psychology 104 (1): 69–82.10.1111/j.2044-8295.2012.02099.x
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Goldberg, L. R. , J. A. Johnson , H. W. Eber , R. Hogan , M. C. Ashton , C. R. Cloninger , and H. G. Gough . 2006. “The International Personality Item Pool and the Future of Public-Domain Personality Measures.” Journal of Research in Personality 40 (1): 84–96.10.1016/j.jrp.2005.08.007
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Grice, J. W. , and M. Iwasaki . 2007. “A Truly Multivariate Approach to MANOVA.” Applied Multivariate Research 12 (3): 199–226.
   Google Scholar
• Güngör, D. , M. H. Bornstein , J. De Leersnyder , L. Cote , E. Ceulemans , and B. Mesquita . 2012. “Acculturation of Personality: A Three-Culture Study of Japanese, Japanese Americans, and European Americans.” Journal of Cross-Cultural Psychology 44 (5): 701–708.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Hammer, M. R. , M. J. Bennett , and R. Wiseman . 2003. “Measuring Intercultural Sensitivity: The Intercultural Development Inventory.” International Journal of Intercultural Relations 27 (4): 421–443.10.1016/S0147-1767(03)00032-4
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Hayden, M. 2011. “Transnational Spaces of Education: The Growth of the International School Sector.” Globalisation, Societies and Education 9 (2): 211–224.10.1080/14767724.2011.577203
   Google Scholar
• Hayden, M. C. , and J. J. Thompson . 2008. International Schools: Growth and Influence (Fundamentals of Educational Planning 92) Paris: UNESCO.
   Google Scholar
• Hofstede, G. , and R. R. McCrae . 2004. “Personality and Culture Revisited: Linking Traits and Dimensions of Culture.” Cross-Cultural Research 38 (1): 52–88.10.1177/1069397103259443
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Makarova, E. , and D. Birman . 2016. “Minority Students’ Psychological Adjustment in the School Context: An Integrative Review of Qualitative Research on Acculturation.” Intercultural Education 27 (1): 1–21.10.1080/14675986.2016.1144382
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Marriott, T. C. , and T. Buchanan . 2014. “The True Self Online: Personality Correlates of Preference for Self-Expression Online, and Observer Ratings of Personality Online and Offline.” Computers in Human Behavior 32: 171–177.10.1016/j.chb.2013.11.014
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Matsumoto, D. , and L. Juang . 2013. Culture and Psychology . 5th ed. Belmont, CA: Wadsworth.
   Google Scholar
• Matthews, J. , and R. Sidhu . 2005. “Desperately Seeking the Global Subject: International Education, Citizenship and Cosmopolitanism.” Globalisation, Societies and Education 3 (1): 49–66. doi:10.1080/14767720500046179.
   Google Scholar
• McCrae, R. R. 2001. “Trait Psychology and Culture: Exploring Intercultural Comparisons.” Journal of Personality 69 (6): 819–846.10.1111/1467-6494.696166
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• McCrae, R. R. , and P. T. Costa . 2003. Personality in Adulthood: A Five-Factor Theory Perspective . New York : Guilford Press.10.4324/9780203428412
   Google Scholar
• McCrae, R. R. , A. Terracciano , F. De Fruyt , M. De Bolle , M. J. Gelfand , P. T. Costa Jr , A. Aaaa , and M. Yik . 2010. “The Validity and Structure of Culture-Level Personality Scores: Data from Ratings of Young Adolescents.” Journal of Personality 78 (3): 815–838.10.1111/jopy.2010.78.issue-3
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• McGuire, W. J. , C. V. McGuire , P. Child , and T. Fujioka . 1978. “Salience of Ethnicity in the Spontaneous Self-Concept as a Function of One’s Ethnic Distinctiveness in the Social Environment.” Journal of Personality and Social Psychology 36 (5): 511–520.10.1037/0022-3514.36.5.511
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Melles, E. A. , and J. Schwartz . 2013. “Does the Third Culture Kid Experience Predict Levels of Prejudice?” International Journal of Intercultural Relations 37 (2): 260–267.10.1016/j.ijintrel.2012.08.001
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Murdock, E. , F. S. Hirt , and D. Ferring . 2014. “Salience of Nationality in Students’ Spontaneous Self-Concept: A Comparative Study of a Nationally Homogeneous and a Heterogeneous School Context.” Journal of Research in International Education 13 (2): 119–134.10.1177/1475240914539797
   Google Scholar
• Nadelson, L. S. , M. D. Boham , L. Conlon-Khan , M. J. Fuentealba , C. J. Hall , G. A. Hoetker , D. S. Hooley , and B. S. Jang . 2012. “A Shifting Paradigm Preservice Teachers’ Multicultural Attitudes and Efficacy.” Urban Education 47 (6): 1183–1208.10.1177/0042085912449750
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Noftle, E. E. , and R. W. Robins . 2007. “Personality Predictors of Academic Outcomes: Big Five Correlates of GPA and SAT Scores.” Journal of Personality and Social Psychology 93 (1): 116–130.10.1037/0022-3514.93.1.116
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Pashler, H. , M. McDaniel , D. Rohrer , and R. Bjork . 2008. “Learning Styles Concepts and Evidence.” Psychological Science in the Public Interest 9 (3): 105–119.10.1111/j.1539-6053.2009.01038.x
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Pearce, R. 2011. “When Borders Overlap: Composite Identities in Children in International Schools.” Journal of Research in International Education 10 (2): 154–173.10.1177/1475240911412291
   Google Scholar
• Pollock, D. C. , and R. Van Reken . 2009. Third Culture Kids: Growing up amongst Worlds -Revised . Boston, MA : Nicholas Brealey Publishing.
   Google Scholar
• Poropat, A. E. 2009. “A Meta-Analysis of the Five-Factor Model of Personality and Academic Performance.” Psychological Bulletin 135 (2): 322–338.10.1037/a0014996
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Poropat, A. E. 2014. “Other-Rated Personality and Academic Performance: Evidence and Implications.” Learning and Individual Differences 34: 24–32.10.1016/j.lindif.2014.05.013
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Rausch, T. , C. Karing , T. Dörfler , and C. Artelt . 2016. “Personality Similarity between Teachers and their Students Influences Teacher Judgement of Student Achievement.” Educational Psychology 36 (5): 863–878.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Schmitt, D. , J. Allik , R. R. McCrae , and V. Benet-Martínez . 2007. “The Geographic Distribution of Big Five Personality Traits: Patterns and Profiles of Human Self-Description across 56 Nations.” Journal of Cross-Cultural Psychology 38 (2): 173–212.10.1177/0022022106297299
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Straffon, D. A. 2003. “Assessing the Intercultural Sensitivity of High School Students Attending an International School.” International Journal of Intercultural Relations 27 (4): 487–501.10.1016/S0147-1767(03)00035-X
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Terracciano, A. , A. M. Abdel-Khalek , N. Adam , L. Adamovova , C. K. Ahn , H. N. Ahn , A. Aaaa , and M. D. Avia . 2005. “National Character Does Not Reflect Mean Personality Trait Levels in 49 Cultures.” Science 310 (5745): 96–100.10.1126/science.1117199
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Tomlinson, J. 1999. Globalization and Culture . Cambridge: Polity Press.
   Google Scholar
• Triandis, H. C. 2001. “Individualism-Collectivism and Personality.” Journal of Personality 69 (6): 907–924.10.1111/1467-6494.696169
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Zhang, L. F. 2008. “Revisiting the Big Six and the Big Five among Hong Kong University Students.” Educational Psychology 28 (1): 1–14.10.1080/01443410701366092
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Zhang, Y. , and Y. Guo . 2015. “Becoming Transnational: Exploring Multiple Identities of Students in a Mandarin-English Bilingual Programme in Canada.” Globalisation, Societies and Education 13 (2): 210–229. doi:10.1080/14767724.2014.934071.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar