2,173
Views
15
CrossRef citations to date
0
Altmetric
Original Articles

The Case for Political Warfare: Strategy, Organization and US Involvement in the 1948 Italian Election

Pages 301-329 | Published online: 21 Aug 2006

References

  • Andrews , Christopher . 1996 . For the President's Eyes Only: Secret Intelligence and the American Presidency From Washington to Bush , London : Harper Collins .
  • Braden , Tom . I'm Glad the CIA is ‘Immoral’ . The Saturday Evening Post , 20 May 1967
  • Brogi , Alessandro . Summer 2002 . Ike and Italy: The Eisenhower Administration and Italy's ‘Neo-Atlanticist’ Agenda . Journal of Cold War Studies , 4 ( 3 ) : 5 – 35 .
  • Brogi , Alessandro . 1996 . L'Italia e l'egemonia americana nel Mediterraneo (Italy and American Hegemony in the Mediterranean) , Florence : La nuova Italia .
  • Brogi , Alessandro . 2002 . A Question of Self-Esteem: The United States and the Cold War Choices in France and Italy, 1944–1958 , Westport, CT : Praeger .
  • Caridi , Paola . 1990 . La scissione di Palazzo Barberini (The Schism of Palazzo Barberini) , Napoli : ESI .
  • Clifford , Clark . 1991 . Counsel to the President , New York : Random House .
  • Colby , William and Peter , Forbath , eds. 1978 . Honorable Men: My Life in the CIA , London : Hutchinson .
  • Coppa , Frank . 2002 . “ Pope Pius XII and the Cold War: The Postwar Confrontation between Catholicism and Communism ” . In Religion and the Cold War , Edited by: Kirby , Dianne . Basingstoke : Palgrave .
  • Corson , William . 1977 . The Armies of Ignorance: The Rise of the American Intelligence Empire , New York : J. Wade .
  • Del Pero , Mario . June 2004 . American Pressures and Their Containment in Italy during the Ambassadorship of Clare Boothe Luce, 1953–1956 . Diplomatic History , 28 ( 3 ) : 407 – 39 .
  • Del Pero , Mario . 2001 . L'alleato scomodo. Gli Stati Uniti e la Democrazia Cristiana negli anni del centrismo, 1948–1955 , Rome : Carocci . (The Inconvenient Ally. The United States and the Christian Democrats in the Age of Centrism, 1948–1955).
  • Del Pero , Mario . March 2001 . The United States and ‘Psychological Warfare’ in Italy, 1948–1955 . The Journal of American History , 87 ( 4 ) : 1304 – 34 .
  • Di Nolfo , Ennio . 1986 . Le paure e le speranze degli italiani: 1943–1953 (The Fears and Hopes of Italians: 1943–1953) , Milan : Mondadori .
  • Di Nolfo , Ennio , ed. 1978 . Vaticano e Stati Uniti, 1939–1952: Dalle carte di Myron C. Taylor , Milan : Franco Angeli . (The Vatican and the United States, 1939–1952: From the Files of Myron C. Taylor).
  • Dunn , James C. 1950 . Addresses to Italy/Discorsi in Italia: 1947–1950 , Rome : DAP Co. .
  • Dur , Philip F. 1982 . Jefferson Caffery of Louisiana, Ambassador of Revolutions: An Outline of his Career , Lafayette, LA : University Libraries .
  • Ellwood , David . 1993 . The 1948 Elections in Italy: A Cold War Propaganda Battle . 13 ( 1 ) : 19 – 33 . In Ripensare il 1948. Politica, economia, società, cultura (Rethinking 1948: Politics, Economics, Society, Culture), edited by Giovanni Tocci. Ancona: Il lavoro editoriale, 2000. First published in Historical Journal of Film, Radio and Television
  • Ellwood , David . 2003 . “ The Propaganda of the Marshall Plan in Italy in a Cold War Context ” . In The Cultural Cold War in Western Europe, 1945–1960 , Edited by: Scott-Smith , Giles and Krabbendam , Hans . London : Frank Cass .
  • Ellwood , David . 1992 . Rebuilding Europe: Western Europe, America and Postwar Reconstruction , London : Longman .
