‘Our identity is our currency’: South Africa, the responsibility to protect and the logic of African intervention

References

• Acharya, Amitav, 2011. ‘Norm Subsidiarity and Regional Orders: Sovereignty, Regionalism, and Rule-making in the Third World’. International Studies Quarterly55(1), 95–125.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• African Union (AU), 2002. ‘Protocol Relating to the Establishment of the Peace and Security Council of the African Union’. AU, Addis Ababa. Available at: http://www.africa-union.org/root/au/Documents/Treaties/treaties.htm [Accessed September 2013].
   Google Scholar
• Alden, Chris, 1996. Apartheid's Last Stand: The Rise and Fall of the South African Security State. St Martin's, New York.
   Google Scholar
• Alden, Chris and GarthLe Pere, 2009. ‘South Africa in Africa: Bound To Lead?’. Politikon36(1), 145–169.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Alden, Chris and MaxiSchoeman, 2003. ‘The Hegemon that Wasn't: South Africa's Foreign Policy towards Zimbabwe’. Strategic Review for Southern Africa25(1), 1–28.
   Google Scholar
• Alden, Chris and MaxiSchoeman, 2013. ‘South Africa in the Company of Giants: The Search for Leadership in a Transforming Global Order’. International Affairs89(1), 1–19.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Alden, Chris and MillsSoko, 2005. ‘South Africa's Economic Relations with Africa: Hegemony and its Discontents’. The Journal of Modern African Studies43(3), 367–392.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Anker, Peder, 2001. Imperial Ecology. Environmental Order in the British Empire, 1895–1945. Harvard University Press, Cambridge.
   Google Scholar
• Annan, Kofi, 2001. In Larger Freedom. Towards Development, Security and Human Rights for All. United Nations Publications, New York.
   Google Scholar
• Barber, James, 2004. Mandela's World: The International Dimensions of South Africa's Political Revolution 1990–99. James Currey, Oxford.
   Google Scholar
• Barber, James and JohnBarratt, 1990. South Africa's Foreign Policy: The Search for Recognition. Cambridge University Press, Cambridge.
   Google Scholar
• Bellamy, Alex J. and Paul D.Williams, 2011. ‘The New Politics of Protection: Côte d'Ivoire, Libya and the Responsibility to Protect’. International Affairs87(4), 825–850.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Bischoff, Paul-Henri, 2003. ‘External and Domestic Sources of Foreign Policy Ambiguity: South African Foreign Policy and the Projection of Pluralist Middle Power’. Politikon30(1), 183–201.
   Google Scholar
• Burgess, Stephen F., 2012. ‘South Africa: Benign Hegemony and Resistance’. In Beyond Great Powers and Hegemons: Why Secondary States Support, Follow, or Challenge, eds. K.P.Williams, S.E.Lobell and N.G.Jesse. Stanford University Press, Stanford, 207–221.
   Google Scholar
• Centre for Conflict Resolution (CCR), 2011. ‘South Africa, Africa, and the United Nations Security Council’. CCR, Cape Town.
   Google Scholar
• Coady, Allison and HusseinSolomon, 2009. ‘Deconstructing Constructive Engagement: Examining Mbeki's South African Foreign Policy towards Zimbabwe’. World Affairs13(1), 170–185.
   Google Scholar
• Cooper, Andrew F., 1997. ‘Niche Diplomacy: A Conceptual Overview’. In Niche Diplomacy. Middle Powers after the Cold War, ed. Andrew F.Cooper. Macmillan, London, 1–24.
   Google Scholar
• Crawford, Neta C., 1995. ‘The Domestic Sources and Consequences of Aggressive Foreign Policies: The Folly of South Africa's “Total Strategy”’. Working Paper, no. 41. Centre for Southern African Studies, Bellville.
   Google Scholar
• Daniel, J., V.Naidoo and S.Naidu, 2003. ‘The South Africans have Arrived: Post-Apartheid South Africa's Corporate Expansion into Africa’. In State of the Nation: South Africa 2003–2004, eds. J.Daniel, AdamHabib and RogerSouthall. HSRC Press, Pretoria, 368–390.
