The Shadowban Cycle: an autoethnography of pole dancing, nudity and censorship on Instagram

References

• 115th Congress. 2017–2018. “H.R.1865 - Allow States and Victims to Fight Online Sex Trafficking Act of 2017.” Congress.gov. https://www.congress.gov/bill/115th-congress/house-bill/1865
   Google Scholar
• Are, Carolina. 2018. “Pole Dance: Your Questions Answered.” Blogger On Pole. https://bloggeronpole.com/2018/01/pole-dance-your-questions-answered/
   Google Scholar
• Are, Carolina. 2019a. “Why The Instagram Algorithm Is Banning Your Posts.” Blogger On Pole. https://bloggeronpole.com/2019/03/why-instagram-is-banning-your-posts/
   Google Scholar
• Are, Carolina. 2019b. “What Instagram’s Pole Dance Shadowban Means For Social Media.” Blogger On Pole. https://bloggeronpole.com/2019/07/what-instagram-pole-dance-shadowban-means-for-social-media/
   Google Scholar
• Are, Carolina. 2019c. “Instagram Denies Censorship of Pole Dancers and Sex Workers.” Blogger On Pole. https://bloggeronpole.com/2019/07/instagram-denies-censorship-of-pole-dancers-and-sex-workers/
   Google Scholar
• Are, Carolina. 2019d. “Instagram Apologises to Pole Dancers about the Shadowban.” Blogger On Pole. https://bloggeronpole.com/2019/07/instagram-apologises-to-pole-dancers-about-the-shadowban/
   Google Scholar
• Are, Carolina. 2019e. “Instagram Censors EveryBODYVisible Campaign against Instagram Censorship – LOL.” Blogger On Pole. https://bloggeronpole.com/2019/10/everybodyvisible/
   Google Scholar
• Are, Carolina. 2020. “Instagram Quietly Admitted Algorithm Bias … But How Will They Fight It?” Blogger On Pole. https://bloggeronpole.com/2020/06/instagram-quietly-admitted-algorithm-bias-but-how-will-it-fight-it/
   Google Scholar
• Are, Carolina, and Susanna Paasonen. 2021.“Sex in the Shadows of Celebrity.” Porn Studies Forum. [Forthcoming].
   Google Scholar
• Association of Internet Researchers. 2019. “Internet Research: Ethical Guidelines 3.0.” Association of Internet Researchers. https://aoir.org/reports/ethics3.pdf
   Google Scholar
• Banet-Weiser, Sarah. 2018. Empowered - Popular Feminism and Popular Misogyny. Durham: Duke University Press.
   Google Scholar
• Bartlett, Jamie. 2018. The People Vs Tech: How the Internet Is Killing Democracy (And How We Save It). London: Ebury Digital.
   Google Scholar
• Beck, Ulrich. 1992. Risk Society: Towards a New Modernity. Translated by Mark Ritter. London: Sage.
   Google Scholar
• Beck, Ulrich. 2006. “Living in the World Risk Society.” Economy and Society 35 (3): 329–345. doi:10.1080/03085140600844902.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Bergkamp, Lucas. 2016. “The Concept of Risk Society as a Model for Risk Regulation – Its Hidden and Not so Hidden Ambitions, Side Effects, and Risks.” Journal of Risk Research 20 (10): 1275–1291. doi:10.1080/13669877.2016.1153500.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Binns, Reuben. 2019. “Human Judgement in Algorithmic Loops; Individual Justice and Automated Decision-Making.”https://papers.ssrn.com/sol3/papers.cfm?abstract_id=3452030
   Google Scholar
• Cohen, Rachel, Lauren Irwin, Toby Newton-John, and Amy. Slater. 2019. “#bodypositivity: A Content Analysis of Body Positive Accounts on Instagram.” Body Image 29: 45–57. doi:10.1016/j.bodyim.2019.02.007.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Cole, Samantha. 2018. “Where Did the Concept of ‘Shadow Banning’ Come From?” Vice. https://www.vice.com/en/article/a3q744/where-did-shadow-banning-come-from-trump-republicans-shadowbanned
   Google Scholar
• Constine, John. 2019. “Instagram Now Demotes Vaguely ‘Inappropriate’ Content.” TechCrunch. https://techcrunch.com/2019/04/10/instagram-borderline/
   Google Scholar
• Cook, Jesselyn. 2019. “Women Are Pretending To Be Men On Instagram To Avoid Sexist Censorship.” The Huffington Post. https://www.huffingtonpost.co.uk/entry/women-are-pretending-to-be-men-on-instagram-to-avoid-sexist-censorship_n_5dd30f2be4b0263fbc99421e?ri18n=true
   Google Scholar
• Cook, Jesselyn. 2020. “Instagram’s CEO Says Shadow Banning ‘Is Not A Thing.’ That’s Not True.” The Huffington Post. https://www.huffingtonpost.co.uk/entry/instagram-shadow-banning-is-real_n_5e555175c5b63b9c9ce434b0?ri18n
   Google Scholar
• Crawford, Kate, and Tarleton Gillespie. 2016. “What Is a Flag For? Social Media Reporting Tools and the Vocabulary of Complaint.” New Media & Society 18 (3): 410–428. doi:10.1177/1461444814543163.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Curran, Dean. 2013. “Risk Society and the Distribution of Bads: Theorizing Class in the Risk Society.” The British Journal of Sociology 64 (1): 44–62. doi:10.1111/1468-4446.12004.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Ekberg, Merryn. 2007. “The Parameters of the Risk Society A Review and Exploration.” Current Sociology 55 (3): 343–366. doi:10.1177/0011392107076080.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Ellis, Carolyn, Tony E. Adams, and Arthur P. Bochner. 2011. “Autoethnography: An Overview.” Historical Social Research/Historische Sozialforschung 36 (4–138): 273–290.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Everybodyvisible. n.d. “Home Page.” https://everybodyvisible.com/
   Google Scholar
• Fabbri, Thomas. 2019. “Why Is Instagram Deleting the Accounts of Hundreds of Porn Stars?” BBC Trending. https://www.bbc.co.uk/news/blogs-trending-50222380
   Google Scholar
• Gerrard, Ysabel, and Helen Thornham. 2020. “Content Moderation: Social Media’s Sexist Assemblages.” New Media & Society 22 (7): 1266–1286. doi:10.1177/1461444820912540.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Giddens, Anthony. 1998. “Risk Society: The Context of British Politics.” In The Politics of Risk Society Order, edited by J. Franklin, 23–34. Cambridge: Polity Press.
   Google Scholar
• Gilbert, David. 2020. “Leaked Documents Show Facebook’s Absurd ‘Breast Squeezing Policy’.” Vice. https://www.vice.com/en/article/7k9xnb/leaked-documents-show-facebooks-absurd-breast-squeezing-policy
   Google Scholar
• Gillespie, Tarleton. 2010. “The Politics of Platforms.” New Media & Society 12 (3): 347–364. doi:10.1177/1461444809342738.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Gillespie, Tarleton. 2018. Custodians of the Internet: Platforms, Content Moderation, and the Hidden Decisions that Shape Social Media. New Haven, CT: Yale University.
   Google Scholar
• Ging, Debbie, and Eugenia Siapera. 2018. “Special Issue on Online Misogyny.” Feminist Media Studies 18 (4): 515–524. doi:10.1080/14680777.2018.1447345.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Hudson, Barbara. 2003. Justice in the Risk Society: Challenging and Re-affirming Justice in Late Modernity. London: SAGE.
   Google Scholar
• Instagram. n.d.a. instagram.com/bloggeronpole
   Google Scholar
• Instagram. n.d.b. instagram.com/everybodyvisible
   Google Scholar
• Instagram. n.d.c. https://help.instagram.com/477434105621119
   Google Scholar
• Jane, Emma. 2014. “‘Back to the Kitchen, Cunt’: Speaking the Unspeakable about Online Misogyny.” Continuum, Journal of Media & Cultural Studies 28 (4): 558–570. doi:10.1080/10304312.2014.924479.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Jee, Charlotte. 2021. “A Feminist Internet Would Be Better for Everyone.” MIT Technology Review. https://www.technologyreview.com/2021/04/01/1020478/feminist-internet-culture-activist-harassment-herd-signal/
   Google Scholar
• Joslin, Trinady. 2020. “Black Creators Protest TikTok’s Algorithm with #imblackmovement.” Daily Dot. https://www.dailydot.com/irl/tiktok-protest-imblackmovement/
   Google Scholar
• Justich, Kerry. 2019. “Pole Dancer Says Instagram Is Censoring ‘Dirty and Inappropriate’ Photos: Our Community Is ‘Under Attack’.” Yahoo.com. https://www.yahoo.com/lifestyle/pole-dancing-community-says-its-under-attack-on-instagram-172415125.html
   Google Scholar
• Kaye, David. 2019. Speech Police - The Global Struggle To Govern The Internet. New York: Columbia Global Reports.
   Google Scholar
• Kumar, Sangeet. 2019. “The Algorithmic Dance: YouTube’s Adpocalypse and the Gatekeeping of Cultural Content on Digital Platforms.” In Internet Policy Review: Transnational Materialities, edited by J. van Dijck and B. Rieder, Vol. 8. (2). https://policyreview.info/articles/analysis/transnational-materialities
   Google Scholar
• Massanari, Adrienne. 2017. “#gamergate and the Fappening: How Reddit’s Algorithm, Governance, and Culture Support Toxic Technocultures.” New Media & Society 19 (3): 329–346. doi:10.1177/1461444815608807.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Massanari, Adrienne. 2018. “Rethinking Research Ethics, Power, and the Risk of Visibility in the Era of the ‘Alt-right’ Gaze.” Social Media + Society, April-June 1–9.
   Google Scholar
• Mitra, Rahul. 2010. “Doing Ethnography, Being an Ethnographer: The Autoethnographic Research Process and I.” Journal of Research Practice 6 (1): 1–21.
   Google Scholar
• Moeckli, Daniel. 2016. Exclusion from Public Space - A Comparative Constitutional Analysis. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press.
   Google Scholar
• Moz. n.d. https://moz.com/link-explorer
   Google Scholar
• Mulvey, Laura. 1989. Visual and Other Pleasures. Bloomington: Indiana University Press.
   Google Scholar
• Osborne, Rachel. 2019. “Instagram, Please Stop Censoring Pole Dance.” change.org/p/instagram-com-instagram-stop-censoring-pole-dance-fitness
   Google Scholar
• Paasonen, Susanna, Kylie Jarrett, and Ben Light. 2019. #NSFW: Sex, Humor, And Risk In Social Media. Cambridge: MIT Press.
   Google Scholar
• Rodriguez, Jeremiah. 2019. “Instagram Apologizes to Pole Dancers after Hiding Their Posts.” CTVNews.ca. https://www.ctvnews.ca/sci-tech/instagram-apologizes-to-pole-dancers-after-hiding-their-posts-1.4537820
   Google Scholar
• Salty. 2019. “Exclusive: Victoria’s Secret Influence on Instagram’s Censorship Policies.” Saltyworld.net. https://saltyworld.net/exclusive-victorias-secret-influence-on-instagrams-censorship-policies/
   Google Scholar
• Siteworthtraffic. n.d. https://www.siteworthtraffic.com/
   Google Scholar
• Sloan, Luke, and Annabel Quan-Haase. 2017. The SAGE Handbook of Social Media Research Methods. London: SAGE Publications.
   Google Scholar
• Sparks, J V., and Annie Lang. 2015. “Mechanisms Underlying the Effects of Sexy and Humorous Content in Advertisements.” Communication Monographs 82 (1): 134–162. doi:10.1080/03637751.2014.976236.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Stack, Liam. 2018. “What Is a ‘Shadow Ban,’ and Is Twitter Doing It to Republican Accounts?” The New York Times. https://www.nytimes.com/2018/07/26/us/politics/twitter-shadowbanning.html
   Google Scholar
• Suri, S., and M. L. Gray. 2019. Ghost Work: How to Stop Silicon Valley from Building a New Global Underclass. Boston: Houghton Mifflin Harcourt.
   Google Scholar
• Taylor, Sharine. 2019. “Instagram Apologises For Blocking Caribbean Carnival Content.” Vice. https://www.vice.com/en_in/article/7xg5dd/instagram-apologises-for-blocking-caribbean-carnival-content
   Google Scholar
• Tiidenberg, Katrin, and Emily van der Nagel. 2020. Sex and Social Media. Melbourne: Emerald Publishing.
   Google Scholar
• van Dijck, José, David Nieborg, and Thomas Poell. 2019. “Reframing Platform Power.” In Internet Policy Review: Transnational Materialities, edited by J. van Dijck and B. Rieder, Vol. 8. (2). https://policyreview.info/articles/analysis/transnational-materialities
   Google Scholar
• Vivienne, Sonja. 2016. Digital Identity and Everyday Activism - Sharing Private Stories with Networked Publics. Basingstoke: Palgrave MacMillan.
   Google Scholar
• Zuckerberg, Mark. 2018. “A Blueprint for Content Governance and Enforcement.” Facebook. https://www.facebook.com/notes/mark-zuckerberg/a-blueprint-for-content-governance-and-enforcement/10156443129621634/
   Google Scholar