References
- Aktaş, M., M. Gelfand, and P. Hanges. 2015. “Cultural Tightness–looseness and Perceptions of Effective Leadership.” Journal of Cross-Cultural Psychology, no. pp: 1–16. doi:10.1177/0022022115606802.
- Annenberg Inclusion Initiative. 2020. “Inequality in 1,300 Popular Films: Examining Portrayals of Gender, Race/Ethnicity,LGBTQ & Disability from 2007 to 2019.” Annenberg Foundation: University of Southern California, September. http://assets.uscannenberg.org/docs/aii-inequality_1300_popular_films_09-08-2020.pdf
- Banks, I. 2008. “Women in Film.” In African Americans and Popular Culture: Theater, Film, and Television, edited by T. Boyd. Vol. 1. Westport, CT: Praeger, 67–87 .
- Basinger, J. 1995. A Woman’s View: How Hollywood Spoke to Women, 1930–1960. Lebanon, NH: UPNE/Wesleyan University Press.
- Brabeck, M., L. Brown, L. Christian, O. Espin, R. Hare-Mustin, A. Kaplan, E. Kaschak, et al. 1997. “Feminist Theory and Psychological Practice.” In Shaping the Future of Feminist Psychology: Education, Research, and Practice, edited by J. Worell and N.G. Johnson, 15–35. Washington, DC: American Psychological Association. doi:10.1037/10245-003.
- Brah, A., and A. Phoenix. 2004. “Ain’t I a Woman? Revisiting Intersectionality.” Journal of International Women’s Studies 5 (3, May): 75–86.
- Brown, M. E., and L. K. Treviño. 2006. “Ethical Leadership: A Review and Future Directions.” The Leadership Quarterly 17 (6): 595–616. doi:10.1016/j.leaqua.2006.10.004.
- Burton, C. 2013. Subordination: Feminism and Social Theory. Vol. 26. New York, NY: Routledge.
- Butler, A. 2002. Women’s Cinema: The Contested Screen. London: Wallflower Press.
- Calogeroa, R. M., T.L. Tylka, L. C. Donnelly, A. McGetrick, and A. M. Leger. 2017. “Trappings of Femininity: A Test of the ‘Beauty as Currency’ Hypothesis in Shaping College Women’s Gender Activism.” Body Image 21: 66–70. doi:10.1016/j.bodyim.2017.02.008.
- Chonko, L. n.d. “Ethical Theories.” DSEF. https://www.dsef.org/wp-content/uploads/2012/07/EthicalTheories.pdf
- Dates, J. L., and T.A. Mascaro. 2005. “African Americans in Film and Television: Twentieth-Century Lessons for a New Millennium.” Journal of Popular Film and Television 33 (2): 50–54. doi:10.3200/JPFT.33.2.50-55. Summer.
- Doane, M. A. 2007. “Imaging Contingency: An Interview with Mary Ann Doane.” Parallax 13 no. 4 ( October–December): 16–25. doi:10.1080/13534640701682743.
- Doane, M. A. 2003. “Film and the Masquerade: Theorizing the Female Spectator.” In The Feminism and Visual Culture Reader, edited by A. Jones, 60–71. New York, NY: Routledge.
- Doane, M. A. 1999. “Film and the Masquerade: Theorising the Female Spectator.” In Feminist Film Theory: A Reader, edited by S. Thornham, 131–145. New York: New York University Press.
- Eschholz, S., J. Bufkin, and J. Long. 2002. “Symbolic Reality Bites: Women and Racial/ethnic Minorities in Modern Film.” Sociological Spectrum 22 (3, July): 299–334. doi:10.1080/02732170290062658.
- Feldman, R. n.d. “‘I’ll Never Let Any Woman Direct Me’: 11 Female Directors Recount Sexism and Discrimination (Guest Blog).” The Wrap. https://www.thewrap.com/11-women-directors-hollywood-sexism-gender-bias-female-discrimination/
- Fredrickson, B. L., and T.-A. Roberts. 1997. “Objectification Theory: Toward Understanding Women’s Lived Experiences and Mental Health Risks.” Psychology of Women Quarterly 21 (2): 173–206. doi:10.1111/j.1471-6402.1997.tb00108.x.
- Freeland, C. 1998. “Feminist Film Theory”. In Encyclopedia of Aesthetics, edited by Michael Kelly, Vol. 2. Oxford University Press.
- Gaines, J. M. 2004. “Film History and the Two Presents of Feminist Film Theory.” Cinema Journal 44 (1): 113–119. doi:10.1353/cj.2004.0045. Fall.
- Gaines, J. 1999. “White Privilege and Looking Relations: Race and Gender in Feminist Film Theory.” In Feminist Film Theory: A Reader, edited by S. Thornham, 293–306. New York: New York University Press.
- Garcia, K. 2016. “3 Disturbing Ways the Media’s White Male Gaze Hurts Women of Color.” Everyday Feminism, March 24. https://everydayfeminism.com/2016/03/media-white-male-gaze-woc/
- Gibson-Hudson, G. J. 1994. “The Ties that Bind: Cinematic Representations by Black Women Filmmakers.” Quarterly Review of Film & Video 15 (2): 25–44. doi:10.1080/10509209409361431.
- Gsard, J. 2020. “Activists to Hollywood: Put Your Money Where Your Mouth Is and Fund Black Projects.” Marketplace: Race and Economy, June 10. https://www.marketplace.org/2020/06/10/activists-to-hollywood-put-your-money-where-your-mouth-is-and-fund-black-projects/
- Hegarty, N., and S. Moccia. 2018. “Components of Ethical Leadership and Their Importance in Sustaining Organizations over the Long Term.” The Journal of Values-Based Leadership 11 (1). doi:10.22543/0733.111.1199.
- Hein, C. 2006. Laura Mulvey, Visual Pleasure and Narrative Cinema. Norderstedt, Germany: GRIN Verlag.
- Hester, J., and D. R. Killian. 2010. “The Moral Foundations of Ethical Leadership.” The Journal of Values-Based Leadership 3 (1) winter/spring. https://scholar.valpo.edu/cgi/viewcontent.cgi?article=1061&context=jvbl
- Hooks, B. 1996. “The Oppositional Gaze: Black Female Spectators.” In Reel to Real: Race, Sex, and Class at the Movies. New York, NY: Routledge.
- Israelsen-Hartley, S. 2017. “Ignored or Sexualized: How Hollywood Is Failing Women.” Deseret News, November 22. Utah Media Group. https://www.deseret.com/2017/11/22/20636387/ignored-or-sexualized-how-hollywood-is-failing-women
- Johnston, C. 1999. “Women’s Cinema as Counter-cinema.” In Feminist Film Theory: A Reader, edited by S. Thornham, 31–40. New York: New York University Press.
- Lauzen, M. M. 2020. “The Celluloid Ceiling: Behind-the-scenes Employment of Women on the Top 100, 250, and 500 Films of 2019.” 2019 Celluloid Ceiling, Woman in TV and Film.
- Lauzen, M. M. 2021a. “Boxed in: Women on Screen and behind the Scenes on Broadcast and Streaming Television in 2020–21.” https://womenintvfilm.sdsu.edu/wp-content/uploads/2021/09/2020-21_Boxed_In_Report.pdf
- Lauzen, M. M. 2021b. “The Celluloid Ceiling: Behind-the-scenes Employment of Women on the Top 100, 250, and 500 Films of 2020.” 2020 Celluloid Ceiling, Woman in TV and Film.
- Lauzen, M.M. (2018). Boxed in 2017–18: women on screen and behind the scenes in television. Center for the Study of Women in Television and Film, San Diego.
- Moniuszko, S. M., and C. Kelly. 2017. “Harvey Weinstein Scandal: A Complete List of the 87 Accusers.” USA TODAY, October 27. https://www.usatoday.com/story/life/people/2017/10/27/weinstein-scandal-complete-list-accusers/804663001/
- Mulvey, L. 2001. “Unmasking the Gaze: Some Thoughts on New Feminist Film Theory and History.” Lectora 7: 5–14.
- Ndounou, M. W. 2014. Shaping the Future of African American Film: Color-Coded Economics and the Story behind the Numbers. New Brunswick NJ: Rutgers University Press.
- Nussbaum, D. 2019. “Tight and Loose Cultures: A Conversation with Michele Gelfand.” Behavioral Scientist, January 17. https://behavioralscientist.org/tight-and-loose-cultures-a-conversation-with-michele-gelfand/
- Reid, M. A. 2005. Black Lenses, Black Voices: African American Film Now. Oxford, UK: Rowman and Littlefield.
- Ryan, J. S. 2004. “Outing the Black Feminist Filmmaker in Julie Dash’s Illusions.” Signs: Journal of Women in Culture and Society 30 (1): 1320–1343. doi:10.1086/421884.
- Sheikha, J. 2019. “Punishing Bad Actors: The Expansion of Morals Clauses in Hollywood Entertainment Contracts in the Wake of the #metoo Movement.” Nova Law Review 43 (2): article 5. https://nsuworks.nova.edu/cgi/viewcontent.cgi?article=2384&context=nlr/
- Smith, S. L., and A. D. Granados. 2009. “Content Patterns and Effects Surrounding Sex-role Stereotyping on Television and Film.” In Media Effects: Advances in Theory and Research, edited by J. Bryant, and M. B. Oliver. 3rd ed. 359–378. New York, NY: Routledge .
- Smith, S. L., and C. A. Cook. 2008. Gender Stereotypes: An Analysis of Popular Films and TV. Los Angeles, CA: Geena Davis Institute for Gender and Media.
- Smith, S. L. n.d. “Gender Oppression in Cinematic Content? A Look at Females On-screen & Behind-the-camera in Top-grossing 2007 Films.” http://www.thegeenadavisinstitute.org/downloads/2007Films_GenderReport.pdf
- Squires, C. R. 2009. African Americans and the Media. Cambridge, UK: Polity Press.
- Stacey, J. 2013. Star Gazing: Hollywood Cinema and Female Spectatorship. New York, NY: Routledge.
- Statista. 2020. “TV, Video and Film.” https://www.statista.com/markets/417/topic/476/tv-video-film/
- Thompson, D. 2018. “The Brutal Math of Gender Inequality in Hollywood.” The Atlantic, January 11. https://www.theatlantic.com/business/archive/2018/01/the-brutal-math-of-gender-inequality-in-hollywood/550232/
- Walsh, M. 2018. “WALSH: It’s Time for the #metoo Movement to End.” Daily Wire. https://youtu.be/e21xROzr4Mc
- Walters, S. D. 1995. Material Girls: Making Sense of Feminist Cultural Theory. Berkley, CA: University of California Press.
- Well, T.2017. “Taking Back the Male Gaze: The Secret to Feeling Beautiful and Confident.” Psychology Today, November 6. Sussex Publishers, LLC. https://www.psychologytoday.com/us/blog/the-clarity/201711/taking-back-the-male-gaze
- Willen, C. 2021. “27 Women Who Have Talked about Experiencing Sexism in Hollywood.” Insider, March 4. https://www.insider.com/women-sexism-experiences-hollywood-misogyny-entertainment-industry
- Williams, H. 2006. “Bell Hooks Speaks Up.” The Sandspur, February 10. http://www.thesandspur.org/news/bell-hooks-speaks-up-1.2391565
- Zafirau, S. 2006. “Understanding Audiences: Epistemic Cultures in the Production of Hollywood Films.” Conference Papers – American Sociological Association.
- Zimmer, B. 2017. “‘Casting Couch’: The Origins of a Pernicious Hollywood Cliché.” The Atlantic, October 16. https://www.theatlantic.com/entertainment/archive/2017/10/casting-couch-the-origins-of-a-pernicious-hollywood-cliche/543000/