  • Faenza , Roberto and Fini , Marco . 1976 . Gli Americani in Italia , Milan : Feltrinelli . (The Americans in Italy).
  • Filippelli , Ronald . 1989 . American Labor and Postwar Italy, 1943–1953 , Stanford : Stanford University Press .
  • Formigoni , Guido . 2003 . De Gasperi e la crisi politica italiana del maggio 1947: Documenti e Reinterpretazioni . Ricerche di Storia Politica , 6 ( 3 ) : 361 – 88 . (De Gasperi and the Italian Political Crisis in 1947: New Documents and Interpretations).
  • Formigioni , Guido . 1996 . La Democrazia Cristiana e l'alleanza occidentale, 1943–1953 , Bologna : Il Mulino . (Christian Democracy and the Western Alliance).
  • Gaddis , John Lewis . 2005 . Strategies of Containment: A Critical Appraisal of Postwar American National Security Policy , Oxford : Oxford University Press . Revised and expanded ed.
  • Galante , Severino . 1978 . “ La scelta americana della Dc ” . In La Democrazia Cristiana dal fascismo al 18 April , Edited by: Isnerghi , M. and Lanaro , S. Venice : Marsilio . (The Christian Democrats from Fascism to 18 April)
  • Gambino , Antonio . 1975 . Storia del dopoguerra. Dalla Liberazione al potere Dc , Rome-Bari : Laterza . (History of the Postwar. From Liberation to the DC Rule).
  • Gedda , Luigi . 1998 . 18 aprile 1948: memorie inedite dell'artefice della sconfitta del Fronte popolare , Milan : Mondadori . (18 April 1948: The Unpublished Memoirs of the Man who Defeated the Popular Front).
  • Ginsborg , Paul . 1990 . A History of Contemporary Italy: Society and Politics, 1943–1988 , London : Penguin .
  • Godson , Roy . 1995 . Dirty Tricks or Trump Cards: U.S. Covert Action and Counterintelligence , London : Brassey's .
  • Granville , Johanna . November 2005 . Caught with Jam on Our Fingers': Radio Free Europe and the Hungarian Revolution of 1956 . Diplomatic History , 29 ( 5 ) : 811 – 39 .
  • Grose , Peter . 1994 . Gentleman Spy: The Life of Allen Dulles , Amherst : Houghton Mifflin .
  • Guasconi , Maria Eleonora . 1999 . L'altra Faccia della Medaglia: Guerra psicologica e diplomazia sindacale nelle relazioni Italia Stati Uniti durante la prima fase della guerra fredda, 1947–1955 , Soveria Mannelli : Rubbettino . (The Other Side of the Coin: Psychological Warfare and Trade Union Diplomacy in the Relations between the United States and Italy during the First Period of the Cold War, 1947–1955).
  • Harper , John Lamberton . 1986 . America and the Reconstruction of Italy, 1945–1948 , Cambridge : Cambridge University Press .
  • Hebblethwaite , Peter . 1995 . “ Pope Pius XII: Chaplaincy of the Atlantic Alliance? ” . In Italy in the Cold War: Politics, Culture and Society, 1948–1958 , Edited by: Duggan , Christopher and Wagstaff , Christopher . Oxford : Berg .
  • Hixson , Walter . 1997 . Parting the Curtain: Propaganda, Culture, and the Cold War, 1945–1961 , New York : St Martins .
  • Isnerghi, Marco. “Alle origini del 18 aprili. Miti, riti, mass media” (At the Origins of 18 April. Myths, Rituals, Mass Media). In La Democrazia Cristiana dal fascismo al 18 Aprile (The Christian Democrats from Fascism to 18 April), edited by M. Isnerghi and S. Lanaro. Venice: Marsilio, 1978.
  • Janowitz , Morris and Marvick , Elizabeth . 1958 . “ US Propaganda and the 1948 Italian Elections ” . In A Psychological Warfare Casebook: Part 1 , Edited by: Daugherty , William and Janowitz , Morris . Baltimore, MD : John Hopkins Press .
  • Jeffrey-Jones , Rhodri . January 1997 . Why Was the CIA Established in 1947? . Intelligence and National Security , 12 ( 1 ) : 21 – 40 .
