776
Views
2
CrossRef citations to date
0
Altmetric
Article

Gendering political conflict: the racialized and dehumanized use of gender on Facebook

Pages 1583-1601 | Received 01 Sep 2019, Accepted 09 Mar 2021, Published online: 10 Apr 2021

References

  • Abu–Lughod, Lila. 2002. “Do Muslim Women Really Need Saving? Anthropological Reflections on Cultural Relativism and Its Others.” American Anthropologist 104 (3): 783–790. doi:10.1525/aa.2002.104.3.783.
  • Aharoni, Sarai B. 2014. “The Gender-Culture Double Bind in Israeli–Palestinian Peace Negotiations: A Narrative Approach.” Security Dialogue 45 (4): 373–390. doi:10.1177/0967010614537329.
  • Arendt, Hannah. 1945. “Imperialism, Nationalism, Chauvinism.” The Review of Politics 7 (4): 441–463. doi:10.1017/S0034670500001649.
  • Bilgic, Ali. 2015. “Hybrid Hegemonic Masculinity of the EU before and after the Arab Spring: A Gender Analysis of Euro-Mediterranean Security Relations.” Mediterranean Politics 20 (3): 322–341. doi:10.1080/13629395.2014.950472.
  • Boswell, Ayres A., and Joan Z. Spade. 1996. “Fraternities and Collegiate Rape Culture: Why are Some Fraternities More Dangerous Places for Women?” Gender & Society 10 (2): 133–147. doi:10.1177/089124396010002003.
  • Boyarin, Daniel. 1997. Unheroic Conduct: The Rise of Heterosexuality and the Invention of the Jewish Man. Berkeley: University of California Press.
  • Chen, Chiung H. 1996. “Feminization of Asian (American) Men in the US Mass Media: An Analysis of the Ballad of Little Jo.” Journal of Communication Inquiry 20 (2): 57–71. doi:10.1177/019685999602000204.
  • Cohen, Dara K. 2013. “Explaining Rape during Civil War: Cross-national Evidence (1980–2009).” American Political Science Review 107 (3): 461–477. doi:10.1017/S0003055413000221.
  • Cohn, Carol. 1987. “Sex and Death in the Rational World of Defense Intellectuals.” Journal of Women in Culture and Society 12 (4): 687–718. doi:10.1086/494362.
  • Crenshaw, Kimberlé. 1991. “Mapping the Margins: Intersectionality, Identity Politics, and Violence against Women of Color.” Stanford Law Review 43 (6): 1241–1299. doi:10.2307/1229039.
  • David, Yossi, and Christian Baden. 2020. “Reframing Community Boundaries: The Erosive Power of New Media Spaces in Authoritarian Societies.” Information, Communication & Society 23 (1): 110–127. doi:10.1080/1369118X.2018.1486869.
  • David, Yossi, and Ifat Maoz. 2015. “Gender Perceptions and Support for Compromise in the Israeli-Palestinian Conflict.” Peace and Conflict: Journal of Peace Psychology 21 (2): 295–298. doi:10.1037/pac0000092.
  • David, Yossi, Nimrod Rosler, and Ifat Maoz. 2018. “Gender-empathic Constructions, Empathy, and Support for Compromise in Intractable Conflict.” Journal of Conflict Resolution 62 (8): 1727–1752. doi:10.1177/0022002717701818.
  • de Vries, Maya, Asmahan Simry, and Ifat Maoz. 2015. “Like a Bridge over Troubled Water: Using Facebook to Mobilize Solidarity among East Jerusalem Palestinians during the 2014 War in Gaza.” International Journal of Communication 9: 2622–2649.
  • El-Haj Nadia, Abu. 2010. “Racial Palestinianization and the Janus-faced Nature of the Israeli State.” Patterns of Prejudice 44 (1): 27–41. doi:10.1080/00313220903507610.
  • Ellis, Donald G. 2019. “Building a Theory of Communication and Ethnopolitical Conflict.” Communication Monographs 86 (1): 68–87. doi:10.1080/03637751.2018.1507044.
  • Fanon, Frantz. 1963. The Wretched of the Earth. New York: Grove.
  • Fanon, Frantz. 1967. Black Skin, White Masks. New York: Grove.
