724
Views
2
CrossRef citations to date
0
Altmetric
Research Article

Identity politics, elites and omnibalancing: reassessing Arab Gulf state interventions in the Uprisings from the inside out

ORCID Icon

References

  • Abdo, G., 2013. ‘The New Sectarianism: The Arab Uprisings and the Rebirth of the Sunni-Shi’a Divide’. Analysis Paper no. 29, Saban Center at the Brookings Institution, April 2013 http://www.brookin.gs.edu/research/papers/2013/04/sunni-shia-divideabdo  [Accessed 7 September 2020].
  • Abdul-Ahad, G., 2018. ‘Yemen on the Brink: How the UAE Is Profiting from the Chaos of Civil War’. The Guardian 21(December), 2018.
  • Akbarzadeh, S., 2019. ‘The Blurred Line between State Identity and Realpolitik’. In Routledge Handbook of the International Relations of the Middle East, ed.. S. Akbarzadeh. Routledge, Abingdon, 5.
  • Al‐Rasheed, Madawi, 2011. ‘Sectarianism as Counter‐revolution: Saudi Responses to the Arab Spring’. Studies in Ethnicity and Nationalism 11(3), 513–526.
  • Anderson, L., 1991. ‘Obligation and Accountability: Islamic Politics in North Africa’. Daedalus 120(3), 102.
  • Ardemagni, E., 2018. ‘Saudi Arabia and the UAE: Allies, but Not Too Close’, 12 December. Available at: https://www.oasiscenter.eu/en/saudi-arabia-uae-allies-but-not-too-close [Accessed 10 May 2019]
  • Baabood, A., 2003. ‘‘Dynamics and Determinants of the GCC States’ Foreign Policy, with Special Reference to the EU’’. The Review of International Affairs 3(2), 254–282.
  • Barnett, M. and F. Gregory Gause, 1998. ‘‘Caravans in Opposite Directions: Society, State and the Development of a Community in the Gulf Cooperation Council’’. Cambridge Studies in International Relations 1, 161–197.
  • Baylouny, A.M. and C. Mullins, 2018. ‘Cash Is King: Financial Sponsorship and Changing Priorities in the Syrian Civil War’. Studies in Conflict & Terrorism 41(12), 990–1010.
  • Chappelle, A., 2018. ‘Abu Dhabi’s Problem with the Muslim Brotherhood’. Al-Jazeera English. 26 May.
  • Cherribi, S., 2017. Fridays of Rage: Al Jazeera, the Arab Spring, and Political Islam. Oxford University Press, Oxford.
  • Colgan, J., 2010. ‘Oil and Revolutionary Governments: Fuel for International Conflict’. International Organization 64(4), 661–694.
  • David, S., 1991. ‘‘Explaining Third World Alignment.’’. World Politics 43(2), 233–255.
  • Farquhar, M., 2016. Circuits of Faith: Migration, Education, and the Wahhabi Mission. Stanford University Press, CA.
  • Fenton-Harvey, J. 2018. ‘Al-Qaeda’s Future in a War-Torn Yemen’. 25 September. Available at: https://carnegieendowment.org/sada/77334 [Accessed 23 May 2019].
  • Fisher, M., 2014. ‘Why Sunnis and Shiites are Fighting, Explained in Two Minutes’. Washington Post, 22 January.
  • Freer, C., 2017. ‘‘Rentier Islamism in the Absence of Elections: The Political Role of Muslim Brotherhood Affiliates in Qatar and the United Arab Emirates’’. International Journal of Middle East Studies 49(3), 479–500.
  • Gaub, F., 2015. ‘From Doha with Love: Gulf Foreign Policy in Libya’. in The New Politics of Intervention of Arab Gulf States, LSE Middle East Centre, Collected Papers
  • Gause, F.G., 2017. ‘Ideologies, Alignments, and Underbalancing in the New Middle East Cold War’. PS: Political Science & Politics 50(3), 672–675.
  • Gause, I.I.I. and G. Frederick., 2014. ‘Beyond Sectarianism: The New Middle East Cold War’. Brookings Doha Center Analysis Paper 11, 1–27.
  • Gordon, A. and S. Parkinson, 2018. ‘How the Houthis Became ‘Shi‘a’. Middle East Report Online, January 27.
  • Hashemi, N. and D. Postel, 2017. ‘Sectarianization: Mapping the New Politics of the Middle East’. The Review of Faith & International Affairs 15(3), 1–13.
  • Hassan, al-, Abdulatif Abdul Rahman Abdullah, 2018. Al-‘Alaqa Bayn Eeran w’al-‘Arab, Jazurha wa-Marahalha Wa Atwarha [ The Relationship between Iran and the Arabs: its roots, phases and developments]. Al-Ubikan li-l-Nashr.
  • Hendrix, C., 2017. ‘‘Oil Prices and Interstate Conflict.’’. Conflict Management and Peace Science 34(6), 575–596.
  • Hinnebusch, R., 2015. The International Politics of the Middle East. Manchester University Press, Manchester.
  • Hinnebusch, R., 2019. ‘The Sectarian Surge in the Middle East and the Dynamics of the Regional States-system’. Tidsskrift for Islamforskning.
  • Hinnebusch, R. and A. Ehtishami, 2014. The Foreign Policies of Middle East States. Colorado, Lynne Rienner.
  • Ibishi, H. 2017. ‘The UAE’s Evolving National Security Strategy’, The Arab Gulf States Institute in Washington
  • Juneau, T., 2015. Squandered Opportunity: Neoclassical Realism and Iranian Foreign Policy. Stanford University Press, Stanford.
  • Karim, U., 2017. ‘The Evolution of Saudi Foreign Policy and the Role of Decision-making Processes and Actors’. The International Spectator 52(2), 71–88.
  • Kaynak, A.B., 2016. ‘The Impact of Resource Rents on the Foreign Policymaking in West Asia: Lessons for Turkey’. International Studies 53(2), 105–117.
  • Kerr, M., 1965. The Arab Cold War, 1958–1964: A Study of Ideology in Politics. Oxford University Press, London.
  • Keynoush, B., 2016. Saudi Arabia and Iran: Friends or Foes? Palgrave Macmillan, London.
  • Khashan, H., 2014. ‘Bandar Bin Sultan’s Botched Syrian Intervention’, Middle East Quarterly. Winter, 21(1).
  • Khashan, H., 2018. ‘”Un-brotherley” Saudi-Emirati Ties Dateline’ Middle East Quarterly, Spring, 25(2).
  • Khoury, N., 2013. ‘‘The Arab Cold War Revisited: The Regional Impact of the Arab Uprising’’. Middle East Policy 20(2), 73–87.
  • Klare, M., 2001. Resource Wars: The New Landscape of Global Conflict. Metropolitan Books, New York.
  • Lacroix, S., 2014. ‘Saudi Islamists and the Arab Spring’, LSE prints online.
  • Leaf, B. and E. DeLozier, 2018. ‘The UAE and Yemen’s Islah: A Coalition Coalesces’, The Washington Institute, 6 December.
  • Luciani, G., 1990. ‘Allocation Vs. Production States: A Theoretical Framework’. In The Arab State, ed. G. Luciani. University of California Press, Berkeley, 65–84.
  • Luciani, G., 1994. ‘The Oil Rent, the Fiscal Crisis of the State and Democratization’. In Democracy without Democrats?: Renewal of Politics in the Muslim World, ed. G. Salame. I.B. Tauris, London, 144.
  • Luomi, M., 2008. ‘Sectarian Identities or Geopolitics’. The Finnish Institute of International Affairs, Working Papers 56(9), 1–62.
  • Lynch, M., 2018. ‘The New Arab Order: Power and Violence in Today’s Middle East’. Foreign Affairs 97, 116–126.
  • Mabon, S., 2013. Saudi Arabia and Iran: Soft Power Rivalry in the Middle East. IB Tauris, London.
  • Mabon, S., 2019. ‘Saudi Arabia and Iran: Islam and Foreign Policy in the Middle East.’ In Routledge Handbook of the International Relations of the Middle East, ed. S. Akbarzadeh. Routledge, Abingdon, 138–152.
  • Mason, R., 2014. Foreign Policy in Iran and Saudi Arabia: Economics and Diplomacy in the Middle East.. Bloomsbury Publishing, New York.
  • Middle East Eye, 2019. ‘Islah Rally in Support of UAE in Yemen’s Taiz Met with Shock and Scepticism’, 4 April. Available at https://www.middleeasteye.net/news/islah-rally-support-uae-yemens-taiz-met-shock-and-scepticism [Accessed 10 May 2019].
  • Nasr, V., 2006. The Shi’a Revival: How Conflicts within Islam Will Shape the Future. Norton, New York.
  • Nonneman, G., 2003. ‘Analyzing the Foreign Policies of the Middle East and North Africa: A Conceptual Framework’. The Review of International Affairs 3(2), 118–130.
  • Nonneman, G., 2005. ‘Determinants and Patterns of Saudi Foreign Policy: ‘Omnibalancing’ and ‘Relative Autonomy’ in Multiple Environments’. In Saudi Arabia in the Balance: Political Economy, Society, Foreign Affairs., Eds Nonneman & Aart, Paul, Hurst & Co., London, 315–351.
  • Phillips, C., 2016. The Battle for Syria: International Rivalry in the New Middle East. Yale University Press, New Haven.
  • Phillips, C., 2018. ‘Sectarianism as Plan B: Saudi-Iranian Identity Politics in the Syria Conflict’, The Foreign Policy Centre. 13 November, Available at https://cjophillips.wordpress.com/2018/11/13/sectarianism-as-plan-b-saudi-iranian-identity-politics-in-the-syria-conflict/ [Accessed 14 May 2019].
