Female genito-pelvic reflexes: an overview

References

• Beauregard, M., Levesque, J., & Bourgouin, P. (2001). Neural correlates of conscious self-regulation of emotion. Journal Neuroscience, 21, 165–171.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Broens, P. M., Spoelstra, S. K., & Weijmar Schultz, W. C. (2014). Dynamic clinical measurements of voluntary vaginal contractions and autonomic vaginal reflexes. The Journal of Sexual Medicine, 11, 2966–2675.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Everaert, K., de Waard, W. I., Van Hoof, T., Kiekens, C., Mulliez, T., & D'herde, C. (2010). Neuroanatomy and neurophysiology related to sexual dysfunction in male neurogenic patients with lesions to the spinal cord or peripheral nerves. Spinal Cord, 48, 182–191.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Georgiadis, J. R., Kortekaas, R., Kuipers, R., Nieuwenburg, A., Pruim, J., Reinders, A. A., & Holstege, G. (2006). Regional cerebral blood flow changes associated with clitorally induced orgasm in healthy women. European Journal of Neuroscience, 24, 3305–3316.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Georgiadis, J. R., & Kringelbach, M. L. (2012). The human sexual response cycle: Brain imaging evidence linking sex to other pleasures. Progress in Neurobiology, 98, 49–81.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Gillan, P., & Brindley, G. S. (1979). Vaginal and pelvic floor responses to sexual stimulation. Psychophysiology, 16, 471–481.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Guyton A. C., Hall J. E. (2011). Textbook of medical physiology (12th ed., Philadelphia: Saunders Elsevier).
   Google Scholar
• Huynh, H. K., Willemsen, A. T., Lovick, T. A., & Holstege, G. (2013). Pontine control of ejaculation and female orgasm. The Journal of Sexual Medicine, 10, 3038–3048.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Iwata, M., Inoue, K., & Mannen, T. (1993). Functional localization in the Onufrowicz nucleus in man. Clinical Neuropathology, 12, 112–116.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Kihira, T., Yoshida, S., Yoshimasu, F., Wakayama, I., & Yase, Y. (1997). Involvement of Onuf's nucleus in amyotrophic lateral sclerosis. Journal of the Neurological Sciences, 147, 81–88.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Komisaruk, B. R., Whipple, B., Crawfod, A., Liu, W. C., Kalnin, A., & Mosier, K. (2004). Brain activation during vaginocervical self-stimulation and orgasm in women with complete spinal cord injury: FMRI evidence of mediation by the vagus nerves. Brain Research, 1024, 77–88.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Kuriyama, H., Kitamura, K., Itoh, T., & Inoue, R. (1998). Physiological features of visceral smooth muscle cells, with special reference to receptors and ion channels. Physiological Reviews, 78, 811–920.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Lavoisier, P., Aloui, R., Schmidt, M. H., & Watrelot, A. (1995). Clitoral blood flow increases following vaginal pressure stimulation. Archives of Sexual Behavior, 24, 37–45.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Levin, R. J. (1980). The physiology of sexual function in women. Clinics in Obstetrics and Gynaecology, 7, 213–252.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Levin, R. J. (2003). Do women gain anything from coitus apart from pregnancy? Changes in the human female genital tract activated by coitus. Journal of Sex & Marital Therapy, 29, 59–69.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Levin, R. J. (2007). The human sexual response – Similarities and differences in the anatomy and function of the male and female genitalia. In E. Janssen ( Ed.), The psychophysiology of sex (pp. 35–56). Bloomington: Indiana University Press.
   Google Scholar
• Levin, R. J. (2015). Recreation and procreation: A critical view of sex in the human female. Clinical Anatomy, 28, 339–354.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Lombardi, G., Del Popolo, G., Macchiarella, A., Mencarini, M., & Celso, M. (2010). Sexual rehabilitation in women with spinal cord injury: A critical review of the literature. Spinal Cord, 48, 842–849.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Mannen, T., Iwata, M., Toyokura, Y., & Nagashima, K. (1977). Preservation of a certain motoneuron group of the sacral cord in amyotrophic lateral sclerosis: Its clinical significance. Journal of Neurology, Neurosurgery & Psychiatry, 40, 464–469.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Meegdenburg, M. M., Trzpis, M., Heineman, E., & Broens, P. M. (2016). Increased anal basal pressure in chronic anal fissures may be caused by overreaction of the anal-external sphincter continence reflex. Medical Hypotheses, 94, 25–29.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Onuf, B. (1899). Notes on the arrangement and function of the cell groups in the sacral region of the spinal cord. Journal of Nervous & Mental Disease, 26, 498–504.
   Google Scholar
• Pfaus, J. G. (2009). Pathways of sexual desire. The Journal of Sexual Medicine, 6, 1506–1533.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Ringrose, C. A. (1966). Pelvic reflex phenomena-incidence and significance. Journal of Reproduction and Fertility, 12, 161–165.
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Rock, J. A., Jones, H. W. (2003). Te Linde's operative gynecology (9th ed.). Chapter 5: Surgical anatomy of the female pelvis. New York: Lippincott Williams and wilkins.
   Google Scholar
• Salonia, A., Giraldi, A., Chivers, M. L., Georgiadis, J. R., Levin, R., & Maravilla, K. R., & McCarthy, M. M. (2010). Physiology of women's sexual function: Basic knowledge and new findings. The Journal of Sexual Medicine, 7, 2637–2660.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Shafik, A. (1993). Vaginocavernosus reflex. Clinical significance and role in sexual act. Gynecologic and Obstetric Investigation, 35, 114–117.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Shafik, A. (1995a). Vagino-puborectalis reflex. International Journal of Gynecology & Obstetrics, 51, 61–62.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Shafik, A. (1995b). Vagino-levator reflex: Description of a reflex and its role in sexual performance. European Journal of Obstetrics & Gynecology and Reproductive Biology, 60, 161–164.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Shafik, A., El Sebai, O., Shafik, A. A., & Shafik, I. (2005). Oviduct contractile response to vaginal distension: Identification of vagino-tubal reflex. Archives of Gynecology and Obstetrics, 271, 148–151.
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Shafik, A., & El-Sibai, O. (2001). Effect of vaginal distention on vesicourethral function with identification of the vagino-vesicourethral reflex. The Journal of Urology, 165, 887–889.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Shafik, A., El-Sibai, O., & Ayyad, R. (2001). Identification of ‘vagino-anorectal reflex’. International Journal of Gynecology & Obstetrics, 73, 67–68.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Shafik, A., El-Sibai, O., Mostafa, R., Shafik, A. A., & Ahmed, I. (2005). Response of the internal reproductive organs to clitoral stimulation: The clitorouterine reflex. International Journal of Impotence Research, 17, 121–126.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Shafik, A., Shafik, I., & El-Sibai, O. (2005). Effect of vaginal distension on anorectal function: Identification of the vagino-anorectal reflex. Acta Obstetricia et Gynecologica Scandinavica, 84, 225–229.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Shafik, A., Shafik, I., El-Sibai, O., & Shafik, A. A. (2006). Effect of external anal sphincter contraction on the ischiocavernosus muscle and its suggested role in the sexual act. Journal of Andrology, 27, 40–44.
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Shafik, A., Shafik, I., Shafik, A. A., & El Sibai, O. (2006). The cavernoso-anal reflex: Response of the anal sphincters to cavernosus muscles' stimulation. Asian Journal of Andrology, 8, 331–336.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Shih, C., Cold, C. J., & Yang, C. C. (2013). Cutaneous corpuscular receptors of the human glans clitoris: Descriptive characteristics and comparison with the glans penis. The Journal of Sexual Medicine, 10, 1783–1789.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Sipski, M. L., Alexander, C. J., Gomez-Marin, O., Grossbard, M., & Rosen, R. (1996). Effects of vibratory stimulation on sexual response in women with spinal cord injury. Brain Research, 708, 128.
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Van Netten, J. J., Georgiadis J. R., Nieuwenburg, A., & Kortekaas, R. (2008). 8-13 Hz fluctuations in rectal pressure are an objective marker of clitorally-induced orgasm in women. Archives of Sexual Behavior, 37, 279–285.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Veening, J. G., Coolen, L. M., & Gerrits, P. O. (2014). Neural mechanisms of female sexual behavior in the rat; comparison with male ejaculatory control. Pharmacology Biochemistry and Behavior, 121, 16–30.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Wallner, C., Maas, C. P., Dabhoiwala, N. F., Lamers, W. H., & De Ruiter, M. C. (2010). Innervation of the pelvic floor muscles: A reappraisal for the levator ani nerve. Spinal Cord, 48, 182–191.
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Woods, J. J., & Bigland-Ritchie, B. (1983). Linear and non-linear surface EMG/force relationships in human muscles. An anatomical/functional argument for the existence of both. American Journal of Physical Medicine, 62, 287–299.
   PubMedGoogle Scholar