  • Feinstein, Yuval. 2018. “One Flag, Two Rallies: Mechanisms of Public Opinion in Israel during the 2014 Gaza War.” Social Science Research 69: 65–82. doi:10.1016/j.ssresearch.2017.09.008.
  • Foucault, Michel. 2003. Society Must Be Defended: Lectures at the Collège De France, 1975-76. New York: Picador.
  • Friedman, Elie, and Alexandra Herfroy-Mischler. 2020. “The Media Framing of Blame Agency in Asymmetric Conflict: Who Is Blaming Whom for the 2014 Israeli-Palestinian Peace Negotiations Failure?” Journalism Studies Accessed 21 August 2020. Accessed. doi: 10.1080/1461670X.2020.1797526. 21:1873–1892.
  • Gal, Noam. 2019. “Ironic Humor on Social Media as Participatory Boundary Work.” New Media & Society 21 (3): 729–749. doi:10.1177/1461444818805719.
  • Gartner, Scott S., and Gary M. Segura. 1998. “War, Casualties, and Public Opinion.” Journal of Conflict Resolution 42 (3): 278–300. doi:10.1177/0022002798042003004.
  • Gavriely-Nuri, Dalia. 2008. “The ‘Metaphorical Annihilation’ of the Second Lebanon War (2006) from the Israeli Political Discourse.” Discourse & Society 19 (1): 5–20. doi:10.1177/0957926507083685.
  • Gavriely-Nuri, Dalia. 2010. “Rainbow, Snow, and the Poplar’s Song: The ‘Annihilative Naming’ of Israeli Military Practices.” Armed Forces and Society 36 (5): 825–842. doi:10.1177/0095327X09334993.
  • Glaser, Barney G., and Anselm L. Strauss. 1967. The Discovery of Grounded Theory: Strategies for Qualitative Research. Chicago, IL: Aldine.
  • Goldberg, David Theo. 1993. Racist Culture: Philosophy and the Politics of Meaning. Oxford: Blackwell.
  • Goldberg, David Theo. 2006. “Racial Europeanization.” Ethnic and Racial Studies 29 (2): 331–364. doi:10.1080/01419870500465611.
  • Grewal, Inderpal. 2005. Transnational America: Feminisms, Diasporas, Neoliberalisms. Durham: Duke University Press.
  • Haleva-Amir, Sharon. 2013. “MKs Usage of Personal Internet Tools, 2009: On the Verge of a New Decade.” World Political Science Review 9 (1): 219–261. doi:10.1515/wpsr-2013-0010.
  • Haleva-Amir, Sharon. 2016. “Talking to Themselves: Classification of Facebook’s Political Usages and Representatives’ Roles among Israeli Members of Knesset.” In Forms and Functions of Political Participation in a Digital World, edited by A. Frame and G. Brachotte, 13–24. New York: Routledge.
  • Hollander, Philip. 2019. From Schlemiel to Sabra: Zionist Masculinity and Palestinian Hebrew Literature. Indiana: Indiana University Press.
  • hooks, bell. 1981. Ain’t I a Woman: Black Women and Feminism. London: Pluto.
  • Ihmoud, Sarah. 2015. “Mohammed Abu-Khdeir and the Politics of Racial Terror in Occupied Jerusalem.” Borderlands 14 (1): 1–28.
  • Jackson, Sarah J. 2013. “Framing Megan Williams: Intersecting Discourses of Race, Class, and Gender in Television News Coverage of Racialized Rape.” Feminist Media Studies 13 (1): 46–63. doi:10.1080/14680777.2011.647970.
  • Jackson, Sarah J., and Sonia Banaszczyk. 2016. “Digital Standpoints: Debating Gendered Violence and Racial Exclusions in the Feminist Counterpublic.” Journal of Communication Inquiry 40 (4): 391–407. doi:10.1177/0196859916667731.
  • Kampf, Zohar, and Tamar Liebes. 2013. Transforming Media Coverage of Violent Conflicts‎:‎ the New Face of War. London: Palgrave Macmillan.
  • Kim, Do, Own Donna, Nathaniel Ming Curran, and Hyun Tae Calvin Kim. 2020. “Digital Feminism and Affective Splintering: South Korean Twitter Discourse on 500 Yemeni Refugees.” International Journal of Communication 14: 4117–4135.
