References
- Adcock, Charlotte. 2010. “The Politician, the Wife, the Citizen, and Her Newspaper: Rethinking Women, Democracy, and Media(ted) Representation.” Feminist Media Studies 10 (2): 135–159. doi:https://doi.org/10.1080/14680771003672254.
- Atalanta. 2018. “(Anti)Social Media: The Benefits and Pitfalls of Digital for Female Politicians.” Accessed 20 March 2018. www.atalanta.co/s/AntiSocial_Media_Report-FINAL2-lowres.pdf
- Barlett, Christopher P., Douglas A. Gentile, and Chelsea Chew. 2016. “Predicting Cyberbullying from Anonymity.” Psychology of Popular Media Culture 5 (2): 171–180. doi:https://doi.org/10.1037/ppm0000055.
- Boffey, Daniel. 2018. “EU Threatens to Crack down on Facebook over Hate Speech.” The Guardian, April 11. Accessed 8 December 2018. https://www.theguardian.com/technology/2018/apr/11/eu-heavy-sanctions-online-hate-speech-facebook-scandal
- Braid, Don. 2016. “Braid: Jansen Stuns Legislature by Reading Out Explicit Anti-female Slurs.” Calgary Herald, November 22. Accessed 22 November 2016. https://calgaryherald.com/news/politics/braid-jansen-stuns-legislature-by-reading-out-explicit-anti-female-slurs
- Brown, Danice L. 2008. “African American Resiliency: Examining Racial Socialization and Social Support as Protective Factors.” Journal of Black Psychology 34 (1): 32–48. doi:https://doi.org/10.1177/0095798407310538.
- Brown, Danice L., and Tracy L. Tylka. 2011. “Racial Discrimination and Resilience in African American Young Adults: Examining Racial Socialization as a Moderator.” Journal of Black Psychology 37 (3): 259–285. doi:https://doi.org/10.1177/0095798410390689.
- Buchan, Lizzy. 2018. “Online Trolls Who Torment Election Candidates Could Be Banned from Public Office under Abuse Crackdown.” The Independent, July 29. Accessed 8 December 2018. https://www.independent.co.uk/news/uk/politics/election-trolls-social-media-abuse-ban-politicians-public-office-a8467831.html
- Canadian Press. 2017. “‘I Became a Target’: The Difficult Tenure of Women Politicians in Canada.” August 2. Accessed 26 March 2018. https://www.cbc.ca/news/canada/newfoundland-labrador/women-politics-canada-1.4231672
- Carbert, Louise. 2006. Rural Women’s Leadership in Atlantic Canada: First-Hand Perspectives on Local Public Life and Participation in Electoral Politics. Toronto: University of Toronto Press.
- Chen, Gina Masull, Paromita Pain, Victoria Y. Chen, Madlin Mekelburg, Nina Springer, and Franziska Troger. 2018. “‘You Really Have to Have A Thick Skin’: A Cross-Cultural Perspective on How Online Harassment Influences Female Journalists.” Journalism. Advance online publication. doi:https://doi.org/10.1177/1464884918768500.
- Citron, Danielle Keats. 2014. Hate Crimes in Cyberspace. Cambridge: Harvard University Press.
- CTV News. 2016. “Social Media Image of Notley Viewed through a Scope Draws Criticism.” August 13. Accessed 28 July 2019. https://calgary.ctvnews.ca/social-media-image-of-notley-viewed-through-a-scope-draws-criticism-1.3027998
- Dhrodia, Azmina. 2017. “Unsocial Media: Tracking Twitter Abuse against Women MPs.” Medium.com, September 3. Accessed 20 March 2018. https://medium.com/@AmnestyInsights/unsocial-media-tracking-twitter-abuse-against-women-mps-fc28aeca498a
- DiNovo, Cheri. 2016. “Sexual Harassment.” Hansard 34 (2). 41st Parliament, 2nd session. Ontario: Legislative Assembly of Ontario. https://www.ola.org/en/legislative-business/house-documents/parliament-41/session-2/2016-11-24/hansard
- Dunlap, Andy. 2016. “Changes in Coming Out Milestones across Five Age Cohorts.” Journal of Gay and Lesbian Social Services 28 (1): 20–38. doi:https://doi.org/10.1080/10538720.2016.1124351.
- Ejaz, Khadija. 2018. “Good Manners and High Heels: Newspaper Coverage of South Carolina’s First Female Governor.” Journal of Gender Studies 27 (7): 802–814. doi:https://doi.org/10.1080/09589236.2017.1316247.
- Everitt, Joanna, and Michael Camp. 2009. “Changing the Game Changes the Frame: The Media’s Use of Lesbian Stereotypes in Leadership versus Election Campaigns.” Canadian Political Science Review 3 (3): 24–39.
- Everitt, Joanna, and Michael Camp. 2014. “In versus Out: LGBT Politicians in Canada.” Journal of Canadian Studies 48 (1): 226–251. doi:https://doi.org/10.3138/jcs.48.1.226.
- Falk, Erika. 2008. Women for President: Media Bias in Eight Campaigns. Urbana, Ill.: University of Illinois Press.
- Halder, Debarati, and K. Jaishankar. 2011. “Online Social Networking and Women Victims.” In Cyber Criminology: Exploring Internet Crimes and Criminal Behavior, edited by K. Jaishankar, 299–316. Boca Raton: CRC Press.
- Hardaker, Claire, and McGlashan. Mark. 2016. “‘Real Men Don’t Hate Women’: Twitter Rape Threats and Group Identity.” Journal of Pragmatics 91: 80–93. doi:https://doi.org/10.1016/j.pragma.2015.11.005.
- Hayes, Danny, and Jennifer L. Lawless. 2016. Women on the Run: Gender, Media, and Political Campaigns in a Polarized Era. New York: Cambridge University Press.
- Hunt, Elle. 2016. “Julia Gillard Says Online Abuse Deters Women from Political Careers.” The Guardian, October 6. Accessed 20 March 2018. https://www.theguardian.com/world/2016/oct/12/julia-gillard-says-online-abuse-deters-women-from-political-careers
- Hunt, Elle, Nick Evershed, and Ri Liu. 2016. “From Julia Gillard to Hillary Clinton: Online Abuse of Politicians around the World.” The Guardian, June 27. Accessed 20 March 2018. https://www.theguardian.com/technology/datablog/ng-interactive/2016/jun/27/from-julia-gillard-to-hillary-clinton-online-abuse-of-politicians-around-the-world
- Ibrahim, Mariam. 2015. “Notley ‘Not Particularly Concerned’ after Threats.” Edmonton Journal, December 12, A3.
- Inter-Parliamentary Union. 2016. “Sexism, Harassment and Violence against Women Parliamentarians.” Accessed 8 September 2018. archive.ipu.org/pdf/publications/issuesbrief-e.pdf
- Jane, Emma A. 2014a. “‘Your a Ugly, Whorish, Slut’: Understanding E-bile.” Feminist Media Studies 14 (4): 531–546. doi:https://doi.org/10.1080/14680777.2012.741073.
- Jane, Emma Alice. 2014b. “‘Back to the Kitchen, Cunt’: Speaking the Unspeakable about Online Misogyny.” Continuum 28 (4): 558–570. doi:https://doi.org/10.1080/10304312.2014.924479.
- Lawless, Jennifer L., and Richard L. Fox. 2010. It Still Takes a Candidate: Why Women Don’t Run for Office. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press.
- Lawless, Jennifer L., and Richard L. Fox. 2015. Running from Office: Why Young Americans are Turned off to Politics. Oxford: Oxford University Press.
- Madden, Stephanie, Melissa Janoske, Rowena Briones Winkler, and Amanda Nell Edgar. 2018. “Mediated Misogynoir: Intersecting Race and Gender in Online Harassment.” In Mediating Misogyny: Gender, Technology, and Harassment, edited by Jacqueline Ryan Vickery and Tracy Everbach, 71–90. Cham, Switzerland: Palgrave Macmillan.
- Mantilla, Karla. 2013. “Gendertrolling: Misogyny Adapts to New Media.” Feminist Studies 39 (2): 563–570.
- Mantilla, Karla. 2015. Gendertrolling: How Misogyny Went Viral. Santa Barbara: Praeger.
- Mason, Rowena. 2017. “Diane Abbott: Misogyny and Abuse are Putting Women off Politics.” The Guardian, February 14. Accessed 2 April 2017. https://www.theguardian.com/politics/2017/feb/14/diane-abbott-misogyny-and-abuse-are-putting-women-off-politics
- McMillan, Elizabeth. 2016. “MLAs Speak Out about Fat-shaming, Death Threats and Homophobia.” CBC News, December 19. Accessed 8 September 2018. https://www.cbc.ca/news/canada/nova-scotia/mla-joanne-bernard-sexism-harassment-fat-shaming-legislature-1.3900518
- Megarry, Jessica. 2014. “Online Incivility or Sexual Harassment? Conceptualising Women’s Experiences in the Digital Age.” Women’s Studies International Forum 47 (Part A): 46–55. doi:https://doi.org/10.1016/j.wsif.2014.07.012.
- Nussbaum, Martha C. 2010. “Objectification and Internet Misogyny.” In The Offensive Internet: Speech, Privacy, and Reputation, edited by Saul Levmore and Martha C. Nussbaum, 68–87. Cambridge: Harvard University Press.
- Ohlheiser, Abby. 2016. “The Leslie Jones Hack Used All the Scariest Tactics of Internet Warfare at Once.” The Washington Post, August 26. Accessed 8 July 2018. https://www.washingtonpost.com/news/the-intersect/wp/2016/08/26/the-leslie-jones-hack-used-all-the-scariest-tactics-of-internet-warfare-at-once/?utm_term=.83dcc088c6a3
- Paterson, Victoria. 2015. “The Ugly Side of Social Media: Online Engagement Can Lead to Political Vitriol.” St. Albert Gazette, May 23, 3.
- Perraudin, Frances. 2019. “Alarm over Number of Female MPs Stepping down after Abuse.” The Guardian, October 31. Accessed 1 November 2019. https://www.theguardian.com/politics/2019/oct/31/alarm-over-number-female-mps-stepping-down-after-abuse
- Proudfoot, Shannon. 2019. “Why Would Anyone Hate Catherine McKenna?” Maclean’s, November 4. Accessed 10 March 2020. https://www.macleans.ca/politics/ottawa/why-would-anyone-hate-catherine-mckenna/
- Rheault, Ludovic, Erica Rayment, and Andreea Musulan. 2019. “Politicians in the Line of Fire: Incivility and the Treatment of Women on Social Media.” Research and Politics 6 (1): 1–7. doi:https://doi.org/10.1177/2053168018816228.
- Rushowy, Kristin. 2017. “Twitter and Facebook are a Minefield of Threats, Hate and Anger for Many Female Politicians.” Toronto Star, February 24. Accessed 12 February 2019. https://www.thestar.com/news/canada/2017/02/24/twitter-and-facebook-are-a-minefield-of-threats-hate-and-anger-for-many-female-politicians.html
- Sawer, Marian, Manon Tremblay, and Linda Trimble. 2006. “Introduction: Patterns and Practice in the Parliamentary Representation of Women.” In Representing Women in Parliament: A Comparative Study, edited by Marian Sawer, Manon Tremblay, and Linda Trimble, 1–23. New York: Routledge.
- Sinnema, Jodie. 2015. “Online threats made against Notley”. Edmonton Journal, October 21, A6.
- Southern, Rosalynd, and Emily Harmer. 2019. “Othering Political Women: Online Misogyny, Racism and Ableism Towards Women in Public Life.” In Online Othering: Exploring Digital Violence and Discrimination on the Web, edited by Karen Lumsden and Emily Harmer, 187–210. Cham, Switzerland: Palgrave Macmillan.
- Southern, Rosalynd, and Emily Harmer. Forthcoming. “Twitter, Incivility and “Everyday” Gendered Othering: An Analysis of Tweets Sent to UK Members of Parliament.” Social Science Computer Review 1–17. doi:https://doi.org/10.1177/0894439319865519.
- Taylor, Mary Anne, and Danee Pye. 2019. “Hillary through TIME: The (Un)making of the First Woman President.” American Behavioral Scientist 63 (7): 807–825. doi:https://doi.org/10.1177/0002764217711801.
- Trimble, Linda, Daisy Raphael, Shannon Sampert, Angelia Wagner, and Bailey Gerrits. 2015. “Politicizing Bodies: Hegemonic Masculinity, Heteronormativity, and Racism in News Representations of Canadian Political Party Leadership Candidates.” Women’s Studies in Communication 38 (3): 314–330. doi:https://doi.org/10.1080/07491409.2015.1062836.
- Vochocová, Lenka. 2018. “Witty Divas, Nice Mothers and Tough Girls in a Sexist World: Experiences and Strategies of Female Influencers in Online Political Debates.” Media, Culture and Society 40 (4): 535–550. doi:https://doi.org/10.1177/0163443717729211.
- Wagner, Angelia, Linda Trimble, and Shannon Sampert. 2019. “One Smart Politician: Gendered Mediation Discourses of Political Leadership in Canada.” Canadian Journal of Political Science 52 (1): 141–162. doi:https://doi.org/10.1017/S0008423918000471.
- Wiltse, David L. 2018. “Subsidizing Equality: Female Candidate Emergence and Clean Elections.” Election Law Journal 17 (2): 85–99. doi:https://doi.org/10.1089/elj.2017.0435.
- Zulli, Diana. 2018. “The Changing Norms of Gendered News Coverage: Hillary Clinton in the New York Times, 1969-2016.” Politics & Gender. Advance online publication. doi:https://doi.org/10.1017/S1743923X18000466.