613
Views
3
CrossRef citations to date
0
Altmetric
Research Article

An intersectional approach to the understanding of patterns of marginalisation among ex-combatants with disabilities in Sri Lanka

References

  • Alison, M., 2003. ‘Cogs in the Wheel? Women in the Liberation Tigers of Tamil Eelam.’ Civil Wars 6(4), 37–54. DOI:10.1080/13698240308402554.
  • Annamma, S.A., D. Connor and B. Ferri, 2013. ‘Dis/ability Critical Race Studies (DisCrit): Theorizing at the Intersections of Race and Dis/ability.’ Race Ethnicity and Education 16(1), 1–31.
  • Annan, J., C. Blattman, et al., 2011. ‘Civil War, Reintegration, and Gender in Northern Uganda.’ Journal of Conflict Resolution(55), 877–908.
  • Berghs, M. and K. Nawaf, 2016. ‘Disabled People in Conflicts and Wars.’ In Disability in the Global South: The Critical Handbook, eds. S. Grech and K. Soldatic. Springer, Basel, 269–283.
  • Billingsley, K., 2018. ‘Intersectionality as Locality: Children and Transitional Justice in Nepal.’ International Journal of Transitional Justice 12(1), 64–87.
  • Bjørgo, T. and J. Horgan, 2009. Leaving Terrorism Behind: Individual and Collective Disengagement. Routledge, Oxon, New York.
  • Blee, K.M., 2003. Inside Organized Racism: Women in the Hate Movement. University Press, California.
  • Bloom, M., 2003. ‘Ethnic Conflict, State Terror and Suicide Bombing in Sri Lanka.’ Civil Wars 6(1), 54–84.
  • Bosi, L., 2019. ‘Contextualizing the Biographical Outcomes of Provisional IRA Former Activists: A Structure-agency Dynamic.’ In Activists Forever?: Long-term Impacts of Political Activism, eds. E. Neveu and O. Fillieule. University Press, Cambridge, 202–220.
  • Boutron, C., 2015. ‘Women at War, War on Women: Reconciliation and Patriarchy in Peru.’ In Female Combatants in Conflict and Peace, ed. S. Shekhawat. Macmillan, London, 149–166.
  • Bowd, R. and A. Özerdem, 2013. ‘How to Assess Social Reintegration of Ex-combatants.’ Journal of Intervention and Statebuilding 7(4), 453–475.
  • Brinkerhoff, D. 2007, ‘Capacity Development in Fragile States’. International Public Management with Research Triangle Institute (RTI International), Mimeo.
  • Charmaz, K., 2003. ‘Grounded Theory: Objectivist and Constructivist Methods.’ In Strategies of Qualitative Inquiry, eds. N.K. Denzin, Y.S. Lincoln Sage, Thousand Oaks, CA, 249–291.
  • Crenshaw, K., 1991. ‘Mapping the Margins: Intersectionality, Identity Politics, and Violence against Women of Colour.’ Stanford Law Review 43(6), 1241–1299.
  • Crock, M., N. Hart, et al., 2014. ‘War, Law and Disability: Ensuring Equality in Situations of Crisis.’ In Crises, Conflict and Disability: Ensuring Equality, eds. D. Mitchell and V. Karr. Routledge, London, 9–18.
  • De Mel, N., 2006. ‘Playing Disability, Performing Gender: Militarised Masculinity and Disability Theatre in the Sri Lankan War and Its Aftermath.’ In Disability in the Global South: The Critical Handbook, eds. S. Grech and K. Soldatic. Springer, Basel, 99–116.
  • De Votta, N., 2009. ‘The Liberation Tigers of Tamil Eelam and the Lost Quest for Separatism in Sri Lanka.’ Asian Survey 49(6), 1021–1051.
  • Della Porta, D., 2014. ‘Life Histories.’ In Methodological Practices in Social Movement Research, ed. D.D. Porta. University Press, Oxford, 262–288.
  • Ensor, M.O., 2013. ‘Participation under Fire: Dilemmas of Reintegrating Child Soldiers Involved in South Sudan’s Armed Conflict.’ Global Studies of Childhood 3(2), 153–162.
  • Friedman, R., 2018. ‘Remnants of a Checkered Past: Female LTTE and Social Reintegration in Post-war Sri Lanka.’ International Studies Quarterly 62(3), 632–642.
  • Gartrell, A. and E. Hoban, 2016. ‘Locked in Space: Rurality and the Politics of Location.’ In Disability in the Global South: The Critical Handbook, eds. S. Grech and K. Soldatic. Springer, Basel, 337–350.
