Feminism, activism and non-consensual pornography: analyzing efforts to end “revenge porn” in the United States

References

• Alptraum, Lux. 2020. “Deepfake Porn Harms Adult Performers, Too.” Wired. January 15. Accessed 1 March 2020. https://www.wired.com/story/deepfake-porn-harms-adult-performers-too/
   Google Scholar
• Banet-Weiser, Sarah. 2018. Empowered: Popular Feminism and Popular Misogyny. Durham: Duke University press.
   Google Scholar
• Banet-Weiser, Sarah, Rosalind Gill, and Catherine Rottenberg. 2020. “Postfeminism, Popular Feminism and Neoliberal Feminism? Sarah Banet-Weiser, Rosalind Gill and Catherine Rottenberg in Conversation.” Feminist Theory 21 (1): 3–24. doi:10.1177/1464700119842555.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• BBC News. 2015. “South Korean Women Protest in Seoul over Hidden Sex Cameras.” BBC News, July 7th. Accessed 9th November 2020 https://www.bbc.com/news/world-asia-44751327
   Google Scholar
• Branicki, Layla. 2020. “COVID‐19, Ethics of Care and Feminist Crisis Management.” Gender Work Organization 27: 872–883. doi:10.1111/gwao.12491.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Braun, Virginia, and Victoria Clarke. 2006. “Using Thematic Analysis in Psychology.” Qualitative Research in Psychology 3 (2): 77–101. doi:10.1191/1478088706qp063oa.
   Google Scholar
• Carpenter, Charli. 2014. “Lost” Causes: Agenda Vetting in Global Issue Networks and the Shaping of Human Security. Ithaca: Cornell University Press.
   Google Scholar
• Chambers, Chrissy. 2018. “My Story: Revenge Porn Changed My Life.” BBC News, January 18. Accessed 20 April 2020. https://www.bbc.com/news/technology-42733034
   Google Scholar
• Chemaly, Soraya. 2019. “Demographics, Design. And Free Speech.” In Free Speech in the Digital Age, edited by Susan Brison and Katharine Gelber. (pp. 150–169). Oxford: Oxford University Press.
   Google Scholar
• Chun, Wendy Hui Kyong. 2016. Updating to Remain the Same: Habitual New Media. Cambridge: MIT Press.
   Google Scholar
• Citron, Danielle Keats. 2018. “Sexual Privacy.” University of Maryland Legal Studies Research Paper No. 2018-25. NY: Rochester.
   Google Scholar
• Citron, Danielle Keats. 2019. “Restricting Speech to Protect It.” In Free Speech in the Digital Age, edited by Susan Brison and Katharine Gelber. (pp. 122–137). Oxford: Oxford University Press.
   Google Scholar
• Citron, Danielle Keats, and Mary Anne Franks. 2014. “Criminalizing Revenge Porn.” Wake Forest Law Review 49: 345+.
   Google Scholar
• Collins, Hill, Patricia, and Sirma Bilge. 2018. Intersectionality. Cambridge: Polity Press.
   Google Scholar
• Cyber Civil Rights Initiative. 2014. Revenge Porn Statistics. Retrieved from  https://www.cybercivilrights.org/wp-content/uploads/2014/12/RPStatistics.pdf
   Google Scholar
• Duggan, Maeve, Lee Rainie, Aaron Smith, Cary Funk, Amanda Lenhart, and Mary Madden. 2014. “Online Harassment.” Pew Research Centre. https://www.pewresearch.org/internet/2014/10/22/online-harassment/
   Google Scholar
• Dutta, Koushik. 2018. “Bengal Woman Commits Suicide after School Students Post Nude Photos Online.” Hindustan Times, March 19. Accessed 9th November 2020 https://www.hindustantimes.com/kolkata/bengal-woman-commits-suicide-after-school-students-post-nude-photos-online/story-7UPwPHMgNN2NgcFJeRYmtM.html
   Google Scholar
• Dworkin, Andrea. 1993. “Against the Male Flood: Censorship, Pornography and Equality.” In Pornography: Women, Violence and Civil Liberties, edited by Catherin Itzin, 515–535. New York: Oxford University Press.
   Google Scholar
• Eaton, Asia A., Sofia Noori, Amy Bonomi, Dionne P. Stephens, and Tameka L. Gillum. 2020. “Nonconsensual Porn as a Form of Intimate Partner Violence: Using the Power and Control Wheel to Understand Nonconsensual Porn Perpetration in Intimate Relationships.” Trauma, Violence, & Abuse 152483802090653. doi:10.1177/1524838020906533.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Firth, Rhiannon, and Andrew Robinson. 2016. “For a Revival of Feminist Consciousness-raising: Horizontal Transformation of Epistemologies and Transgression of Neoliberal TimeSpace.” Gender and Education 28 (3): 343–358. doi:10.1080/09540253.2016.1166182.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Franks, Mary Anne. 2006. Feminist Interpretations of Theodore Adorno: Re-reading the Canon, eds Renée Heberle. University Park: Penn State Press.