   Google Scholar
• Davenport, Rodney and ChristopherSaunders, 2000. South Africa: A Modern History. Palgrave Macmillan, London.
   Google Scholar
• De Waal, Alex, 2002. ‘What's New in the New Partnership for Africa's Development?’. International Affairs78(3), 463–475.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• The Economist, 2011. ‘South Africa's Foreign Policy: All Over the Place’, 24 March.
   Google Scholar
• Ellis, Stephen, 2012. External Mission. The ANC in exile, 1960–1990. Hurst, London.
   Google Scholar
• Flemes, Daniel, 2009. ‘Regional Power South Africa: Co-operative Hegemony Constrained by Historical Legacy’. Journal of Contemporary African Studies27(2), 135–157.
   Google Scholar
• Freeman, Linda, 2005. ‘South Africa's Zimbabwe Policy. Unravelling the Contradictions’. Journal of Contemporary African Studies23(2), 147–172.
   Google Scholar
• Geldenhuys, Deon, 1978. ‘South Africa's Search for Security since the Second World War’. South African Institute of International Affairs.
   Google Scholar
• Habib, Adam, 2009. ‘South Africa's Foreign Policy: Hegemonic Aspirations, Neoliberal Orientations and Global Transformation’. South African Journal of International Affairs16(2), 143–159.
   Google Scholar
• Heinecken, Lindy and RializeFerreira, 2012. ‘“Fighting for Peace”. The Experiences of South African Military Personnel in Peace Operations in Africa (Part II)’. African Security Review21(2), 36–49.
   Google Scholar
• Herbst, Jeffrey, 2005. ‘Mbeki's South Africa’. Foreign Affairs84(6), 93–109.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Human Rights Watch, 2007. ‘South Africa's Troubling Foreign Policy’. Letter to the South African Deputy Minister of Foreign Affairs. Available at: http://hrw.org/english/docs/2007/12/31/safric17721.htm [Accessed September 2013].
   Google Scholar
• Hurrell, Andrew, 2006. On Global Order. Power, Values, and the Constitution of International Society. Oxford University Press, Oxford.
   Google Scholar
• Institute for Security Studies, 2011. ‘Libya: UN Passes No Fly Zone Resolution as South Africa Fails to Align with the BRIC Group’. Africa Conflict Prevention Programme, Pretoria.
   Google Scholar
• King, Angela, 1994. ‘Keynote Address’. Paper delivered to the UN Department of Public Information and the Centre for Southern African Studies, University of the Western Cape, 8 February.
   Google Scholar
• Konaré, Alpha Oumar, 2004. ‘Inaugural Speech of the African Union Peace and Security Council’, 25 May. Available at: http://www.africa-union.org/Official_documents/Speeches_&_Statements [Accessed September 2013].
   Google Scholar
• Krasner, Stephen D., 1999. Sovereignty. Organized Hypocrisy. Princeton University Press, Princeton.
   Google Scholar
• Kumalo, Dumisani S., 2012. South Africa's Position on Multilateral Issues at the United Nations. Department for International Relations and Cooperation, Pretoria.
   Google Scholar
• Landsberg, Chris, 2004. The Quiet Diplomacy of Liberation: International Politics and South Africa's Transition. Jacana Media, Johannesburg.
   Google Scholar
• Landsberg, Chris, 2007. ‘South Africa and the Making of the African Union and NEPAD: Mbeki's “Progressive African Agenda”’. In South Africa in Africa, eds. AdekeyeAdebajo, AdebayoAdedeji and ChrisLandsberg. University of KwaZulu-Natal Press, Scottsville, 195–212.
   Google Scholar
• Leith, Ian and JoelienPretorius, 2009. ‘Eroding the Middle Ground: The Shift in Foreign Policy Underpinning South African Nuclear Diplomacy’. Politikon36(3), 345–361.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Liberman, Peter, 2001. ‘The Rise and Fall of the South African Bomb’. International Security26(2), 45–86.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Lowenberg, Anton and WilliamKaempfer, 1998. The Origins and Demise of South African Apartheid. University of Michigan Press, Ann Arbor.
