Young adult perspectives on sexuality education in Australia: implications for sexual violence primary prevention

References

• ACARA. 2022. “The Australian Curriculum: Health and Physical Education Version 9.0.” ACARA Copyright Administration, Sydney. Accessed May 18, 2024. https://v9.australiancurriculum.edu.au/teacher-resources/understand-this-learning-area/health-and-physical-education
   Google Scholar
• Allen, L., and M. Carmody. 2012. “‘Pleasure Has No passport’: Re-Visiting the Potential of Pleasure in Sexuality Education.” Sex Education 12 (4): 455–468. doi:10.1080/14681811.2012.677208
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Atkins, D. N., and W. David Bradford. 2021. “The Effect of State-Level Sex Education Policies on Youth Sexual Behaviors.” Archives of Sexual Behavior 50 (6): 2321–2333. doi:10.1007/s10508-020-01867-9
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Australian Bureau of Statistics. 2021-22. “Personal Safety, Australia.” Australian Bureau of Statistics. https://www.abs.gov.au/statistics/people/crime-and-justice/personal-safety-australia/latest-release
   Google Scholar
• Beres, M. A. 2014. “Rethinking the Concept of Consent for Anti-Sexual Violence Activism and Education.” Feminism & Psychology 24 (3): 373–389. doi:10.1177/0959353514539652
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Bradford, N. J., J. DeWitt, J. Decker, D. R. Berg, K. G. Spencer, and M. W. Ross. 2019. “Sex Education and Transgender Youth: ‘Trust Means Material by and for Queer and Trans People.” Sex Education 19 (1): 84–98. doi:10.1080/14681811.2018.1478808
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Braun, V., and V. Clarke. 2019. “Reflecting on Reflexive Thematic Analysis.” Qualitative Research in Sport, Exercise and Health 11 (4): 589–597. doi:10.1080/2159676X.2019.1628806
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Bryant, J., R. Bolt, K. Martin, M. Beadman, M. Doyle, C. Treloar, S. Bell, et al. 2023. “Yarning As a Method for Building Sexual Wellbeing Among Urban Aboriginal Young People in Australia.“ Culture, Health & Sexuality 1–16. doi:10.1080/13691058.2023.2258948
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Burton, O., P. Rawstorne, L. Watchirs-Smith, S. Nathan, and A. Carter. 2023. “Teaching Sexual Consent to Young People in Education Settings: A Narrative Systematic Review.” Sex Education 23 (1): 18–34. doi:10.1080/14681811.2021.2018676
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Byrne, D. 2022. “A Worked Example of Braun and Clarke’s Approach to Reflexive Thematic Analysis.” Quality & Quantity 56 (3): 1391–1412. doi:10.1007/s11135-021-01182-y
   Google Scholar
• Carmody, M. 2015. Sex, Ethics, and Young People. 1st ed. New York: Palgrave Macmillan.
   Google Scholar
• Cense, M., S. de Grauw, and M. Vermeulen. 2020. “‘Sex Is Not Just About Ovaries.’ Youth Participatory Research on Sexuality Education in the Netherlands.” International Journal of Environmental Research and Public Health 17 (22): 8587. doi:10.3390/ijerph17228587
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Chavula, M. P., J. Mumba Zulu, and A.-K. Hurtig. 2022. “Factors Influencing the Integration of Comprehensive Sexuality Education into Educational Systems in Low- and Middle-Income Countries: A Systematic Review.” Reproductive Health 19 (1): 196–196. doi:10.1186/s12978-022-01504-9
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Commonwealth of Australia. 2022. National Plan to End Violence Against Women and Children 2022-2032. Canberra: Department of Social Services.