  • Leffler , Melvyn . April 1984 . The American Conception of National Security and the Beginnings of the Cold War . The American Historical Review , 89 ( 2 ) : 277 – 306 .
  • Leffler , Melvyn . 1992 . A Preponderance of Power: National Security, the Truman Administration, and the Cold War , Stanford : Stanford University Press .
  • Lucas , Scott . 1999 . Freedom's War: The US Crusade Against the Soviet Union, 1945–56 , Manchester : Manchester University Press .
  • Lucas , Scott . Forthcoming 2006 . “ The Past, Present, and Futures of Public Diplomacy and Political Warfare ” . In Futures Edited by: Ryan , David .
  • Miller , James . 1989 . Roughhouse Diplomacy: The United States Confronts Italian Communism, 1945–1958 . Storia delle Relazioni Internazionali , 5 ( 2 ) : 279 – 311 .
  • Miller , James . 1983 . Taking Off the Gloves: The United States and the Italian Elections of 1948 . Diplomatic History , 7 : 35 – 55 .
  • Miller , James . 1986 . The United States and Italy: The Politics and Diplomacy of Stabilization , Chapel Hill : University of North Carolina Press .
  • Millis , Walter , ed. 1951 . The Forrestal Diaries , London : Chassell .
  • Miscamble , Wilson D. 1992 . George F. Kennan and the Making of American Foreign Policy, 1947–1950 , Princeton : Princeton University Press .
  • Mitrovitch , Gregory . 2000 . Undermining the Kremlin: America's Strategy to Subvert the Soviet Bloc, 1947–1956 , Ithaca : Cornell University Press .
  • Naftali , Timothy . 1992 . “ ARTIFICE: James Angleton and X-2 Operations in Italy ” . In The Secrets War: The Office of Strategic Services in World War II , Edited by: Chalon , George C. Washington, DC : NARA .
  • Nelson , Anna Kasten . September 1985 . President Truman and the Evolution of the National Security Council . Journal of American History , 72 ( 2 )
  • Nuti , Leopoldo . 1989 . L'esercito Italiano nel Seconda Dopo Guerra, 1945–50 , Roma : Stato Maggiore Dell'Esercito Ufficio Storico . (The Italian Army post-World War II, 1945–50).
  • Nuti , Leopoldo . 1999 . Gli Stati Uniti e l'apertura a sinistra, 1953–1963. Importanza e limiti della presenza americana in Italia , Rome-Bari : Laterza . (The United States and the Opening to the Left, 1953–1963. The Importance and Limitations of the American Presence in Italy).
  • Nuti , Leopoldo . Summer 2002 . The United States, Italy, and the Opening to the Left, 1953–1963 . Journal of Cold War Studies , 4 ( 3 ) : 36 – 55 .
  • Ortona , Egidio . 1984 . Anni d'America: La ricostruzione, 1944–1951 , Bologna : Il Mulino . (American Years: The Reconstruction, 1944–1951).
  • Pastorelli , Pitero . 1987 . La politica estera italiana del dopoguerra , Bologna : Il Mulino . (Postwar Italian Foreign Policy).
  • Poggi , Gianfranco . 1972 . “ The Church in Italian Politics, 1945–50 ” . In The Rebirth of Italy, 1943–1950 , Edited by: Woolf , S. J. London : Longman .
  • Pollard , John . 2002 . “ The Vatican, Italy and the Cold War ” . In Religion and the Cold War , Edited by: Kirby , Dianne . Basingstoke : Palgrave .
  • Pons , Silvio . 1999 . L'impossibile egemonia: l'USSR, il PCI e le origini della guerra fredda, 1943–48 , Rome : Carocci . (Impossible Hegemony. The USSR, PCI and the Origins of the Cold War, 1943–48).
  • Pons , Silvio . 1998 . “ Mosca, il PCI e la questione di Trieste (1944–48) (Moscow, the PCI and the Trieste Question ((1944–48))) ” . In Dagli Archivi di mosca: L'URSS, il Cominform e il PCI, 1943–51 , Edited by: Gori , Francesca and Pons , Silvio . Rome : Carocci . (From the Moscow Archives: The USSR, Cominform and PCI, 1943–51),
  • Pons , Silvio . Spring 2001 . Stalin, Togliatti and the origins of the Cold War in Europe . Journal of Cold War Studies 3 , : 3 – 27 .
  • Ranelagh , John . 1986 . The Agency: The Rise and Decline of the CIA , New York : Simon and Schuster .
  • Romero , Federico . 1992 . The United States and the European Trade Union Movement, 1944–1951 , Chapel Hill : University of North Carolina Press .
  • Rudgers , David F. 2000 . Creating the Secret State: The Origins of the Central Intelligence Agency, 1943–1947 , Lawrence : University of Kansas Press .
  • Saunders , Frances Stoner . 1999 . Who Paid the Piper? The CIA and the Cultural Cold War , London : Granta .
  • Scott-Smith , Giles and Krabbendam , Hans , eds. 2003 . The Cultural Cold War in Western Europe, 1945–1960 , London : Frank Cass .
  • Segreto , Luciano . 2000 . Finanza, industria e relazioni internazionali nella Riconstruzione. Il prestito dell'Eximbank all'Italia (1947–1955) . Passato e presente , XVIII ( 51 ) : 67 – 93 . (Finance, Industry and International Relations during the Reconstruction. The Eximpbank Loan to Italy, 1947–1955).
  • Valentine , Douglas . French Connection Revisited: The CIA, Irving Brown, and Drug Smuggling as Political Warfare . Covert Action , Available from http://www.covertaction.org/content/view/99/75/ INTERNET
  • Varsori , Antonio . 1986 . Italian Diplomacy and Contrasting Perceptions of American Policy after World War II . Storia Nordamerica , 3 ( 2 ) : 73 – 91 .
  • Varsori , Antonio . 1986 . “ De Gasperi, Nenni, Sforza and their Role in Post-War Italian Foreign Policy ” . In Power in Europe? Great Britain, France, Italy and Germany in a Postwar World, 1945–1950 , Edited by: Becker , Josef and Knipping , Franz . Berlin : de Gruyter .
  • Varsori , Antonio . 1995 . “ Italy's Position towards European Integration, 1947–58 ” . In Italy in the Cold War: Politics, Culture and Society, 1948–1958 , Edited by: Duggan , Christopher and Wagstaff , Christopher . Oxford : Berg .
  • Ventresca , Robert . 2004 . From Fascism to Democracy: Culture and Politics in the Italian Election of 1948 , Toronto : Toronto University Press .
  • Wall , Irwin . 1991 . The United States and the Making of Postwar France, 1945–1954 , Cambridge : Cambridge University Press .
  • Warner , Michael , ed. 1994 . CIA Cold War Records: The CIA Under Harry Truman , Washington DC : CIA History Staff, Center for the Study of Intelligence .
  • Winks , Robin . 1996 . Cloak and Gown: Scholars in the Secret Cold War, 1939–1961 , 2nd ed , London : Yale University Press .
  • Young , John . 1984 . France, the Cold War, and the Western Alliance, 1945–51 , Leicester : Leicester University Press .

Reprints and Corporate Permissions

Please note: Selecting permissions does not provide access to the full text of the article, please see our help page How do I view content?

To request a reprint or corporate permissions for this article, please click on the relevant link below:

Academic Permissions

Please note: Selecting permissions does not provide access to the full text of the article, please see our help page How do I view content?

Obtain permissions instantly via Rightslink by clicking on the button below:

If you are unable to obtain permissions via Rightslink, please complete and submit this Permissions form. For more information, please visit our Permissions help page.