   Google Scholar
• Mandela, Nelson, 1993. ‘South Africa's Future Foreign Policy’. Foreign Affairs72(5), 86–97.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Mayall, James and RicardoSoares de Oliveira (eds.), 2011. The New Protectorates. The New Protectorates. International Tutelage and the Making of Liberal States. Hurst, London.
   Google Scholar
• Mbeki, Thabo, 2012. ‘The African Union at 10 Years Old: A Dream Deferred’. The Thinker, September. Available at: http://www.thabombekifoundation.org.za/Pages/The-African-Union-at-10-years.aspx [Accessed September 2013].
   Google Scholar
• Mills, Greg, 2011. ‘An Option of Difficulties? A 21st Century South African Defence Review’. Brenthurst Foundation, Johannesburg.
   Google Scholar
• Moore, David, 2009. ‘A Decade of Disquieting Diplomacy: South Africa, Zimbabwe and the Ideology of the National Democratic Revolution, 1999–2009’. History Compass8(8), 752–767.
   Google Scholar
• Narlikar, Amrita, 2010. New Powers. How to Become One and How to Manage Them. Hurst, London.
   Google Scholar
• Nathan, Laurie, 2005. ‘South Africa: A Coherent Foreign Policy—Most of the Time’. International Affairs81(2), 361–372.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Nathan, Laurie, 2011. ‘Interests, Ideas and Ideology: South Africa's Policy on Darfur’. African Affairs110(438), 97–120.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Neethling, Theo, 2012. ‘Reflections on Norm Dynamics: South African Foreign Policy and the No-fly Zone over Libya’. South African Journal of International Affairs19(1), 25–42.
   Google Scholar
• NyeJr, Joseph S., 1999. ‘Redefining the National Interest’. Foreign Affairs78(4), 22–35.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Ryall, David, 1997. ‘Caught Between Two Worlds: Understanding South Africa's Foreign Policy Options’. Third World Quarterly18(2), 397–402.
   Google Scholar
• Saunders, Chris, 2012. ‘South Africa, Human Rights, and the United Nations: A Review Essay’. South African Journal of International Affairs19(1), 135–142.
   Google Scholar
• Schweller, Randall, 2011. ‘Emerging Powers in an Age of Disorder’. Global Governance17(3), 285–297.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Shearar, Jeremy, 2011. Against the World. South Africa and Human Rights at the United Nations 1945–1961. Unisa Press, Pretoria.
   Google Scholar
• Sidiropoulos, Elizabeth, 2008. ‘South African Foreign Policy in the Post-Mbeki Period’. South African Journal of International Affairs15(2), 107–120.
   Google Scholar
• Serrão, Olivier and Paul-HenriBischoff, 2009. ‘Foreign Policy Ambiguity on the Part of an Emergent Middle Power: South African Foreign Policy through other Lenses’. Politikon36(3), 363–380.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Seymour, Vernon, 1996. ‘Global Dialogue, Human Rights and Foreign Policy: Will South Africa Please Lead’. Southern African Perspectives, no. 55. Centre for Southern African Studies, Bellville.
   Google Scholar
• Skinner, Quentin, 1974. ‘Some Problems in the Analysis of Political Thought and Action’. Political Theory2(3), 277–303.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Smuts, Jan Christian, 1919. The League of Nations. A Practical Suggestion. The Nations Press, New York.
   Google Scholar
• Taylor, Ian and PhilipNel, 2002. ‘New Africa, Globalisation and the Confines of Elite Reformism: Getting the Rhetoric Right, Getting the Strategy Wrong’. Third World Quarterly23(1), 163–180.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• United Nations Security Council (UNSC), 2011. ‘Resolution 1973’. UN Doc. S/RES/1973, 17 March.
   Google Scholar
• Vale, Peter and SiphoMaseko, 2002. ‘Thabo Mbeki, South Africa and the Idea of an African Renaissance’. In Thabo Mbeki's World: The Politics and Ideology of the South African President, eds. S.Jacobs and R.Calland. University of Natal Press, Pietermaritzburg, 120–142.
   Google Scholar
• Vickers, Brendan, 2012. ‘Towards a New Aid Paradigm: South Africa as African Development Partner’. Cambridge Review of International Affairs25(4), 535–556.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar