Gender-equal sexism: a covert and subtle form of gender discrimination

References

• 36Kr. 2020. “Founder of Hupu Dialogued with 36Kr: Would Producing More Visual Content, Making a Pan-Male Content Community.” 36Kr. Accessed April 1, 2022. http://ex.chinadaily.com.cn/exchange/partners/82/rss/channel/cn/columns/6ldgif/stories/WS5ea9363da310eec9c72b635a.html.
   Google Scholar
• Anderson, Kristin J. 2014. Modern Misogyny: Anti-Feminism in a Post-Feminist Era. New York: Oxford University Press.
   Google Scholar
• Banet-Weiser, Sarah. 2018. Empowered: Popular Feminism and Popular Misogyny. Durham: Duke University Press.
   Google Scholar
• Bates, Laura. 2016. Everyday Sexism: The Project That Inspired a Worldwide Movement. New York: St. Marti’’s Publishing Group.
   Google Scholar
• Bonilla-Silva, Eduardo. 2003. Racism without Racists: Color-Blind Racism and the Persistence of Racial Inequality in America. Lanham: Rowman & Littlefield.
   Google Scholar
• Boulila, Stefanie C, and Christiane Carri. 2017. “On Cologne: Gender, Migration and Unacknowledged Racisms in Germany.” European Journal of Women’s Studies 24 (3): 286–293. doi:10.1177/1350506817712447.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Boyd, danah. 2014. It’s Complicated: The Social Lives of Networked Teens. New Haven: Yale University Press.
   Google Scholar
• Braun, Virginia, and Victoria Clarke. 2006. “Using Thematic Analysis in Psychology.” Qualitative Research in Psychology 3 (2): 77–101. doi:10.1191/1478088706qp063oa.
   Google Scholar
• Choi, Susanne Yuk-Ping, and Yinni Peng. 2016. Masculine Compromise: Migration, Family, and Gender in China. Oakland: University of California Press.
   Google Scholar
• Colley, Thomas, and Martin Moore. 2022. “The Challenges of Studying 4chan and the Alt-Right: ‘Come on in the Water’s Fine’.” New Media & Society 24 (1): 5–30. doi:10.1177/1461444820948803.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Connell, Raewyn W., and James W. Messerschmidt. 2005. “Hegemonic Masculinity: Rethinking the Concept.” Gender and Society 19 (6): 829–859. doi:10.1177/0891243205278639.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Enloe, Cynthia. 2014. Bananas, Beaches and Bases: Making Feminist Sense of International Politics. 2nd ed. Berkeley and Los Angles: University of California Press.
   Google Scholar
• Esposito, Eleonora. 2022. “The Visual Semiotics of Digital Misogyny: Female Leaders in the Viewfinder.” Feminist Media Studies 23 (8): 3815–3831. doi:10.1080/14680777.2022.2139279.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Evans, Sandra K., Katy E. Pearce, Jessica Vitak, and Jeffrey W. Treem. 2017. “Explicating Affordances: A Conceptual Framework for Understanding Affordances in Communication Research.” Journal of Computer-Mediated Communication 22 (1): 35–52. doi:10.1111/jcc4.12180.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Franzke, aline shakti. Anja Bechmann, Michael Zimmer, and Charles Ess. 2020. “Internet Research: Ethics Guidelines 3.00.” The Association of Internet Researchers. Accessed March 23, 2020. https://aoir.org/reports/ethics3.pdf.
   Google Scholar
• Gibson, James J. 1979. The Ecological Approach to Visual Perception. Boston: Houghton Mifflin.
   Google Scholar
• Gill, Rosalind. 1993. “Justifying Injustice: Broadcasters’ Accounts of Inequality in Radio.” In Discourse Analytic Research: Repertoires and Readings of Texts in Action, edited by Erica Burman and Ian Parker, 75–93. London: Routledge.
   Google Scholar
• Ging, Debbie. 2019. “Alphas, Betas, and Incels: Theorizing the Masculinities of the Manosphere.” Men and Masculinities 22 (4): 638–657. doi:10.1177/1097184X17706401.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Ging, Debbie, and Eugenia Siapera. 2018. “Special Issue on Online Misogyny.” Feminist Media Studies 18 (4): 515–524. doi:10.1080/14680777.2018.1447345.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Gong, Yuan. 2016. “Online Discourse of Masculinities in Transnational Football Fandom: Chinese Arsenal Fans’ Talk Around ‘Gaofushuai’ and ‘Diaosi’.” Discourse & Society 27 (1): 20–37. doi:10.1177/0957926515605964.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Hackman, Rose. 2016 September 5. “‘I Didn’t Choose to Be Straight, White and Male’: Are Modern Men the Suffering Sex?” The Guardian. https://www.theguardian.com/world/2016/sep/05/straight-while-men-suffering-sex-feminism.
   Google Scholar
• Han, Xiao. 2018. “Searching for an Online Space for Feminism? The Chinese Feminist Group Gender Watch Women’s Voice and Its Changing Approaches to Online Misogyny.” Feminist Media Studies 18 (4): 734–749. doi:10.1080/14680777.2018.1447430.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• He, Renyi. 2023b. “Nationalized Anti-Feminism: A Collusion Between Nationalism and Gender-Equal Sexism.” European Journal of Cultural Studies. doi:10.1177/13675494231191486.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Huang, Qian. 2023. “The Discursive Construction of Populist and Misogynist Nationalism: Digital Vigilantism Against Unpatriotic Intellectual Women in China.” Social Media + Society 9 (2): 1–13. doi:10.1177/20563051231170816.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Huang, Qiqi. 2022. “Anti-Feminism: Four Strategies for the Demonisation and Depoliticisation of Feminism on Chinese Social Media.” Feminist Media Studies 23 (7): 3583–3598. doi:10.1080/14680777.2022.2129412.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Huang, Yalan. 2016. “War on Women: Interlocking Conflicts within the Vagina Monologues in China.” Asian Journal of Communication 26 (5): 466–484. doi:10.1080/01292986.2016.1202988.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Huang, Ziyi. 2021 April. “The Harbour of ‘Straight Men’ [‘Zhinan’ de Gangwan].” Sanlian Shenghuo Zhoukan 14: 58–65.
   Google Scholar
• Ip, Cyril. 2022 September 18. “What TV Hit Sisters Who Make Waves Says about Women’s Equality in China.” South China Morning Post. https://www.scmp.com/news/china/article/3192726/what-tv-hit-sisters-who-make-waves-says-about-womens-equality-china.
   Google Scholar
• James, Greg. 2022 February 7. “China Women’s Asian Cup Victory Sets off Impassioned Calls for Equal Pay and End to Sexist Coverage.” SupChina. https://supchina.com/2022/02/07/china-womens-asian-cup-victory-sets-off-impassioned-calls-for-equal-pay-and-end-to-sexist-coverage/.
   Google Scholar
• Kane, Mary Jo. 1995. “Resistance/Transformation of the Oppositional Binary: Exposing Sport as a Continuum.” Journal of Sport and Social Issues 19 (2): 191–218. doi:10.1177/019372395019002006.
   Google Scholar
• Kim, Jinsook. 2022. “Wikiality within the Manosphere: Namuwiki, Gender Equalism, and Antifeminist Disinformation in the Post-Truth Era.” Signs: Journal of Women in Culture and Society 48 (1): 97–123. doi:10.1086/720430.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Kimmel, Michael. 2017. Angry White Men: American Masculinity in the End of an Era. 2nd ed. New York: Bold Type Books.
   Google Scholar
• Liao, Sara. 2024. “The Platformisation of Misogyny: Popular Media, Gender Politics, and Misogyny in China’s State-Market Nexus.” Media, Culture & Society 46 (1): 191–203. doi:10.1177/01634437221146905.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Liu, Zhaohui, and Robin Dahling. 2016. “The Quieter Side of Chinese Feminism: The Feminist Phenomenology of Li Yu’s Films.” Asian Journal of Women’s Studies 22 (1): 2–15. doi:10.1080/12259276.2015.1133170.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Marwick, Alice E., and Robyn Caplan. 2018. “Drinking Male Tears: Language, the Manosphere, and Networked Harassment.” Feminist Media Studies 18 (4): 543–559. doi:10.1080/14680777.2018.1450568.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Massanari, Adrienne. 2017. “#gamergate and the Fappening: How Reddit’s Algorithm, Governance, and Culture Support Toxic Technocultures.” New Media & Society 19 (3): 329–346. doi:10.1177/1461444815608807.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• McDowell, Jacqueline, and Spencer Schaffner. 2011. “Football, It’s a Man’s Game: Insult and Gendered Discourse in ‘The Gender Bowl’.” Discourse & Society 22 (5): 547–564. doi:10.1177/0957926511405574.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• McRobbie, Angela. 2009. The Aftermath of Feminism: Gender, Culture and Social Change. London: Sage.
   Google Scholar
• Messner, Michael A. 2016. “Forks in the Road of Men’s Gender Politics: Men’s Rights Vs Feminist Allies.” International Journal for Crime, Justice & Social Democracy 5 (2): 6–20. doi:10.5204/ijcjsd.v5i2.301.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Nagy, Peter, and Gina Neff. 2015. “Imagined Affordance: Reconstructing a Keyword for Communication Theory.” Social Media + Society 1 (2): 1–9. doi:10.1177/2056305115603385.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Ng, Jason Q., and Eileen Le Han. 2018. “Slogans and Slurs, Misogyny and Nationalism: A Case Study of Anti-Japanese Sentiment by Chinese Netizens in Contentious Social Media Comments.” International Journal of Communication 12: 1988–2009.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Peng, Altman Yuzhu, and Yu Sun. 2022. “A Dialectical-Relational Approach to Anti-Trans Sentiments on Hupu.” Discourse, Context & Media 50: 1–8. doi:10.1016/j.dcm.2022.100654.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Peng, Altman Yuzhu, Chunyan Wu, and Meng Chen. 2024. “Sportswomen Under the Chinese Male Gaze: A Feminist Critical Discourse Analysis.” Critical Discourse Studies 21 (1): 34–51. doi:10.1080/17405904.2022.2098150.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Peter, Glick, and Susan T. Fiske. 1997. “Hostile and Benevolent Sexism: Measuring Ambivalent Sexist Attitudes Toward Women.” Psychology of Women Quarterly 21 (1): 119–135. doi:10.1111/j.1471-6402.1997.tb00104.x.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Ratele, Kopano. 2014. “Gender Equality in the Abstract and Practice.” Men and Masculinities 17 (5): 510–514. doi:10.1177/1097184X14558236.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Renyi, He. 2023a. “Hashtag Nationalism: A Discursive and Networked Digital Activism.” Media Culture & Society 45 (7): 1471–1488. doi:10.1177/0163443723116991.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Salter, Michael. 2018. “From Geek Masculinity to Gamergate: The Technological Rationality of Online Abuse.” Crime, Media, Culture 14 (2): 247–264. doi:10.1177/1741659017690893.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Steinfeld, Jemimah. 2015 March 13. “China’s ‘Straight Man Cancer’: Are Chinese Women Finally on the Rise?” The Telegraph. https://www.telegraph.co.uk/women/womens-life/11467002/Chinas-straight-man-cancer-are-Chinese-women-finally-on-the-rise.html.
   Google Scholar
• Stoll, Laurie Cooper. 2013. Race and Gender in the Classroom: Teachers, Privilege, and Enduring Social Inequalities. Lanham: Lexington Books.
   Google Scholar
• Tan, Jia. 2023. Digital Masquerade: Feminist Rights and Queer Media in China. New York: NYU Press.
   Google Scholar
• Wong, Magdalena. 2020. Everyday Masculinities in 21st-Century China: The Making of Able-Responsible Men. Hong Kong: Hong Kong University Press.
   Google Scholar
• Wright, Scott, Verity Trott, and Callum Jones. 2020. “‘The Pussy Ain’t Worth It, Bro’: Assessing the Discourse and Structure of MGTOW.” Information, Communication & Society 23 (6): 908–925. doi:10.1080/1369118X.2020.1751867.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Wu, Angela Xiao, and Yige Dong. 2019. “What Is Made-In-China Feminism (S)? Gender Discontent and Class Friction in Post-Socialist China.” Critical Asian Studies 51 (4): 471–492. doi:10.1080/14672715.2019.1656538.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Xu, Qianqian. 2021 April. “The Disappearance of ‘Strighat men’ [‘Zhinan’ de Xiaoshi].” Sanlian Shenghuo Zhoukan 14: 32–47.
   Google Scholar