  • King, Gary, Benjamin Schneer, and Ariel White. 2017. “How the News Media Activate Public Expression and Influence National Agendas.” Science 358 (6364): 776–780. doi:10.1126/science.aao1100.
  • Kotef, Hagar. 2011. “Baking at the Front Line, Sleeping with the Enemy: Reflections on Gender and Women’s Peace Activism in Israel.” Politics and Gender 7 (4): 551–572. doi:10.1017/S1743923X11000353.
  • Lahav, Hagar. 2010. “The Giver of Life and the Griever of Death: Women in the Israeli TV Coverage of the Second Lebanon War (2006).” Communication, Culture & Critique 3 (2): 242–269. doi:10.1111/j.1753-9137.2010.01069.x.
  • Lakoff, George. 1992. “Metaphor and War: The Metaphor System Used to Justify War in the Gulf.” In Thirty Years of Linguistic Evolution: Studies in Honor of Rene Dirven on the Occasion of His Sixtieth Birthday, edited by M. Puetz, 463–482. Philadelphia: John Benjamins.
  • Lakoff, George, and Mark Johnson. 1980. Metaphors We Live By. Chicago: University of Chicago Press.
  • Lee, Jayeon, and Young-shin Lim. 2016. “Gendered Campaign Tweets: The Cases of Hillary Clinton and Donald Trump.” Public Relations Review 42 (5): 849–855. doi:10.1016/j.pubrev.2016.07.004.
  • Linke, Uli. 2012. “Gendering Europe, Europeanizing Gender: The Politics of Difference in a Global Era.” In The Oxford Handbook of Postwar European History, edited by D. Stone, 220–242. Oxford: Oxford University Press.
  • Massad, Joseph. 1995. “Conceiving the Masculine: Gender and Palestinian Nationalism.” The Middle East Journal 49 (3): 467–483.
  • McGregor, Shannon C., Regina G. Lawrence, and Arielle Cardona. 2017. “Personalization, Gender, and Social Media: Gubernatorial Candidates’ Social Media Strategies.” Information, Communication & Society 20 (2): 264–283. doi:10.1080/1369118X.2016.1167228.
  • Molina-Guzmán, Isabel. 2013. “Commodifying Black Latinidad in US Film and Television.” Popular Communication 11 (3): 211–226. doi:10.1080/15405702.2013.810071.
  • Mor, Yifat., Neta Kligler-Vilenchik, and Ifat Maoz. 2015. “Political Expression on Facebook in a Context of Conflict: Dilemmas and Coping Strategies of Jewish-Israeli Youth.” Social Media + Society 1 (2): 1–10.
  • Molina-Guzmán, Isabel. 2016. “#oscarssowhite: How Stuart Hall Explains Why Nothing Changes in Hollywood and Everything Is Changing.” Critical Studies in Media Communication 33 (5): 438–454. doi:10.1080/15295036.2016.1227864.
  • Morozov, Evgeny. 2011. The Net Delusion: The Dark Side of Internet Freedom. New York: Public Affairs.
  • Mosse, George L. 1985a. Nationalism and Sexuality: Middle-Class Morality and Sexual Norms in Modern Europe. Madison: University of Wisconsin Press.
  • Mosse, George L. 1985b. Nationalism and Sexuality: Respectability and Abnormal Sexuality in Modern Europe. New York: Howard Fertig.
  • Mueller, John. E. 1970. “Presidential Popularity from Truman to Johnson.” American Political Science Review 64 (1): 18–34. doi:10.2307/1955610.
  • Naaman, Dorit. 2007. “Brides of Palestine/Angels of Death: Media, Gender, and Performance in the Case of the Palestinian Female Suicide Bombers.” Signs: Journal of Women in Culture and Society 32 (4): 933–955. doi:10.1086/512624.
  • Philo, Greg, and Mike Berry. 2004. Bad News from Israel. London: Pluto Press.
  • Presner, Todd. S. 2007. Muscular Judaism: The Jewish Body and the Politics of Regeneration. New York: Routledge.
  • Puar, Jasbir K. 2007. Terrorist Assemblages: Homonationalism in Queer Times. Durham: Duke University Press.
  • Puar, Jasbir K. 2017. The Right to Maim: Debility, Capacity, Disability. Durham: Duke University Press.‏.
