References
- Aggarwal, V.K., and A.W. Reddie. 2021. Economic statecraft in the 21st century: Implications for the future of the global trade regime. World Trade Review, 20(2): 137–51. doi:10.1017/S147474562000049X
- Atlantic Council and PwC. 2017. THE ROAD AHEAD – CEE TRANSPORT INFRASTRUCTURE DYNAMICS. Warsaw, Poland.
- Bahgat, G. 2002. Pipeline diplomacy: The geopolitics of the Caspian sea region. International Studies Perspectives, 3(3): 310–27. doi:10.1111/1528-3577.00098
- Banks, J. 2013. Signalling games in political science. London, UK.: Routledge.
- Barrinha, A., and T. Renard. 2017. Cyber-Diplomacy: The making of an international society in the digital age. Global Affairs, 3(4–5), 353–64. doi:10.1080/23340460.2017.1414924
- Bartoszewicz, M.G. 2021. Intermarium: A bid for polycentric Europe. Geopolitics, 1–25. doi:10.1080/14650045.2021.1973439
- Becker, J. 2021. Defence spending, burden-sharing and strategy in NATO’s Black Sea littoral states: Domestic, regional, and international systemic factors. Southeast European and Black Sea Studies, 21(3): 393–413. doi:10.1080/14683857.2021.1906942
- Belloni, R. 2009. European integration and the Western Balkans: Lessons, prospects and obstacles. Journal of Balkan and Near Eastern Studies, 11(3): 313–31. doi:10.1080/19448950903152177.
- Bergh, D.D., B.L. Connelly, D.J. Ketchen Jr., and L.M. Shannon. 2014. Signalling theory and equilibrium in strategic management research: An assessment and a research agenda. Journal of Management Studies, 51(8): 1334–60. doi:10.1111/joms.12097.
- Bhattacharya, S., and J.R. Ritter. 1983. Innovation and communication: Signalling with partial disclosure. The Review of Economic Studies, 50(2): 331–46. doi:10.2307/2297419.
- Breslin, S. 2013. China and the global order: Signalling threat or friendship? International Affairs, 89(3): 615–34. doi:10.1111/1468-2346.12036.
- Brinza, A. 2020. How Russia helped the United States fight Huawei in Central and Eastern Europe. War on the Rocks, https://warontherocks.com/2020/03/how-russia-helped-the-united-states-fight-huawei-in-central-and-eastern-europe/ (accessed March 12, 2020).
- Brzezinski, I., and D. Koranyi. 2017. The three seas summit: A step toward realizing the vision of a Europe whole, free, and at peace? New Atlanticist, http://www.atlanticcouncil.org/blogs/new-atlanticist/the-three-seas-summit-a-step-toward-realizing-the-vision-of-a-europe-whole-free-and-at-peace (accessed July 5, 2017).
- Büthe, T., and H.V. Milner. 2014. Foreign direct investment and institutional diversity in trade agreements: Credibility, commitment, and economic flows in the developing world, 1971–2007. World Politics, 66(1): 88–122. doi:10.1017/S0043887113000336.
- Cassetta, E., A. Marra, C. Pozzi, and P. Antonelli, 2021. Emerging technological trajectories and new mobility solutions. A large-scale investigation on transport-related innovative start-ups and implications for policy. Transportation Research Part A: Policy and Practice, 106: 1–11.
- Čepo, D. 2020. Structural weaknesses and the role of the dominant political party: Democratic backsliding in Croatia since EU accession. Southeast European and Black Sea Studies, 20(1): 141–59. doi:10.1080/14683857.2020.1709721
- Chen, Y., and J. Zhang. 2020. Signalling by Bayesian persuasion and pricing strategy. The Economic Journal, 130(628): 976–1007. doi:10.1093/ej/ueaa002.