   Google Scholar
• Crabbe, M., and M. Flood. 2021. “School-Based Education to Address Pornography’s Influence on Young People: A Proposed Practice Framework.” American Journal of Sexuality Education 16 (1): 1–37. doi:10.1080/15546128.2020.1856744
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Crabbe, M., M. Flood, and K. Adams. 2024. “Pornography Exposure and Access Among Young Australians: A Cross-Sectional Study.” Australian and New Zealand Journal of Public Health 100135–100135. doi:10.1016/j.anzjph.2024.100135
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Daina, C., C. Lynch, and A. V. Joosten. 2023. “Exploring the Perspectives of Young Adults with Developmental Disabilities About Sexuality and Sexual Health Education.” Australian Occupational Therapy Journal 70 (3): 380–391. doi:10.1111/1440-1630.12862
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Dalessandro, C. 2020. “Dangerous Sex: Gendered Sexual Bodies and Perceptions of STI Risk.” Sexuality Research & Social Policy 17 (3): 500–510. doi:10.1007/s13178-019-00411-2
   Google Scholar
• Elizabeth, D., H. Rishel Brakey, P. Wilson, J. M. Hackett, and M. McWethy. 2023. “Classroom Voices: Youth Perspectives to Direct School-Based Sexual Health Education.” Sex Education 24 (4): 479–496. doi:10.1080/14681811.2023.2218267
   Google Scholar
• Ezer, P., T. Jones, C. Fisher, and J. Power. 2019. “A Critical Discourse Analysis of Sexuality Education in the Australian Curriculum.” Sex Education 19 (5): 551–567. doi:10.1080/14681811.2018.1553709
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Flanagan, E. A., H. C. Erickson, S. J. Parchem, C. V. Smith, N. Poland, S. C. Nelson, and S. D. Redman. 2021. “Gender Differences in Attitudes and Behaviors Toward Condoms and Birth Control Among Chicago Adolescents.” World Medical & Health Policy 13 (4): 675–69. doi:10.1002/wmh3.422
   Google Scholar
• Flood, M. 2020. “Engaging Men and Boys in Violence Prevention.” In Men, Masculinities and Intimate Partner Violence, edited by L. Gottzén, M. Bjørnholt and F. Boonzaier, 155–169. Abington: Routledge.
   Google Scholar
• Gilbert, J. 2018. “Contesting Consent in Sex Education.” Sex Education 18 (3): 268–279. doi:10.1080/14681811.2017.1393407
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Goldfarb, E. S., and L. D. Lieberman. 2021. “Three Decades of Research: The Case for Comprehensive Sex Education.” Journal of Adolescent Health 68 (1): 13–27. doi:10.1016/j.jadohealth.2020.07.036
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Goldstein, A. 2020. “Beyond Porn Literacy: Drawing on Young People’s Pornography Narratives to Expand Sex Education Pedagogies.” Sex Education 20 (1): 59–74. doi:10.1080/14681811.2019.1621826
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Graham, S., K. Martin, K. Gardner, M. Beadman, M. F. Doyle, R. Bolt, D. Murphy, et al. 2023. “Aboriginal Young People’s Perspectives and Experiences of Accessing Sexual Health Services and Sex Education in Australia: A Qualitative Study.” Global Public Health 18 (1): 2196561–2196561. 10.1080/17441692.2023.2196561
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Grant, R., and M. Nash. 2019. “Educating Queer Sexual Citizens? A Feminist Exploration of Bisexual and Queer Young Women’s Sex Education in Tasmania, Australia.” Sex Education 19 (3): 313–328. doi:10.1080/14681811.2018.1548348
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Gunning, J. N., A. Cooke-Jackson, and V. Rubinsky. 2020. “Negotiating Shame, Silence, Abstinence, and Period Sex: Women’s Shift from Harmful Memorable Messages About Reproductive and Sexual Health.” American Journal of Sexuality Education 15 (1): 111–137. doi:10.1080/15546128.2019.1669511
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Hayes, H. M. R., K. Burns, and S. Egan. 2024. “Becoming ‘Good Men’: Teaching Consent and Masculinity in a Single-Sex Boys’ School.” Sex Education 24 (1): 31–44. doi:10.1080/14681811.2022.2140133
   Google Scholar
• Heise, L. 1998. “Violence Against Women: An Integrated, Ecological Framework.” Violence Against Women 4 (3): 262–290. doi:10.1177/1077801298004003002
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Henry, N., and A. Powell. 2014. Preventing Sexual Violence: Interdisciplinary Approaches to Overcoming a Rape Culture. 1st ed. London: Palgrave Macmillan.
   Google Scholar
• Hirst, J. 2013. “It’s Got to Be About Enjoying Yourself’: Young People, Sexual Pleasure, and Sex and Relationships Education.” Sex Education 13 (4): 423–436. doi:10.1080/14681811.2012.747433
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Hobaica, S., and P. Kwon. 2017. “This Is How You Hetero:’ Sexual Minorities in Heteronormative Sex Education.” American Journal of Sexuality Education 12 (4): 423–450. doi:10.1080/15546128.2017.1399491
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Hoefer, S. E., and R. Hoefer. 2017. “Worth the Wait? The Consequences of Abstinence-Only Sex Education for Marginalized Students.” American Journal of Sexuality Education 12 (3): 257–276. doi:10.1080/15546128.2017.1359802
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Hooker, L., J. Ison, N. Henry, C. Fisher, K. Forsdike, F. Young, H. Korsmeyer, G. O’Sullivan, and A. Taft. 2021. Primary Prevention of Sexual Violence and Harassment Against Women and Girls: Combining Evidence and Practice Knowledge - Final Report and Theory of Change. Melbourne: La Trobe University.
   Google Scholar
• Hunt, C. 2023. “‘They Were Trying to Scare us’: College Students’ Retrospective Accounts of School-Based Sex Education.” Sex Education 23 (4): 464–477. doi:10.1080/14681811.2022.2062592
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Janssens, A., S. Blake, M. Allwood, J. Ewing, and A. Barlow. 2020. “Exploring the Content and Delivery of Relationship Skills Education Programmes for Adolescents: A Systematic Review.” Sex Education 20 (5): 494–516. doi:10.1080/14681811.2019.1697661
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Kantor, L. M., and L. Lindberg. 2020. “Pleasure and Sex Education: The Need for Broadening Both Content and Measurement.” American Journal of Public Health 110 (2): 145–148. doi:10.2105/AJPH.2019.305320
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Lameiras-Fernández, M., R. Martínez-Román, M. Victoria Carrera-Fernández, and Y. Rodríguez-Castro. 2021. “Sex Education in the Spotlight: What Is Working? Systematic Review.” International Journal of Environmental Research and Public Health 18 (5): 2555. doi:10.3390/ijerph18052555
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Lauren, C., and S. M. Stitzlein. 2018. “Neoliberal Narratives and the Logic of Abstinence Only Education: Why Are We Still Having This Conversation?” Gender and Education 30 (3): 322–340. doi:10.1080/09540253.2016.1203883
   Google Scholar
• Litsou, K., P. Byron, A. McKee, and R. Ingham. 2021. “Learning from Pornography: Results of a Mixed Methods Systematic Review.” Sex Education 21 (2): 236–252. doi:10.1080/14681811.2020.1786362
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Lloyd, J. 2020. “Abuse Through Sexual Image Sharing in Schools: Response and Responsibility.” Gender and Education 32 (6): 784–802. doi:10.1080/09540253.2018.1513456
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Madeline, S., and J. S. Hirsch. 2020. “Comprehensive Sexuality Education As a Primary Prevention Strategy for Sexual Violence Perpetration.” Trauma, Violence, & Abuse 21 (3): 439–455. doi:10.1177/1524838018772855
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Mark, K., E. Corona-Vargas, and M. Cruz. 2021. “Integrating Sexual Pleasure for Quality & Inclusive Comprehensive Sexuality Education.” International Journal of Sexual Health 33 (4): 555–564. doi:10.1080/19317611.2021.1921894
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Marson, K. 2021. “Consent a Low Bar: The Case for a Human Rights Approach to Relationships and Sexuality Education.” Australian Journal of Human Rights 27 (1): 161–169. doi:10.1080/1323238X.2021.1956739
   Google Scholar
• Martin, K., J. Bryant, K. Beetson, J. Wilms, T. Briggs, C. Treloar, and C. Newman. 2023. “Normalising Sex and Resisting Shame: Young Aboriginal Women’s Views on Sex and Relationships in an Urban Setting in Australia.” Journal of Youth Studies 1–17. doi:10.1080/13676261.2023.2225422
   Google Scholar
• Office for National Statistics. 2023. Sexual Offences Victim Characteristics, England and Wales: Year Ending March 2022. England and Wales: Office for National Statistics.
   Google Scholar
• Our Watch. 2021. Change the Story: A Shared Framework for the Primary Prevention of Violence Against Women in Australia. 2nd ed. Melbourne, Australia: Our Watch.
   Google Scholar
• Patsie, F., and N. J. Wilson. 2016. “Young People with Intellectual Disability Talking About Sexuality Education and Information.” Sexuality and Disability 34 (4): 469–484. doi:10.1007/s11195-016-9460-x
   Google Scholar
• Pilipets, E., and S. Paasonen. 2022. “Nipples, Memes, and Algorithmic Failure: NSFW Critique of Tumblr Censorship.” New Media & Society 24 (6): 1459–1480. doi:10.1177/1461444820979280
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Pound, P., S. Denford, J. Shucksmith, C. Tanton, A. M. Johnson, J. Owen, R. Hutten, et al. 2017. “What Is Best Practice in Sex and Relationship Education? A Synthesis of Evidence, Including Stakeholders’ Views.” British Medical Journal Open 7 (5): e014791. 10.1136/bmjopen-2016-014791
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Powell, A. 2010. Sex, Power and Consent: Youth Culture and the Unwritten Rules. Melbourne: Cambridge University Press.
   Google Scholar
• Power, J., S. Kauer, C. Fisher, R. Chapman-Bellamy, and A. Bourne. 2022. The 7th National Survey of Australian Secondary Students and Sexual Health 2021. Melbourne: The Australian Research Centre in Sex, Health and Society, La Trobe University.
   Google Scholar
• Renold, E. J., and V. Timperley. 2021. “Re-Assembling the Rules: Becoming Creative with Making ‘Youth voice’ Matter in the Field of Relationships and Sexuality Education.” In Chap. 5 in Creative Approaches to Health Education, edited by Deborah Lupton and Deana Leahy, 87–104. London and New York: Routledge.
   Google Scholar
• Riggs, D. W., R. Bellamy, and J. Wiggins. 2024. “Erasure and Agency in Sexuality and Relationships Education and Knowledge Among Trans Young People in Australia.” Sex Education 24 (2): 139–153. doi:10.1080/14681811.2022.2162872
   Google Scholar
• Rishworth, A. 2023. “Funding Boost for Consent Education.” Press Release. May 12. https://ministers.dss.gov.au/media-releases/11206
   Google Scholar
• Setty, E. 2021. “Sex and Consent in Contemporary Youth Sexual Culture: The ‘Ideals’ and the ‘Realities.” Sex Education 21 (3): 331–346. doi:10.1080/14681811.2020.1802242
   Google Scholar
• Sperling, J. 2023. “More Time, More Conversation, More Care: California High School Youth Queering Comprehensive Sexuality Education.” Anthropology & Education Quarterly 54 (2): 107–121. doi:10.1111/aeq.12445
   Google Scholar
• Tolman, D. L. 2012. “Female Adolescents, Sexual Empowerment and Desire: A Missing Discourse of Gender Inequity.” Sex Roles 66 (11–12): 746–757. doi:10.1007/s11199-012-0122-x
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• UNESCO. 2018. “International Technical Guidance on Sexuality Education: An Evidence Informed Approach.” https://unesdoc.unesco.org/ark:/48223/pf0000260770
   Google Scholar
• Vera-Gray, F., C. McGlynn, I. Kureshi, and K. Butterby. 2021. “Sexual Violence As a Sexual Script in Mainstream Online Pornography.” The British Journal of Criminology 61 (5): 1243–1260. doi:10.1093/bjc/azab035
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Waling, A., C. Fisher, P. Ezer, L. Kerr, R. Bellamy, and J. Lucke. 2021. “Please Teach Students That Sex Is a Healthy Part of Growing Up’: Australian Students’ Desires for Relationships and Sexuality Education.” Sexuality Research and Social Policy 18 (4): 1113–1128. doi:10.1007/s13178-020-00516-z
   Google Scholar
• Waling, A., A. James, and L. Moor. 2024. “Dude, Come On, Like, Let’s Just Do the Thing”: Men’s and Women’s Navigations of Sexual Communication and Sexual Consent in Australia.” Sexuality Research and Social Policy 1–17. doi:10.1007/s13178-024-00973-w
   Google Scholar
• Walker, R., R. Mangelsdorf, D. Leahy, and J. Boyle. 2023. “Sexual and Reproductive Health Education for Young People in Victoria, Australia: A Mixed Methods Study.” Sex Education 23 (5): 585–600. doi:10.1080/14681811.2022.2103110
   Google Scholar