  • Proctor, P., 2008. ‘The Mythical Shia Crescent.’ Parameters. Available at http://www.ocnus.net/artman2/publish/Analyses_12/The_Mythical_Shia_Crescent_printer.shtml [Accessed 7 September 2020].
  • Roberts, D., 2017. ‘Qatar and the UAE: Exploring Divergent Responses to the Arab Spring’. The Middle East Journal 71(4), 544–562.
  • Roberts, D. 2018. ‘Mosque and State. The United Arab Emirates Secular Foreign Policy’, Foreign Affairs.
  • Roula., K. and A. Fielding-Smith, 2013. How Qatar Seized Control of the Syrian Revolution. Financial Times, 17.
  • Ryan, C. 2012. ‘The New Arab Cold War and the Struggle for Syria’. Middle East Report 262. Available at www.merip.org/mer/mer262/new-arab-cold-war-strugglesyria [Accessed 10 May 2019].
  • Sa’ad, Al-, H. and T. al-Mustafa. 2018. ‘Mu’assat al-Nafuz al-Irani Fi Suriya wa-l-Asalib al-Mutba’a fi-l-Tashi’a’ [ Centres of Iranian Influence in Syria and Shi’ification], The Harmoon Centre for Studies, Available at: https://harmoon.org/مؤسسات-النفوذ-الإيراني-في-سورية-والأس [Accessed 11 May 2019].
  • Salloukh, B.F., 2013. ‘The Arab Uprisings and the Geopolitics of the Middle East’. The International Spectator 48(2), 32–46.
  • Salloukh, B.F., 2017. ‘Overlapping Contests and Middle East International Relations: The Return of the Weak Arab State’. Political Science & Politics 50(3), 660–663.
  • Senzai, F. and K. Bokhari, 2017. ‘Geosectarianism and Translocal Politics’. In Reassessing Order and Disorder in the Middle East: Regional Imbalance or Disintegration. ed., R. Mason. Rowman and Littlefield, Lanham, 37–60.
  • Sotloff, S., 2012. ‘Why the Libyans Have Fallen Out of Love with Qatar’, Time Magazine, 2 January http://content.time.com/time/world/article/0,8599,2103409,00.html [Accessed 12 May 2019].
  • Ulrichsen, K.C., 2014. Qatar and the Arab Spring. Oxford University Press, Oxford.
  • Valbjørn, M. and A. Bank, 2007. ‘Signs of a New Arab Cold War’. Middle East Report 242, 6–11.
  • Valbjørn, M. and A. Bank, 2012. ‘The New Arab Cold War: Rediscovering the Arab Dimension of Middle East Regional Politics’. Review of International Studies 38(1), 3–24.
  • Valbjørn, M. and R. Hinnebusch, 2019. ‘Playing the Sectarian Card in a Sectarianized New Middle East’. Babylon: Nordisk Tidsskrift for Midtostenstudier 2(2), 42–55.
  • Wastnidge, E., 2018. ‘Religion and Geopolitics in Iranian Foreign Policy’. In Saudi Arabia and Iran: The Struggle to Shape the Middle East, ed.. S. Mabon. The Foreign Policy Centre (FPC Think Tank Ltd), 9–10. https://fpc.org.uk/wp-content/uploads/2018/11/Saudi-Arabia-and-Iran-The-Struggle-to-Shape-the-Middle-East-Report.pdf [Accessed September 2020].
  • Watkins, J., 2019. ‘Satellite Sectarianisation or Plain Old Partisanship? Inciting Violence in the Arab Mainstream Media’. LSE Middle East Centre.
  • Wehrey, F.M., 2013. The Forgotten Uprising in Eastern Saudi Arabia. Carnegie Endowment for International Peace, Washington, DC.
  • Wright, S., 2011. ‘Foreign Policy in the GCC States’. In International Politics of the Persian Gulf, ed., M. Kamrava, Syracuse University Press, New York, 72–93.
  • Yaakoubi, A.E., 2019. ‘Haftar’s Ally UAE Says ‘Extremist Militias’ Control Libyan Capital’, Reuters, 2 May.
  • Young, K., 2013. The New Politics of Interventions of Gulf Arab States. Middle East Centre-LSE, London.

Reprints and Corporate Permissions

Please note: Selecting permissions does not provide access to the full text of the article, please see our help page How do I view content?

To request a reprint or corporate permissions for this article, please click on the relevant link below:

Academic Permissions

Please note: Selecting permissions does not provide access to the full text of the article, please see our help page How do I view content?

Obtain permissions instantly via Rightslink by clicking on the button below:

If you are unable to obtain permissions via Rightslink, please complete and submit this Permissions form. For more information, please visit our Permissions help page.