  • Razack, Sherene H. 2000. “Gendered Racial Violence and Spatialized Justice: The Murder of Pamela George.” Canadian Journal of Law & Society 15 (2): 91–130. doi:10.1017/S0829320100006384.
  • Rosenberg, Hananel, and Ifat Maoz. 2012. “‘Meeting the Enemy’: The Reception of a Television Interview with a Female Palestinian Terrorist among Jewish Youth in Israel.” Communication Review 15 (1): 45–71. doi:10.1080/10714421.2012.647287.
  • Sasson-Levy, Orna. 2002. “Constructing Identities at the Margins: Masculinities and Citizenship in the Israeli Army.” The Sociological Quarterly 43 (3): 353–383. doi:10.1111/j.1533-8525.2002.tb00053.x.
  • Sasson-Levy, Orna. 2008. “Individual Bodies, Collective State Interests: The Case of Israeli Combat Soldiers.” Men and Masculinities 10 (3): 296–321. doi:10.1177/1097184X06287760.
  • Shalhoub-Kevorkian, Nadera. 2009. Militarization and Violence against Women in Conflict Zones in the Middle East: A Palestinian Case-Study. New York: Cambridge University Press.
  • Shalhoub-Kevorkian, Nadera. 2019. Incarcerated Childhood and the Politics of Unchilding. New York: Cambridge University Press.
  • Shalhoub-Kevorkian, Nadera, and Yossi David. 2016. “Is the Violence of Tag Mehir a State Crime?” British Journal of Criminology 56 (5): 835–856. doi:10.1093/bjc/azv101.
  • Shifman, Limor. 2012. “Satire in the Holy Wonderland: The Comic Framing of Arab Leaders in Israel.” Popular Communication 10 (1–2): 94–105. doi:10.1080/15405702.2012.638574.
  • Shomron, Baruch, and Amit Schejter. 2020. “Diversity in Broadcasting as an Enabler of Capabilities: The Case of Palestinian-Israeli Women on Public and Commercial Radio and Television.” Feminist Media Studies Accessed Accessed 21 August 2020. doi: 10.1080/14680777.2020.1804978. 1–19.
  • Strauss, Anselm, and Juliet Corbin. 1998. Basics of Qualitative Research: Techniques and Procedures for Developing Grounded Theory. Thousand Oaks, CA: Sage.
  • Thorson, Kjerstin., Stephanie Edgerly, Neta Kligler-Vilenchik, Yu Xu, and Luping Wang. 2016. “Seeking Visibility in a Big Tent: Digital Communication and the People’s Climate March.” International Journal of Communication 10: 4784–4806.
  • Winant, Howard. 1994. Racial Conditions: Politics, Theory, Comparisons. Minneapolis: University of Minnesota Press.
  • Yosef, Raz. 2008. “Phantasmatic Losses: National Traumas, Masculinity, and Primal Scenes in Israeli Cinema—Walk on Water.” Framework: The Journal of Cinema and Media 49 (1): 93–105. doi:10.1353/frm.0.0016.
  • Yuval–Davis, Nira. 1997. Gender and Nation. London: Sage.
  • Ziegele, Marc, Christina Koehler, and Mathias Weber. 2018. “Socially Destructive? Effects of Negative and Hateful User Comments on Readers’ Donation Behavior toward Refugees and Homeless Persons.” Journal of Broadcasting & Electronic Media 62 (4): 636–653. doi:10.1080/08838151.2018.1532430.

Reprints and Corporate Permissions

Please note: Selecting permissions does not provide access to the full text of the article, please see our help page How do I view content?

To request a reprint or corporate permissions for this article, please click on the relevant link below:

Academic Permissions

Please note: Selecting permissions does not provide access to the full text of the article, please see our help page How do I view content?

Obtain permissions instantly via Rightslink by clicking on the button below:

If you are unable to obtain permissions via Rightslink, please complete and submit this Permissions form. For more information, please visit our Permissions help page.