   Google Scholar
• Franks, Mary Anne. 2017. “Revenge Porn’ Reform: A View from the Front Lines.” Florida Law Review 69 (5): 1251–1337.
   Google Scholar
• Franks, Mary Anne. 2019. The Cult of the Constitution. Stanford: Stanford University Press.
   Google Scholar
• Freydkin, Donna. 2018. “Meet the Revenge Porn Activist Fighting for Justice.” Megyn Kelly Today, July 6th. Accessed 30th May 2020 https://www.today.com/news/meet-revenge-porn-activist-fighting-justice-t132669
   Google Scholar
• Friedersdorf, Connor. 2015. “The Moral Panic Over Sexting.” The Atlantic, September 2nd. Accessed 9th November 2020 https://www.theatlantic.com/politics/archive/2015/09/for-sexting-teens-the-authorities-are-the-biggest-threat/403318/
   Google Scholar
• Gander, Kashmira. 2014. “The Fappening: After the Third Wave of Leaked Celebrity Photos, Why Can’t We Stop It?” The Independent, September 30th. Accessed 9th November 2020 https://www.independent.co.uk/life-style/gadgets-and-tech/news/fappening-after-third-wave-leaked-celebrity-photos-why-can-t-we-stop-it-9763528.html
   Google Scholar
• Gerhard, Jane. 2001. Desiring Revolution: Second-Wave Feminism and the Rewriting of Twentieth-Century American Sexual Thought. NY: Columbia University Press.
   Google Scholar
• Gilligan, Carol. 1982. In a Different Voice: Psychological Theory and Women’s Development. Cambridge, MA: Harvard University Press.
   Google Scholar
• Grasso, Samantha. 2017. “20 Facts You Should Probably Know about Revenge Porn.” Daily Dot, June 29. Accessed 9th November 2020 https://www.dailydot.com/irl/revenge-porn/
   Google Scholar
• Guobadia, Otamere. 2019. “Love in the Time of OnlyFans.” DAZED, February 20th. Accessed 9th November 2020 https://www.dazeddigital.com/life-culture/article/43406/1/onlyfans-fansites-porn-sex-work-open-relationships-queer-sex-dating
   Google Scholar
• Hartount, Valerte. 1996. “Reviewed Work: ‘Moral Boundaries. A Political Argument for an Ethic of Care’.” Political Theory 24 (3): 542–546.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Held, Virginia. 2006. The Ethics of Care: Personal, Political, and Global. Oxford: Oxford University Press.
   Google Scholar
• Hills, Megan. C. 2017. “How Hugh Hefner Built an Entire Empire without Marilyn Monroe’s Consent.” Marie Claire, October 2. Accessed November 9th https://www.marieclaire.co.uk/news/celebrity-news/hugh-hefner-marilyn-monroe-541688
   Google Scholar
• Kensinger, Loretta. 1997. “(In)quest of Liberal Feminism.” Hypatia 12 (4): 178–197. doi:10.1111/j.1527-2001.1997.tb00303.x.
   Google Scholar
• Lane, Keiko. 2013. The Feminist Porn Book: The Politics of Producing Pleasure, eds. Tristan Taormino, Celine Parrenas Shimizu, Constance Penley, and Mireille Miller-Young. New York: Feminist Press.
   Google Scholar
• Langlois, Ganaele, and Andrea Slane. 2017. “Economies of Reputation: The Case of Revenge Porn.” Communication and Critical/Cultural Studies 14 (2): 120–138. doi:10.1080/14791420.2016.1273534.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Latson, Jennifer. 2015. “The Scandal that Cost a Miss America Her Crown.” TIME, July 23rd. Accessed 9th November 2020 https://time.com/3961120/miss-america-scandal-vanessa-williams/
   Google Scholar
• Lee, Jiz. 2013. The Feminist Porn Book: The Politics of Producing Pleasure, eds. Tristan Taormino, Celine Parrenas Shimizu, Constance Penley, and Mireille Miller-Young. New York: Feminist Press.
   Google Scholar
• Lenhart, Amanda, Michele Ybarra, Kathryn Zickuhr, and Myeshia Price-Feeney. 2016. “Online Harassment, Digital Abuse, and Cyberstalking in America.” Data and Society Research Institute. https://www.datasociety.net/pubs/oh/Online_Harassment_2016.pdf
   Google Scholar
• Maddocks, Sophie. 2019. “From Non-Consensual Pornography to Image-Based Sexual Abuse: Charting the Course of a Problem with Many Names.” Australian Feminist Studies 33 (97): 345–361. doi:10.1080/08164649.2018.1542592.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Massanari, Adrienne. 2015. “#gamergate and the Fappening: How Reddit’s Algorithm, Governance, and Culture Support Toxic Technocultures.” New Media & Society 19 (3): 329–346. doi:10.1177/1461444815608807.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Masters, James, and Livia Borghese. 2016. “Tiziana Cantone’s Family Calls for Justice after Suicide over Sex Tape.” CNN. Accessed 12th March 2019 https://www.cnn.com/2016/09/16/europe/tiziana-cantone-sex-tape-suicide/
   Google Scholar
• McGlynn, Clare, Ruth Houghton, and Erika Rackley. 2017. “Beyond ‘Revenge Porn’: The Continuum of Image-Based Sexual Abuse.” Feminist Legal Studies 25: 25–46. doi:10.1007/s10691-017-9343-2.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• McGlynn, Clare, and Erika Rackley. 2016. “Research Briefing: Image-Based Sexual Abuse: More Than Just Revenge Porn.” Research Spotlight, University of Birmingham, November 16.
   Google Scholar
• McRobbie, Angela. 2008. The Aftermath of Feminism: Gender, Culture and Social Change. London: SAGE Publications.
   Google Scholar
• Merriam-Webster. “Tacit.” Accessed 19 March 2020 https://www.merriam-webster.com/dictionary/tacit
   Google Scholar
• Miller-Young, Mireille. 2014. A Taste for Brown Sugar: Black Women in Pornography. Durham: Duke University Press.
   Google Scholar
• Moon, Dreama, and Michelle A. Holling. 2020. “‘White Supremacy in Heels’: (White) Feminism, White Supremacy, and Discursive Violence.” Communication and Critical/Cultural Studies 17 (2): 253–260. doi:10.1080/14791420.2020.1770819.
   Google Scholar
• Nakamura, Lisa. 2015. “Afterword: Blaming, Shaming, and the Feminization of Social Media.” In Feminist Surveillance Studies, edited by Rachel E. Dubrofsky and Shoshana Amielle Magnet. (pp. 221–228). Durham: Duke University Press.
   Google Scholar
• Nash, Jennifer. 2014. The Black Body in Ecstasy: Reading Race, Reading Pornography. Durham: Duke University Press.
   Google Scholar
• Noble, Safiya Umoja. 2018. Algorithms of Oppression: How Search Engines Reinforce Racism. New York: New York University Press.
   Google Scholar
• Osucha, Eden. 2009. “The Whiteness of Privacy: Race, Media, Law.” Camera Obscura: Feminism, Culture, and Media Studies 24 (1 (70)): 67–107. doi:10.1215/02705346-2008-015.
   Google Scholar
• Patchin, Justin, and Sameer Hinduja. 2019. “The Nature and Extent of Sexting among a National Sample of Middle and High School Students in the U.S.” Archives of Sexual Behavior 48: 2333–2343. doi:10.1007/s10508-019-1449-y.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Penley, Constance. 2013. The Feminist Porn Book: The Politics of Producing Pleasure, eds. Tristan Taormino, Celine Parrenas Shimizu, Constance Penley, and Mireille Miller-Young. New York: Feminist Press.
   Google Scholar
• Powell, Anastasia. 2010. “Configuring Consent: Emerging Technologies, Unauthorized Sexual Images and Sexual Assault.” Australian and New Zealand Journal of Criminology 43 (1): 76–90. doi:10.1375/acri.43.1.76.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Pugh, Allison. 2013. “What Good are Interviews for Thinking about Culture? Demystifying Interpretive Analysis.” American Journal of Cultural Sociology 1: 42–68. doi:10.1057/ajcs.2012.4.
   Google Scholar
• Rottenberg, Catherine. 2014. “The Rise of Neoliberal Feminism.” Cultural Studies 28 (3): 418–437. doi:10.1080/09502386.2013.857361.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Ruvalcaba, Yanet, and Asia A. Eaton. 2020. “Nonconsensual Pornography among U.S. Adults: A Sexual Scripts Framework on Victimization, Perpetration, and Health Correlates for Women and Men.” Psychology of Violence 10 (1): 68–78. doi:10.1037/vio0000233.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Tait, Robert. 2006. “Iranian Actor in Sex Video Scandal Says Ex-Fiancé Faked Footage.” The Guardian, November 22
   Google Scholar
• Taormino, Tristan, Celine Parrenas Shimizu, Constance Penley, and Mireille Miller-Young. 2013. The Feminist Porn Book: The Politics of Producing Pleasure. New York: Feminist Press.
   Google Scholar
• Tronto, Joan. 1998. “An Ethic of Care.” Generations: Journal of the American Society on Aging 22 (3): 15–20.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Tronto, Joan. 2005. “An Ethic of Care.” In Feminist Theory: A Philosophical Anthology, edited by Ann E. Cudd, Robin O. Andreasen, and UK. Oxford. (pp. 251–263). Malden, Massachusetts: Blackwell Publishing.
   Google Scholar
• Valle, Firuzeh Shokooh. 2020. “Turning Fear into Pleasure: Feminist Resistance against Online Violence in the Global South.” Feminist Media Studies. doi:10.1080/14680777.2020.1749692.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar