5 A Model of Power-Sharing in Cyprus: From the 1959 London-Zurich Agreements to the Annan Plan

NOTES

• 1977 . Democracy in Plural Societies: A Comparative Exploration 25 – 44 . New Haven, CT : Yale University Press . The term “consociational democracy” is used by Arend Lijphart to describe the “politics of accommodation,” where different ethnic groups are represented in the government and their rights and interests are protected ([],pp.).According to Donald Horowitz, Belgium, the Netherlands and Canada are regarded as successful examples of consociational systems, while Cyprus and Lebanon are seen as the two failures of consociational systems (Ethnic Groups in Conflict [Berkeley, CA: University of California Press, 1985], pp. 568–71)
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• Stavrinides , Zenon . 1976 . The Cyprus Conflict: National Identity and Statehood 76 Nicosia : Stavrinides .
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• Sözen , Ahmet . 1998 . The Cyprus Conflict and the Negotiations: A Political and International Law Perspective Ankara : Can Reklam . For an in-depth analysis, see (Ahmet Sözen, “Cyprus Conflict: Continuing Challenge and Prospects for Resolution in the Post-Cold War Era” (unpublished Ph.D. thesis, University of Missouri-Columbia, 1999); and Stavrinides (1976). The literature on Cyprus is mostly partisan writing. For an analysis of the Turkish thesis, see Rauf R. Denktaş, The Cyprus Triangle (London, Boston, MA and Sydney: K. Rüstem and George Allen & Unwin, 1982); Rauf R. Denktaş, The Cyprus Problem and The Remedy (Nicosia: Turkish Republic of Northern Cyprus Press Office, 1992); Necati Münir Ertekün, Inter-Communal Talks and The Cyprus Problem (Nicosia: Turkish Federated State of Cyprus Press Office, 1977); and M. Zaim Necatigil, The Cyprus Question and the Turkish Position in International Law (New York: Oxford University Press, 2nd Edn. 1993). For an in-depth analysis of the Greek thesis, see Glafkos Clerides, Cyprus: My Deposition Vol. 1 (Nicosia: Alithia, 1989); Glafkos Clerides, Cyprus: My Deposition Vol.2 (Nicosia: Alithia, 1989); Glafkos Clerides, Cyprus: My Deposition Vol.3 (Nicosia: Alithia, 1990); Glafkos Clerides, Cyprus: My Deposition Vol.4 (Nicosia: Alithia, 1992); Kyriacos C. Markides, The Rise and Fall of the Cyprus Republic (New Haven, CT and London: Yale University Press, 1977); and Polyvios G. Polyviou, Cyprus: The Tragedy and the Challenge (Washington DC: American Hellenic Institute, 1975)
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• 1967 . After the 1963 ethnic clashes, the Turkish Cypriot community established different governing structures in order to maintain its communal existence: The Provisional Turkish Cypriot Administration (The Autonomous Turkish Cypriot Administration (1974) and The Turkish Federated State of Cyprus1975
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• 1985 . The Draft Framework Agreement proposed by Secretary General Perez De Cuellar, and the Set of Ideas1992 proposed by Secretary General Boutros Ghali, were comprehensive agreement plans that called for the creation of a bi-zonal and a bi-communal federation between the two communities. Each of these proposals called for a high degree of cooperation, power-sharing and at least some degree of integration between the two communities
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• Sisk , Timothy D. 1996 . Power Sharing and International Mediation in Ethnic Conflicts vii Washington, DC : United States Institute of Peace . (p
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• 2003 . “The constituent states shall cooperate and coordinate with each other and with the federal government, including through Cooperation Agreements, as well as through Constitutional Laws approved by the federal Parliament and both constituent state legislatures. In particular, the constituent states shall participate in the formulation and implementation of policy in external relations and European Union affairs on matters within their sphere of competence, in accordance with Cooperation Agreements modeled on the Belgian example. The constituent states may have commercial and cultural relations with the outside world in conformity with the Constitution.” The third Annan Plan (26 Feb. is available at <http://www.trncpresidency.org/press/news/26_2_03_new_plan.doc>
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• MA, Article 5.2.b
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• There will be 24 senators from the Greek Cypriot Constituent State and 24 senators from the Turkish Cypriot State in the Senate. There will be no less than 12 deputies in the Chamber of Deputies who will come from the Turkish Cypriot Constituent State
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• MA, Article 10.3: 3. “In areas not subject to territorial adjustment, the arrangements for the exercise of property rights, by way of reinstatement or compensation, shall have the following basic features: a. Dispossessed owners who opt for compensation or whose properties are not reinstated under the property arrangements shall receive full and effective compensation on the basis of value at the time of dispossession adjusted to reflect appreciation of property values in comparable locations; b. Current users, being persons who have possession of properties of dispossessed owners as a result of an administrative decision, may apply for and shall receive title if they agree in exchange to renounce their title to a property, of similar value and in the other constituent state, of which they were dispossessed; c. Persons who own significant improvements to properties may apply for and shall receive title to such properties provided they pay for the value of the property in its original state; d. There shall be incentives for owners to sell, lease or exchange properties to current users or other persons from the constituent state in which a property is located; e. Properties not covered by the above shall be reinstated five years after entry into force of this Agreement (three years for vacant properties), provided that no more than 10% of the area and residences in either constituent state and 20% in any given municipality or village (other than villages specifically designated in this Agreement) shall be reinstated to owners from the other constituent state; and f. Current users who are Cypriot citizens and are required to vacate property to be reinstated shall not be required to do so until adequate alternative accommodation has been made available.”
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• Lijphart . 1968 . “ Arend Lijphart, “Consociational Democracy,” . In World Politics Vol. 4 , No.2 (Jan. 1969,pp. 207–25; Lijphart (1977); Arend Lijphart, “Majority Rule versus Consociationalism in Deeply Divided Societies,” Politikon Vol.4, No.2 (Dec. 1977), pp. 113–26; Arend Lijphart, Power-Sharing in South Africa (Berkeley, CA: University of California Press, 1985)
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• Horowitz , Donald . 1990 . “Comparing Democratic Systems,” . Journal of Democracy , 1 ( No.4 ) Donald Horowitz, “Making Moderation Pay,” in Joseph Montville (ed.), Conflict and Peacemaking in Multiethnic Societies (Lexington, MA: Lexington Books, 1990); Donald Horowitz, A Democratic South Africa? Constitutional Engineering in a Divided Society (Berkeley, CA: University of California Press, 1991); Donald Horowitz, “Democracy in Divided Societies,” Journal of Democracy Vol.4, No.4 (1993)
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• Sisk . 1996 . 35
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• Ibid 34
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• Ibid 70
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