References
- Aita, Samir. 2015. ‘Syria: Aspirations and Fragmentations.’ In Arab Spring: Negotiating in the Shadow of the Intifadat, ed. William Zartman. University of Georgia Press, Athens, 291–331.
- Bain, William. 2006. ‘In Praise of Folly: International Administration and the Corruption of Humanity.’ International Affairs 82(3), 525–538.
- Batrawi, Samar. 2018. Drivers of Urban Reconstruction in Syria: Power, Privilege and Profit Extraction. Clingendael Institute, The Hague.
- Bellin, Eva. 2012. ‘Reconsidering the Robustness of Authoritarianism in the Middle East: Lessons from the Arab Spring.’ Comparative Politics 44(2), 127–149.
- Belloni, Roberto. 2012. ‘Hybrid Peace Governance: Its Emergence and Significance.’ Global Governance 18(1), 21–38.
- Binningsbø, Helga Mamin, Cyanne E. Loyal, Scott Gates and Jon Elster. 2012. ‘Armed Conflict and Post-Conflict Justice, 1946-2006: A Dataset.’ Journal of Peace Research 49(5), 731–740.
- Björkdahl, Annika and Susanne Buckley-Zistel. 2016. ‘Spatializing Peace and Conflict: An Introduction.’ In Spatialising Peace and Conflict: Mapping the Production of Places, Sites and Scales of Violence, eds. Annika Björkdahl and Susanne Buckley-Zistel. Palgrave MacMillan, London, 1–24.
- Björkdahl, Annika and Stefanie Kappler. 2017. Peacebuilding and Spatial Transformation. Routledge, London.
- Boege, Volker. 2018. ‘Hybridisation of Peacebuilding at the Local-International Interface: The Bougainville Case.’ In Hybridity on the Ground in Peacebuilding and Development: Critical Conversations, eds. Joanne Wallis, Lia Kent, Miranda Forsyth, Sinclair Dinnen and Srinjoy Bose. ANU Press, Canberra, 115–128.
- Boutros-Ghali, Boutros. 1992. An Agenda for Peace: Preventative Diplomacy, Peacemaking and Peace-Keeping. United Nations Department of Public Information, New York.
- Calabrese, John. 2019. China and Syria: In War and Reconstruction. Middle East Institute, Washington DC.
- Campbell, Susanna, David Chandler and Meera Sabaratnam. 2011. ‘Introduction: The Politics of Liberal Peace.’ In A Liberal Peace? The Problems and Practices of Peacebuilding, eds. Susanna Campbell, David Chandler and Meera Sabaratnam. Zed Books, London, 1–9.
- Caplan, Richard. 2005. ‘Who Guards the Guardians? International Accountability in Bosnia.’ International Peacekeeping 12(3), 463–476.
- Cederman, Lars-Erik. 2001. ‘Back to Kant: Reinterpreting the Democratic Peace as a Macrohistorical Learning Process.’ American Political Science Review 95(1), 15–31.
- Chalermsripinyoray, Rungrawee. 2020. ‘Dialogue without Negotiation: Illiberal Peacebuilding in Southern Thailand.’ Conflict, Security & Development 20(1), 71–95.
- Chandler, David. 2006. Empire in Denial: The Politics of State-Building. Pluto Press, London.
- Chandler, David. 2011. ‘The Uncritical Critique of Liberal Peace?’ In A Liberal Peace? The Problems and Practices of Peacebuilding, eds. Susanna Campbell, David Chandler and Meera Sabaratnam. Zed Books, London, 174–191.
- Cooper, Neil. 2007. ‘Review Article: On the Crisis of the Liberal Peace.’ Conflict, Security and Development 7(4), 605–616.
- Costa Buranelli, Filippo. 2019. ‘The Heartland of IR Theory? Central Asia as an ‘International Society’ between Realism and Liberalism.’ In Theorizing Central Asian Politics: The State, Ideology, and Power, eds. Rico Isaacs and Alessandro Frigerio. Palgrave MacMillan, London, 237–262.
- Curtis, Devon. 2012. ‘The International Peacebuilding Paradox: Power Sharing and Post-Conflict Governance in Burundi.’ African Affairs 112(446), 72–91.
- Daher, Joseph. 2018. The Political Economic Context of Syria’s Reconstruction: A Prospective in Light of A Legacy of Unequal Development. European University Institute, Fiesole.
- Danilovic, Vesna and Joe Clare. 2007. ‘The Kantian Liberal Peace (Revisited).’ American Journal of Political Science 51(2), 397–414.
- Demmers, Jolle and Mikel Venhovens. 2016. ‘Bluffing the State: Spatialities of Contested Statehood in the Abkhazian-Georgian Conflict.’ In Spatialising Peace and Conflict: Mapping the Production of Places, Sites and Scales of Violence, eds. Annika Björkdahl and Susanne Buckley-Zistel. Palgrave MacMillan, London, 159–177.
- Doyle, Michael W. 2005. ‘Three Pillars of the Liberal Peace.’ The American Political Science Review 99(3), 463–466.
- Doyle, Michael W. and Nicholas Sambanis. 2006. Making War and Building Peace: United Nations Peace Operations. Princeton University Press, Princeton.
- Duffield, Mark. 2009. Global Governance and the New Wars: The Merging of Development and Security. Zed Books, London.
- Encarnación, Omar G. 2005. ‘The Follies of Democratic Imperialism.’ World Policy Journal 22(1), 47–60.
- Erwin, Van Veen. 2019. The Geopolitics of Syria’s Reconstruction: A Case of Matyroshka. Clingendael Institute, The Hague.
- Geis, Anna and Wolfgang Wagner. 2011. ‘How Far Is It from Königsberg to Kandahar? Democratic Peace and Democratic Violence in International Relations.’ Review of International Studies 37(4), 1555–1577.
- Gleditsch, Nils Petter, Peter Wallensteen, Mikael Eriksson, Margareta Sollenberg and Håvard Strand. 2002. ‘Armed Conflict 1946-2001: A New Dataset.’ Journal of Peace Research 39(5), 615–637.
- Halliday, Fred and Eugene L. Rogan. 2005. The Middle East in International Relations: Power, Politics, and Ideology. Cambridge University Press, Cambridge.
- Hameiri, Shaher. 2011. ‘A Reality Check for the Critique of Liberal Peace.’ In A Liberal Peace? The Problems and Practices of Peacebuilding, eds. SusannaCampbell, David Chandler and Meera Sabaratnam. Zed Books, London, 191–208.
- Hameiri, Shaher and Lee Jones. 2018. ‘Against Hybridity in the Study of Peacebuilding and Statebuilding.’ In Hybridity on the Ground in Peacebuilding and Development: Critical Conversations, eds. Joanne Wallis, Lia Kent, Miranda Forsyth, Sinclair Dinnen and Srinjoy Bose. ANU Press, Canberra, 99–112.
- Heathershaw, John and Catherine Owen. 2019. ‘Authoritarian Conflict Management in Post-Colonial Eurasia.’ Conflict, Security & Development 19(3), 269–273.
- Hegre, Håvard, Scott Gates, Nils Petter Gleditsch and Tanja Ellingsen. 2001. ‘‘Toward a Democratic Peace? Democracy, Political Change, and Civil War, 1816-1992ʹ.’ American Political Science Review 95(1), 33–48.
- Heydemann, Steven. 2018. Beyond Fragility: Syria and the Challenges of Reconstruction in Fierce States. The Brookings Institution, Washington DC.
- Hicks, Elahé. 1997. Iran: Religious and Ethnic Minorities: Discrimination in Law and Practice. Human Rights Watch, New York.
- Hinnebusch, Raymond. 2015. The International Politics of the Middle East. 2nd ed. Manchester University Press, Manchester.
- Höglund, Kristine and Camilla Orjuela. 2012. ‘Hybrid Peace Governance and Illiberal Peacebuilding in Sri Lanka.’ Global Governance 18, 89–104.
- Jahn, Beate. 2007. ‘The Tragedy of Liberal Diplomacy: Democratization, Intervention and Statebuilding (Part II).’ Journal of Intervention and Statebuilding 1(2), 211–230.
- Jarstad, Anna K. and Roberto Belloni. 2012.‘ Introducing Hybrid Peace Governance: Impacts and Prospects of Liberal Peacebuilding.’ Global Governance 18(1), 1–6.
- Jarstad, Anna K. and Timothy D. Sisk. 2008. ‘Introduction.’ In From War to Democracy: Dilemmas of Peacebuilding, eds. Anna K. Jarstad and Timothy D. Sisk. Cambridge University Press, Cambridge, 1–13.
- Kant, Immanuel, 1795. ‘Perpetual Peace: A Philosophical Sketch’.
- Kluczewska, Karolina. 2020. ‘Tajikistan’s Atomised Peace: Approaching Conflict Management from the Ground Up.’ Journal of Intervention and Statebuilding 14(4), 551–570.
- Kubicek, Paul. 1998. ‘Authoritarianism in Central Asia: Curse or Cure?’ Third World Quarterly 19(1), 29–43.
- Lesch, David. 2013. Syria: The Fall of the House of Assad. Yale University Press, New Haven.
- Lewis, David, John Heathershaw and Nick Megoran. 2018. ‘Illiberal Peace? Authoritarian Modes of Conflict Management.’ Cooperation and Conflict 53(6), 486–506.
- Lewis, David G. 2020. ‘Sri Lanka’s Schmittian Peace: Sovereignty, Enmity, and Illiberal Order.’ Conflict, Security & Development 20(1), 15–37.
- Mac Ginty, Roger. 2008. ‘Indigenous Peace-Making versus the Liberal Peace.’ Cooperation and Conflict 43(2), 139–163.
- Mac Ginty, Roger. 2010. ‘Hybrid Peace: The Interaction between Top-Down and Bottom-Up Peace.’ Security Dialogue 41(4), 391–412.
- Magdi, Amr. 2019. If You Are Afraid for Your Lives, Leave Sinai! Egyptian Security Forces and ISIS-Affiliate Abuses in North Sinai. Human Rights Watch, New York.
- McCargo, Duncan and Dishani Senaratne. 2020. ‘Victor’s Memory: Sri Lanka’s Post-War Memoryscape in Comparative Perspective.’ Conflict, Security & Development 20(1), 97–113.
- Newman, Edward. 2009. ‘“Liberal” Peacebuilding Debates.’ In New Perspectives on Liberal Peacebuilding, eds. Edward Newman, Roland Paris and Oliver Richmond. United Nations University Press, New York, 26–53.
- Paris, Roland. 2004. At War’s End: Building Peace After Civil Conflict. Cambridge University Press, Cambridge.
- Paris, Roland. 2011. ‘Alternatives to Liberal Peace?’ In A Liberal Peace? The Problems and Practices of Peacebuilding, eds. Susanna Campbell, David Chandler and Meera Sabaratnam. Zed Books, London, 159–173.
- Paris, Roland. 2011. ‘Critiques of Liberal Peace.’ In A Liberal Peace? The Problems and Practices of Peacebuilding, eds. Susanna Campbell, David Chandler and Meera Sabaratnam. Zed Books, London, 31–52.
- Peceny, Mark, Caroline C. Beer and Shannon Sanchez-Terry. 2002. ‘Dictatorial Peace?’ American Political Science Review 96(1), 15–26.
- Pettersson, Therese and Magnus Öberg. 2020. ‘Organized Violence, 1989-2019.’ Journal of Peace Research 57(4), 597–613.
- Piccolino, Giulia. 2015. ‘Winning Wars, Building (Illiberal) Peace? The Rise (And Possible Fall) of a Victor’s Peace in Rwanda and Sri Lanka.’ Third World Quarterly 39(9), 1770–1785.
- Pinto, Paulo and Gabriel Hilu. 2013. ‘Syria.’ In Dispatches from the Arab Spring: Understanding the New Middle East, eds. Paul Amar and Vijay Prashad. University of Minnesota Press, Minneapolis, 204–232.
- Pugh, Michael. 2005. ‘The Political Economy of Peacebuilding: A Critical Theory Perspective.’ International Journal of Peace Studies 10(2), 23–42.
- Pugh, Michael. 2009. ‘Towards Life Welfare.’ In New Perspectives on Liberal Peacebuilding, eds. Edward Newman, Roland Paris and Oliver Richmond. United Nations University Press, New York, 78–96.
- Quackenbush, Stephen L. and Michael Rudy. 2009. ‘Evaluating the Monadic Democratic Peace.’ Conflict Management and Peace Science 26(3), 268–285.
- Reid, Donald Malcolm. 1993. ‘The Postage Stamp: A Window on Saddam Hussein’s Iraq.’ Middle East Journal 47(1), 77–89.
- Richmond, Oliver P. 2005. The Transformation of Peace: Peace as Governance in Contemporary Conflict Endings. Palgrave MacMillan, London.
- Richmond, Oliver P. and Jason Franks. 2007. ‘Liberal Hubris? Virtual Peace in Cambodia.’ Security Dialogue 38(1), 27–48.
- Richmond, Oliver P. and Roger Mac Ginty. 2015. ‘Where Now for the Critique of Liberal Peace?’ Cooperation and Conflict 50(2), 171–189.
- Richmond, Oliver P. and Sandra Pogodda. 2016. ‘Introduction: The Contradictions of Peace, International Architecture, the State, and Local Agency.’ In Post-Liberal Peace Transitions: Between Peace Formation and State Formation, eds. Oliver P. Richmond and Sandra Pogodda. Edinburgh University Press, Edinburgh, 1–24.
- Russell, John, 2012. ‘Ramzan Kadyrov’s ‘Illiberal Peace’ in Chechnya’. Paper presented at CERCEC Conference, ‘Tchétchénie – logiques de violence et expérience de guerre’. BULAC, Paris, October.
- Sabaratnam, Meera. 2011. ‘The Liberal Peace? An Intellectual History of International Conflict Management, 1990-2010.’ In A Liberal Peace? The Problems and Practices of Peacebuilding, eds. Susanna Campbell, David Chandler and Meera Sabaratnam. Zed Books, London, 13–30.
- Sacranie, Nour K. 2013. ‘Image Politics and the Art of Resistance in Syria.’ State Crime Journal 2(2), 135–148.
- Schatz, Edward. 2006. ‘Access by Accident: Legitimacy Claims and Democracy Promotion in Authoritarian Central Asia.’ International Political Science Review 27(3), 263–284.
- Smith, Claire Q. 2014. ‘Illiberal Peace-Building in Hybrid Political Orders: Managing Violence during Indonesia’s Contested Political Transition.’ Third World Quarterly 35(8), 1509–1528.
- Smith, Claire Q., Lars Waldorf, Rajesh Venugopal and Gerard McCarthy. 2020. ‘Illiberal Peacebuilding in Asia: A Comparative Overview.’ Conflict, Security & Development 20(1), 1–14.
- Soares de Oliveira, Ricardo. 2011. ‘Illiberal Peacebuilding in Angola.’ Journal of Modern African Studies 49(2), 287–314.
- Toft, Monica Duffy. 2010. Securing the Peace: The Durable Settlement of Civil Wars. Princeton University Press, Princeton.
- Wallis, Joanne. 2012. ‘A Liberal-Local Hybrid Peace Project in Action? The Increasing Engagement between the Local and Liberal in Timor-Leste.’ Review of International Studies 38(4), 735–761.
- Walt, Stephen M. 1987. The Origins of Alliances. Cornell University Press, Ithaca.
- Wilén, Nina. 2012. ‘A Hybrid Peace through Locally Owned and Externally Financed SSR-DDR in Rwanda?’ Third World Quarterly 33(7), 1323–1336.
- Young, John. 2019. South Sudan’s Civil War: Violence, Insurgency, and Failed Peacemaking. Zed Books, London.
- Zürcher, Christoph. 2011. ‘The Liberal Peace: A Tough Sell?’ In A Liberal Peace? The Problems and Practices of Peacebuilding, eds. Susanna Campbell, David Chandler and Meera Sabaratnam. Zed Books, London, 69–88.
- Zürcher, Christoph, Kristie D. Carrie Manning, Rachel Hayman Evenson, Sarah Riese and Nora Roehner. 2013. Costly Democracy: Peacebuilding and Democratization after War. Stanford University Press, Palo Alto.