  • Gear, S., 2002. ‘Now that the War Is Over: Ex-combatants Transition and the Question of Violence – A Literature Review’. Available at: http://www.csvr.org.za/papers/papvtp9.htm [accessed 12 April 2019].
  • Grech, S. and K. Soldatic., 2016. Disability in the Global South: The Critical Handbook. Springer, Basel.
  • Griffin, C.L. and M.A. Stein, 2015. ‘Self-perception of Disability and Prospects for Employment among US Veterans.’ Work 50(1), 49–58.
  • Hanass-Hancock, J. and M. Casale, 2014. ‘An Exploratory Model to Illustrate the Interrelationship between HIV, Disability, and Caregiving in Southern Africa.’ Journal of the Association of Nurses in AIDS Care 25(4), 351–363.
  • Hancock, A.M., 2016. Intersectionality: An Intellectual History. Oxford University Press, New York.
  • Hawkins, B.L., F.A. McGuire, et al., 2015. ‘Identifying Contextual Influences of Community Reintegration among Injured Service Members.’ Journal of Rehabilitation Research & Development 52(2), 235–248.
  • Hellmann-Rajanayagam, D., 2008. ‘Female Warrior, Martyrs and Suicide Attackers: Women in the LTTE.’ International Review of Modern Sociology 34(1), 1–25.
  • Höglund, K., 2005. ‘Violence and the Peace Process in Sri Lanka.’ Civil Wars 7(2), 156–170.
  • Höglund, K. and M. Söderberg Kovacs, 2010. ‘Beyond the Absence of War: The Diversity of Peace in Post-settlement Societies.’ Review of International Studies 36(2), 367–390.
  • Imtiyaz, A.R.M. and B. Stavis, 2008. ‘Ethno-political Conflict in Sri Lanka.’ Journal of Third World Studies 25(2), 135–152.
  • International Crisis Group., 2017. ‘Sri Lanka`s Conflict Affected Women: Dealing with the Legacy of War’. Asia Report, 289. Available at: https://d2071andvip0wj.cloudfront.net/289-sri-lankas-conflict-affected-women-dealing-with-the-legacy-of-war.pdf [Accessed 12 December 2018].
  • Kalyvas, S., 2006. The Logic of Violence in Civil War. University Press, Cambridge.
  • Kampwirth, K., 2002. Women and Guerrilla Movements: Nicaragua, El Salvador, Chiapas, Cuba. Penn State University.
  • Kaplan, O. and E. Nussio, 2018. ‘Community Counts: The Social Reintegration of Ex-combatants in Colombia.’ Conflict Management and Peace Science 35(2), 132–153.
  • Karamé, K., 2009. ‘Reintegration and the Relevance of Social Relations: The Case of Lebanon.’ Conflict, Security & Development 9(4), 495–514.
  • Krishnan, S.I., 2011. ‘The Transition of Teenage Girls and Young Women Form Ex-combatants to Civilian Life: A Case Study in Sri Lanka.’ Intervention 9(2), 137–144.
  • Lamichhane, K., 2015. ‘Social Inclusion of People with Disabilities: A Case from Nepal’s Decade-long Civil War.’ Scandinavian Journal of Disability Research 17(4), 287–299.
  • Lilja, J., 2009. ‘Trapping Constituents or Winning Hearts and Minds? Rebel Strategies to Attain Constituent Support in Sri Lanka.’ Terrorism and Political Violence 21(2), 306–326.
  • Liyanage, C., 2017. ‘Sociocultural Construction of Disability in Sri Lanka: Charity to Rights-based Approach.’ In Inclusion, Disability and Culture. Inclusive Learning and Educational Equity, eds. S. Halder and L. Assaf. Springer, Cham, 251–265.
  • Lord, J.E. and M.A. Stein, 2015. ‘Peacebuilding and Reintegrating Ex-combatants with Disabilities.’ The International Journal of Human Rights 19(3), 277–292.
  • LTTE, 2005. ‘Socialist Tamil Eelam. Political Programme of the LTTE.’ In Dealing with Diversity, Sri Lankan Discourses on Peace and Conflict, eds. G. Frerks, B. Klem. Clingendael Institute, The Hague, 291–306.
  • Luna, K.C., 2019. ‘Everyday Realities of Reintegration: Experiences of Maoist ‘Verified’ Women Ex-combatants in the Aftermath of War in Nepal.’ Conflict, Security & Development 19(5), 453–474.
  • MacKenzie, M., 2009. ‘Securitization and Desecuritization: Female Soldiers and the Reconstruction of Women in Post-conflict Sierra Leone.’ Security Studies 18(2), 241–261.
  • Malthaner, S., 2014. ‘Fieldwork in the Context of Violent Conflict and Authoritarian Regimes.’ In Methodological Practices in Social Movement Research, ed. Donatella Della Porta. University Press, Oxford, 173–194.
  • McKay, S., 2004. ‘Reconstructing Fragile Lives: Girls’ Social Reintegration in Northern Uganda and Sierra Leone’. Gender & Development 12, 19–30.
  • McKay, S. and D. Mazurana, 2004. Where are the Girls? Girls in Fighting Forces in Northern Uganda, Sierra Leone, and Mozambique: Their Lives during and after the War. International Centre for Human Rights and Development, Montreal.
  • McMullin, J., 2013. ‘Integration or Separation? The Stigmatisation of Ex-combatants after War.’ Review of International Studies 39(2), 385–414.
  • McRaith, C., 2012. ‘Arbitrary Detention in Post-conflict Sri Lanka’. Human Rights Study Project, University of Virginia School of Law. Available at: http://humanrightsstudyproject.files.wordpress.com/2012/07/final-paperarbitrary-detention-in-post-conflict-sri-lanka-1.pdf [Accessed 12 March 2019].
  • Meyers, S.J., 2014. ‘The Social Model of Disability under the Shadow of the Revolution: Ex-combatants Negotiating Identity in Nicaragua’. Qualitative Sociology 4, 403–424.
  • Ministry of Disaster Management and Human Rights, 2009, ‘National Action Plan of the National Framework Proposal for Reintegration of Ex-combatants into Civilian Life in Sri Lanka’. Available at: file:///E:/documents/national%20action%20plan.pdf [Accessed 27 March 2020].
  • Miriyagalla, D., 2014. ‘Socio-economic Reintegration of Former LTTE Combatants in Sri Lanka: Self-employment, Sustainable Incomes and Long-term Peace.’ Global Change, Peace & Security 26(3), 251–262.
  • Mitra, S. and J. Hanass-Hancock, 2015. ‘Livelihoods and Disability: The Complexities of Work in the Global South.’ In Disability in the Global South: The Critical Handbook, eds. S. Grech and K. Soldatic. Springer, Basel, 133–149.
  • Muggah, R., 2005. ‘ʽno Magic Bullet: A Critical Perspective on Disarmament, Demobilization and Reintegration (DDR) and Weapons Reduction in Post-conflict Contexts.’ The Round Table 94(379), 239–252.
  • Oliver, M., 2009. Understanding Disability: From Theory to Practice. Palgrave Macmillan, Basingstoke.
  • Özerdem, A., 2012. ‘A Re-conceptualisation of Ex-combatant Reintegration: “Social Reintegration” Approach.’ Conflict, Security & Development 12(1), 51–73.
  • Perera, A., 2014. From Tigers to Barbers: Tales of Sri Lanka’s Ex-combatants. Inter Press Service.
  • Perera-Mubarak, K.N., 2013. ‘Positive Responses, Uneven Experiences: Intersections of Gender, Ethnicity, and Location in Post-tsunami Sri Lanka.’ Gender, Place & Culture 20(5), 664–685.
  • Podder, S., 2012. ‘From Recruitment to Reintegration: Communities and Ex-combatants in Post-Conflict Liberia.’ International Peacekeeping 19(2), 186–202.
  • Rajasingham-Senanayake, D., 2001. ‘Ambivalent Empowerment: The Tragedy of Tamil Women in Conflict.’ In Women, War and Peace in South Asia: Beyond Victimhood to Agency, ed. R. Manchanda. Sage, New Delhi, 106–107.
  • Rivas Velarde, M., K. Garzon Diaz, et al., 2019. ‘Social Participation and Inclusion of Ex-combatants with Disabilities in Colombia.’ Disability and the Global South 6(2), 1736–1755.
  • Santos‐Zingale, M. and M. McColl, 2006. ‘Disability and Participation in Post-conflict Situations: The Case of Sierra Leone’. Disability & Society 21, 243–257.
  • Satkunanathan, A., 2016. ‘Collaboration, Suspicion and Traitors: An Exploratory Study of Intra-community Relations in Post-war Northern Sri Lanka.’ Contemporary South Asia 24(4), 416–428.
  • Schöb, M., 2016. ‘Disarming, Demobilising and Reintegrating Whom? Accounting for Diversity among Ex-combatants in Colombian DDR’. Peace, Conflict and Development 22, 117–178.
  • Sideris, T., 2003. ‘War, Gender and Culture: Mozambican Women Refugees.’ Social Science & Medicine 56(4), 713–724.
  • Singer, P., 2006. Children at War. University of California Press, Berkley.
  • Stark, L., M. Wessells et al., 2012. ‘A Grounded Approach to the Definition of Population-based, Child Protection and Well-being Outcome Areas.’ Interagency Learning Initiative on Community-Based Child Protection Mechanisms and Child Protection Systems. London.
  • Staunæs, D., 2003. ‘Where Have All the Subjects Gone? Bringing Together the Concepts of Intersectionality and Subjectification.’ NORA - Nordic Journal of Feminist and Gender Research 11(2), 101–110.
  • Subedi, D.B., 2018. Combatants to Civilians. Rehabilitation and Reintegration of Maoist Fighters in Nepal’s Peace Process. Palgrave Macmillan, London, New York.
  • Terpstra, N. and G. Frerks, 2017. ‘Rebel Governance and Legitimacy: Understanding the Impact of Rebel Legitimation on Civilian Compliance with the LTTE Rule.’ Civil Wars 19(3), 279–307.
  • Thiranagama, S., 2013. ‘Claiming the State: Reconciliation Processes in Sri Lanka.’ Humanity: An International Journal of Human Rights, Humanitarianism, and Development 4(1), 93–116.
  • Torjesen, S., 2013. ‘Towards a Theory of Ex-combatant Reintegration.’ Stability: International Journal of Security and Development 2(3), 1–23.
  • UNIFEM, 2004. ‘Getting It Right, Doing It Right: Gender and Disarmament, Demobilization and Reintegration’. United Nation Development Fund for Women, New York.
  • United Nations (UN). 2006, ‘Un Convention On The Rights Of Persons With Disabilities ‘. Available at: http://www.un.org/disabilities/convention/conventionfull.shtml [Accessed 15 November 2019].
  • United Nations (UN). 2007, ‘Integrated Disarmament Demobilization and Reintegration Standards (IDDRS)’. Available at: https://www.unddr.org/iddrs.aspx [Accessed 9 November 2019].
  • Viterna, J., 2013. Women in War: The Micro-Processes of Mobilization in El Salvador. University Press, Oxford.
  • Viterna, J., 2014. ‘Radical or Righteous? Using Gender to Shape Public Perceptions of Political Violence.’ In Dynamics of Political Violence: A Process-oriented Perspective on Radicalization and the Escalation of Political Conflict, eds. L. Bosi, C. Demetriou, S. Malthaner. Ashgate Publishing, Surrey, UK, 189–216.
  • Waldman, M., 2010. Golden Surrender? Afghanistan Analysts Network, Kabul.
  • Warner, L.R., 2008. ‘A Best Practices Guide to Intersectional Approaches in Psychological Research.’ Sex Roles 59(5), 454–463.
  • Wessells, M.G., 2016. ‘Reintegration of Child Soldiers: The Role of Social Identity in the Recruitment and Reintegration of Child Soldiers.’ In Understanding Peace and Conflict through Social Identity Theory, eds. S. McKeown, R. Haji, et al. Springer, Cham, 105–120.
  • Williams, J. and S. Mavin, 2012. ‘Disability as Constructed Difference: A Literature Review and Research Agenda for Management and Organization Studies’. International Journal of Management Reviews 14, 159–179.
  • Women With Disabilities Australia (WWDA). 2007, ‘Resource Manual on Violence against Women with Disabilities’. Available at: http://wwda.org.au/issues/viol/viol2006/vrm2007/ [Accessed 9 March 2020].
  • Yuval-Davis, N., 2006. ‘Intersectionality and Feminist Politics.’ European Journal of Women’s Studies 13(3), 93–209.

Reprints and Corporate Permissions

Please note: Selecting permissions does not provide access to the full text of the article, please see our help page How do I view content?

To request a reprint or corporate permissions for this article, please click on the relevant link below:

Academic Permissions

Please note: Selecting permissions does not provide access to the full text of the article, please see our help page How do I view content?

Obtain permissions instantly via Rightslink by clicking on the button below:

If you are unable to obtain permissions via Rightslink, please complete and submit this Permissions form. For more information, please visit our Permissions help page.