The two-level politics of support—US foreign policy and the responsibility to protect

References

• Abramowitz, Michael and Woocher Lawrence, 2010. ‘How Genocide Became a National Security Threat—And what Barack Obama Should Do About It’. Foreign Policy, 26 February.
   Google Scholar
• Albright, Madeleine K. and William S.Cohen, 2008. Preventing Genocide—A Blueprint for U.S. Policymaker: Report of the Genocide Prevention Task Force. United States Holocaust Memorial Museum, American Academy of Diplomacy and United States Institute of Peace, Washington, DC.
   Google Scholar
• Albright, Madeleine K. and Richard S.Williamson, 2013. The United States and R2P—From Words to Action; Report of the Working Group on the Responsibility to Protect. United States Institute of Peace, United States Holocaust Memorial Museum and Brookings Institution, Washington, DC.
   Google Scholar
• Allan, Craig and ThérèseO'Donnell, 2012. ‘A Call to Alms? Natural Disasters, R2P, Duties of Cooperation and Uncharted Consequences’. Journal of Conflict & Security Law17(3), 337–371.
   Google Scholar
• Auerswald, David P. and Peter F.Cowhey, 1997. ‘Ballotbox Diplomacy: The War Powers Resolution and the Use of Force’. International Studies Quarterly41(3), 505–528.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Badescu, Cristina G. and Thomas G.Weiss, 2010. ‘Misrepresenting R2P and Advancing Norms: An Alternative Spiral?’. International Studies Perspectives11(4), 354–374.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Beardsley, Brent, 2009. ‘Lessons Learned or Not Learned from the Rwandan Genocide’. In The World and Darfur—International Response to Crimes Against Humanity in Western Sudan, ed. Amanda F.Grzyb. McGill-Queen's University Press, Montreal, 41–60.
   Google Scholar
• Bellamy, Alex J., 2011. ‘Libya and the Responsibility to Protect: The Exception and the Norm’. Ethics & International Affairs25(3), 263–269.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Bellamy, Alex J., 2014. ‘From Tripoli to Damascus? Lesson Learning and the Implementation of the Responsibility to Protect’. International Politics51(1), 23–44.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Benner, Thorsten, 2013. ‘Brazil as a Norm Entrepreneur: The “Responsibility While Protecting” Initiative’. GPPi Working Paper. Global Public Policy Institute, Berlin, March.
   Google Scholar
• Blanchard, Christopher M., Carla E. Humud and Mary Beth D. Nikitin, 2014. ‘Armed Conflict in Syria: Overview and U.S. Response’. Congressional Research Service, Washington, DC, 15 January.
   Google Scholar
• Boswell, Alan, 2012. ‘The Failed State Lobby’. Foreign Policy, 9 July.
   Google Scholar
• Brockmeier, Sarah, 2013. ‘Germany and the Intervention in Libya’. Survival55(6), 63–90.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Brockmeier, Sarah, GerritKurtz and PhilippRotmann, 2013. Schutz und Verantwortung—Über die US-Außenpolitik zur Verhinderung von Gräueltaten[Protection and Responsibility—On the US Foreign Policy for Mass Atrocity Prevention]. Heinrich-Böll-Stiftung, Berlin.
   Google Scholar
• Chesterman, Simon, 2011. ‘“Leading from Behind”: The Responsibility to Protect, the Obama Doctrine, and Humanitarian Intervention after Libya’. Ethics & International Affairs25(3), 279–285.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Cohen, Roberta, 21 July 2008. ‘The Burma Cyclone and the Responsibility to Protect’. Speech at Congressional Briefing on Security for a New Century, Brookings, Washington, DC.
   Google Scholar
• de Waal, Alex, 2008. ‘The Humanitarian Carnival: A Celebrity Vogue’. World Affairs171(2), 43–55.
   Google Scholar
• Evans, Gareth, 2009. ‘The Responsibility to Protect—Ending Mass Atrocities Crimes Once and for All’. Irish Studies in International Affairs20(1), 7–13.
   Google Scholar
• Farer, Tom J. and Claudia FuentesJulio, 2014. ‘Flesh on Doctrinal Bones? The United States and R2P’. In The International Politics of Human Rights—Rallying to the R2P Cause, eds. MonicaSerrano and Thomas G.Weiss. Routlegde, New York, 208–227.
   Google Scholar
• Flint, Julie, 2007. ‘Darfur: Stop! Confrontational Rhetoric’. Review of African Political Economy34(113), 535–540.
   Google Scholar
• Flint, Julie and Alexde Waal, 2008. Darfur: A New History of a Long War—Revised and Updated. Zed Books, London.
   Google Scholar
• Foot, Rosemary, S. NeilMacFarlane and MichaelMastanduno (eds.), 2003. Hegemony and International Organizations: The United States and Multilateral Institutions. Oxford University Press, Oxford.
   Google Scholar
• Gallagher, Maryann E. and Susan H.Allen, 2014. ‘Presidential Personality: Not Just a Nuisance’. Foreign Policy Analysis10(1), 1–21.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Glasser, Susan B., 2013. ‘The Price of Smart Power—Will Obama's Nuclear Deal with Iran Come at the Cost of Syrian Lives?’. Politico Magazine, 26 November.
   Google Scholar
• Haacke, Jürgen, 2009. ‘Myanmar, the Responsibility to Protect, and the Need for Practical Assistance’. Global Responsibility to Protect1(2), 156–184.
   Google Scholar
• Hagan, John and WenonaRymond-Richmond, 2009. Darfur and the Crime of Genocide. Cambrigde University Press, New York.
   Google Scholar
• Hamilton, Rebecca J., 2014. ‘Samantha Power in Practice’. Foreign Affairs, 3 February. Available at: http://www.foreignaffairs.com/articles/140709/rebecca-hamilton/samantha-power-in-practice [Accessed 20 May 2014].
   Google Scholar
• Hastings, Michael, 2011. ‘Inside Obama's War Room’. Rolling Stone, 13 October. Available at: http://www.rollingstone.com/politics/news/inside-obamas-war-room-20111013 [Accessed 14 June 2012].
   Google Scholar
• Hof, Frederic C. and Alex Simon, 2013. ‘Sectarian Violence in Syria's Civil War: Causes, Consequences, and Recommendations for Mitigation’. A paper commissioned by The Center for the Prevention of Genocide, United States Holocaust Memorial Museum, Washington, DC.
   Google Scholar
• Holland, Jack and MikeAaronson, 2014. ‘Dominance through Coercion: Strategic Rhetorical Balancing and the Tactics of Justification in Afghanistan and Libya’. Journal of Intervention and Statebuilding8(1), 1–20.
   Google Scholar
• Jentleson, Bruce W., 2012. ‘The Obama Administration and R2P—Progress, Problems and Prospects’. Global Responsibility to Protect4(4), 399–423.
   Google Scholar
• Jones, Bruce, 2014. Still Ours to Lead—America, Rising Powers, and the Tension between Rivalry and Restraint. Brookings Institution Press, Washington, DC.
   Google Scholar
• Juma, Monica Kathina, 2009. ‘African Mediation of the Kenyan Post-2007 Election Crisis’. Journal of Contemporary African Studies27(3), 407–430.
   Google Scholar
• Junk, Julian, 2013. ‘Humanitäre Appelle, humanitäre Interventionen? Medienberichterstattung, Regierungshandeln und das internationale Eingreifen im Sudan’ [Humanitarian Pleas, Humanitarian Interventions? Media Reporting, Government Action and the International Engagement in Sudan]. Die Friedens-Warte - Journal of International Peace and Organization88(1–2), 141–161.
   Google Scholar
• Kennedy, Caroline, 2013. ‘The Manichean Temptation: Moralising Rhetoric and the Invocation of Evil in US Foreign Policy’. International Politics50(6), 623–638.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Kersten, Mark, 2014. ‘Unfortunate but Unsurprising? Obama Undermines the ICC’. Justice in Conflict, 4 February. Available at: http://justiceinconflict.org/2014/02/04/unfortunate-but-unsurprising-obama-undermines-the-icc/ [Accessed 10 March 2014].
   Google Scholar
• Kriner, Douglas L., 2010. After the Rubicon—Congress, Presidents, and the Politics of Waging War. Chicago University Press, Chicago.
   Google Scholar
• Lewis, Michael, 2012. ‘Obama's Way’. Vanity Fair, October. Available at: http://www.vanityfair.com/politics/2012/10/michael-lewis-profile-barack-obama [Accessed 10 November 2013].
   Google Scholar
• Lizza, Ryan, 2011. ‘The Consequentialist—How the Arab Spring Remade Obama's Foreign Policy’. The New Yorker, 2 March. Available at: http://www.newyorker.com/reporting/2011/05/02/110502fa_fact_lizza?currentPage = all [Accessed 12 April 2013].
   Google Scholar
• Lockhart, Charles, 2003. The Roots of American Exceptionalism: Institutions, Culture and Policies. Palgrave MacMillan, Basingstoke.
   Google Scholar
• Luchterhandt, Otto, 2008. ‘Völkerrechtliche Aspekte des Georgien-Krieges’ [Aspects from International Law of the Georgian War]. Archiv des Völkerrechts46(4), 435–480.
   Google Scholar
• Luck, Edward C., 2009. ‘Preface’. In A Choice for Peace? The Story of 41 Days of Mediation in Kenya, by Elisabeth Lindenmayer and Josie Lianna Kaye. International Peace Institute, New York.
   Google Scholar
• Luck, Edward C., 2009. ‘Sovereignty, Choice, and the Responsibility to Protect’. Global Responsibility to Protect1(1), 10–21.
   Google Scholar
• Mitchell, Neil James, 2012. Democracy's Blameless Leaders—From Dresden to Abu Ghraib, How Leaders Evade Accountability for Abuse, Atrocity, and Killing. New York University Press, New York.
   Google Scholar
• Obama, Barack, 2007. ‘Renewing American Leadership’. Foreign Affairs86(4), 2–16.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Orford, Anne, 2011. International Authority and the Responsibility to Protect. Cambridge University Press, Cambridge.
   Google Scholar
• Patey, Luke A., 2009. ‘Against the Asian Tide: The Sudan Divestment Campaign’. Journal of Modern African Studies47(4), 551–573.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Penn Schoen Berland, 2012. ‘Phone Poll for the United States Holocaust Memorial and Museum’, 30 June–10 July.
   Google Scholar
• Pollentine, Marc, 2012. ‘Constructing the Responsibility to Protect’. PhD Diss., Cardiff University.
   Google Scholar
• Powell, Colin L., 2004. ‘The Crisis in Darfur’. Testimony Before the Senate Foreign Relations Committee, Washington, DC, 9 September.
   Google Scholar
• Power, Samantha, 2001. ‘Bystanders to Genocide’. The Atlantic, 1 September. Available at: http://www.theatlantic.com/magazine/archive/2001/09/bystanders-to-genocide/304571/ [Accessed 10 June 2013].
   Google Scholar
• Power, Samantha, 2003. A Problem from Hell—America and the Age of Genocide. HarperCollins, New York.
   Google Scholar
• Putnam, Robert, 1988. ‘Diplomacy and Domestic Politics: The Logic of Two-Level Games’. International Organization42(3), 427–460.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Reinold, Theresa, 2011. ‘The United States and the Responsibility to Protect: Impediment, Bystander, or Norm Leader?’. Global Responsibility to Protect3(1), 61–87.
   Google Scholar
• Rice, Susan E., 2009. ‘Remarks on the UN Security Council and the Responsibility to Protect’. Seminar at the International Peace Institute, Vienna, 15 June.
   Google Scholar
• Rohde, David, 2013. ‘How John Kerry Could End Up Outdoing Hillary Clinton’. The Atlantic, 20 November. Available at: http://www.theatlantic.com/magazine/archive/2013/12/john-kerry-will-not-be-denied/354688/ [Accessed 9 December 2013].
   Google Scholar
• Roth, Brad R., 2003. ‘Bending the Law, Breaking It, or Developing It? The United States and the Humanitarian Use of Force in the Post-Cold War Era’. In United States Hegemony and the Foundations of the International Law, eds. MichaelByers and GeorgNolte. Cambridge University Press, Cambridge, 232–263.
   Google Scholar
• Saunders, Elizabeth N., 2011. Leaders at War—How Presidents Shape Military Interventions. Cornell University Press, Ithaca.
   Google Scholar
• Schaller, Christian, 2008. Die völkerrechtliche Dimension der ‘Responsibility to Protect’[The International Law Dimension of the ‘Responsibility to Protect’]. SWP Aktuell, no. 46. Stiftung Wissenschaft und Politik, Berlin.
   Google Scholar
• Seibel, Wolfgang, 2013. ‘Libyen, das Prinzip der Schutzverantwortung und Deutschlands Stimmenthaltung im UN-Sicherheitsrat bei der Abstimmung über Resolution 1973 am 17. März 2011’ [Libya, the Responsibility to Protect and Germany's Abstention Vote in the UN Security Council on Resolution 1973 of March 17, 2011]. Die Friedens-Warte - Journal of International Peace and Organization88(1–2), 87–116.
   Google Scholar
• Sestanovich, Stephen, 2014. Maximalist—America in the World from Truman to Obama. Alfred A. Knopf, New York.
   Google Scholar
• Smiddy, Kimberly, Mathias Kjaer, Kevin Sudi and Erick Ngosi, 2013. Final Evaluation of CSO's Kenya Engagement (February 2012–April 2013). Prepared by Social Impact for US Department of State. Social Impact, Arlington, VA.
   Google Scholar
• Stedjan, Scott and ColinThomas-Jensen, 2010. ‘The United States’. In The International Politics of Mass Atrocities—The Case of Darfur, eds. David R.Black and Paul D.Williams. Routledge, London, 157–175.
   Google Scholar
• Steinberg, Donald, 2009. ‘Responsibility to Protect: Coming of Age?’. Global Responsibility to Protect1(4), 432–441.
   Google Scholar
• US Department of Defense, 1999. ‘Remarks to the Atlantic Council as Delivered by Secretary of Defense William S. Cohen at the National Building Museum’. US Department of Defense, Washington, DC, 22 April.
   Google Scholar
• US Department of Defense, 2010. ‘Quadrennial Defense Review Report’. US Department of Defense, Washington, DC, February.
   Google Scholar
• US Department of State, 2010. Leading Through Civilian Power—The First Quadrennial Diplomacy and Development Review of the U.S. Department of State and the U.S. Agency for International Development. US Department of State, Washington, DC.
   Google Scholar
• US Senate, 2004. ‘A Concurrent Resolution Declaring Genocide in Darfur, Sudan’. S. Con. Res. 133 (108th), 22 July.
   Google Scholar
• US Senate, 2010. ‘Recognizing the United States National Interest in Helping to Prevent Mass Atrocities’. S. Con. Res. 71 (111th), 22 December.
   Google Scholar
• United Nations Security Council (UNSC), 2005. ‘Transcript of the Open Debate on the Protection of Civilians in Armed Conflicts at the 5319th meeting of the UN Security Council’. UN Doc. S/PV.5319 (Resumption 1), 5 December.
   Google Scholar
• United Nations Security Council (UNSC), 2006. ‘Resolution 1674’. UN Doc. S/Res/1674, 28 April.
   Google Scholar
• United Nations Security Council (UNSC), 2008. ‘Statement by the President of the Security Council’. UN Doc. S/PRST/2008/4, 6 February.
   Google Scholar
• United Nations Security Council (UNSC), 2013. ‘Statement by the President of the Security Council’. UN Doc. S/PRST/2013/15, 2 October.
   Google Scholar
• United Nations Security Council (UNSC), 2014. ‘Resolution 2139’. UN Doc. S/Res/2139, 22 February.
   Google Scholar
• United States Mission to the United Nations (USUN), 2009. ‘Statement by Ambassador Susan E. Rice, US Permanent Representative, at the UN Security Council: Respect International Humanitarian Law’. USUN, New York, 29 January.
   Google Scholar
• United States Mission to the United Nations (USUN), 2012. ‘Remarks by the United States at an Informal Discussion on “Responsibility while Protecting”’. USUN, New York, 21 February.
   Google Scholar
• Vlasic, Mark V., 2011. ‘Europe and North America’. In The Responsibility to Protect, eds. JaredGenser, IrwinCotler, DesmondTutu and VaclavHavel. Oxford Scholarship Online, Oxford, 159–181.
   Google Scholar
• Walker, Stephen G. and AkanMalici, 2011. U.S. Presidents and Foreign Policy Mistakes. Stanford University Press, Stanford.
   Google Scholar
• Weiss, Thomas G., 2010. ‘Halting Atrocities in Kenya’. Great Decisions, December, 17–30.
   Google Scholar
• Weiss, Thomas G., 2011. ‘RtoP Alive and Well after Libya’. Ethics & International Affairs25(3), 287–292.
   Google Scholar
• Western, Jon, 2013. ‘From Wars of Choice to the Mistakes of Wars: Presidential Decision Making and the Limits of Democratic Accountability’. Perspectives on Politics11(2), 532–537.
   Google Scholar
• Western, Jon, 2013. ‘ICC Victory over Immunity in Recent Clash with al-Bashir’. The Duck of Minerva, 3 October. Available at: http://www.whiteoliphaunt.com/duckofminerva/2013/10/icc-victory-over-immunity-in-recent-clash-with-al-bashir.html [Accessed 20 May 2014].
   Google Scholar
• The White House, 1999. ‘Remarks by the President to the KFOR Troops, Skopje, Macedonia Airport’. The White House, Washington, DC, 22 June.
   Google Scholar
• The White House, 2006. The National Security Strategy of the United States of America—March 2006. The White House, Washington, DC.
   Google Scholar
• The White House, 2009. ‘Press Conference in L'Aquila, Italy’. The White House, Washington, DC, 10 July.
   Google Scholar
• The White House, 2010. National Security Strategy, May 2010. The White House, Washington, DC.
   Google Scholar
• The White House, 2011. ‘Presidential Study Directive on Mass Atrocities—PSD-10’. The White House, Washington, DC, 4 August.
   Google Scholar
• The White House, 2011. ‘Remarks by the President in Address to the Nation on Libya at the National Defense University, Washington, DC’. The White House, Washington, DC, 28 March.
   Google Scholar
• The White House, 2012. ‘Remarks by the President at the United States Holocaust Memorial Museum, Washington DC’. The White House, Washington, DC, 23 April.
   Google Scholar
• Wittkopf, Eugen R., Christopher M.Jones and Charles W.Kegley, 2008. American Foreign Policy—Pattern and Process. 7th ed.Thomson Wadsworth, Belmont.
   Google Scholar