- Cho, I.-K., and D.M. Kreps. 1987. Signaling games and stable equilibria. The Quarterly Journal of Economics. 102 (2): 179–222. doi:10.2307/1885060. JSTOR 1885060
- Connelly, B.L., S.T. Certo, R.D. Ireland, and C.R. Reutzel. 2011. Signaling theory: A review and assessment. Journal of Management, 37(1), 39–67. doi:10.1177/0149206310388419
- Department of State. 2021. Secretary Blinken remarks on the Three Seas Initiative, https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=0eLEHM-fAoU (accessed February 17, 2021).
- Drover, W., M.S. Wood, and A.C. Corbett. 2018. Toward a cognitive view of signalling theory: Individual attention and signal set interpretation. Journal of Management Studies, 55(2), 209–31. doi:10.1111/joms.12282
- Dudley, D. 2020. European Union membership conditionality: The Copenhagen criteria and the quality of democracy. Southeast European and Black Sea Studies, 20(4): 525–45. doi:10.1080/14683857.2020.1805889
- Eckel, M. 2020. ‘The West is winning:’ Pompeo makes forceful speech at Munich conference. Radio Free Europe/Radio Liberty, https://www.rferl.org/a/pompeo-1-billion-europe-counter-russian-energy-reliance/30435679.html (accessed February 15, 2020).
- European Commission. 2016a. 5G for Europe: An Action Plan. Brussels, https://digital-strategy.ec.europa.eu/en/policies/5g-action-plan (accessed September 14, 2016).
- European Commission. 2016b. EU strategy for liquefied natural gas and gas storage European Commission. European Commission, https://ec.europa.eu/energy/sites/ener/files/documents/1_EN_ACT_part1_v10-1.pdf.
- European Commission, 2017a. EU invests in energy security and diversification in Central and South Eastern Europe. European Commission, https://ec.europa.eu/energy/news/eu-invests-energy-security-and-diversification-central-and-south-eastern-europe_en?redir=1.
- European Commission, 2017b. Poland’s liquefied natural gas terminal increases Europe’s energy security. European Commission, https://ec.europa.eu/regional_policy/en/projects/poland/polands-liquefied-natural-gas-terminal-increases-europes-energy-security.
- European Commission. 2019a. Fourth report on the state of the energy union. European Commission, https://ec.europa.eu/commission/sites/beta-political/files/fourth-report-state-of-energy-union-april2019_en_0.pdf.
- European Commission. 2019b. Projects of common interest. European Commission, https://ec.europa.eu/energy/en/topics/infrastructure/projectscommon-interest.
- European Commission. 2019c. EU-U.S. joint statement: Liquefied Natural Gas (LNG) imports from the U.S. continue to rise, up by 181%, European Commission, press release, http://europa.eu/rapid/press-release_IP-19-1531_en.htm.
- European Commission. 2021. Commission proposes new list of Projects of Common Interest for a more integrated and resilient energy market, https://ec.europa.eu/commission/presscorner/detail/en/IP_21_6094 (accessed November 19, 2021).
- Fallon, T. 2016. The EU, the South China Sea, and China’s successful wedge strategy. The Asia Maritime Transparency Initiative, https://amti.csis.org/eu-south-china-sea-chinas-successful-wedge-strategy/ (accessed October 13, 2016).
- Faude, B., and M. Parizek. 2020. Contested multilateralism as credible signaling: How strategic inconsistency can induce cooperation among states. The Review of International Organizations, 16: 843–70. doi:10.1007/s11558-020-09398-7.
- Global Times. 2021. Hungary to build Europe’s first 5G smart railway port together with Huawei, https://www.globaltimes.cn/page/202110/1235745.shtml
- González-Villa, C. 2021. Out of place? Making sense of the mismatch between the post-cold war transition and the Yugoslav state crisis. Journal of Balkan and Near Eastern Studies, 23 (5): 732–49. doi:10.1080/19448953.2021.1935067
- Górka, M. 2018. The Three Seas Initiative as a political challenge for the countries of Central and Eastern Europe. Politics in Central Europe, 14(3), 55–73. doi:10.2478/pce-2018-0018
- Goyal, A. 2006. Corporate social responsibility as a signalling device for foreign direct investment. International Journal of the Economics of Business, 13(1): 145–63. doi:10.1080/13571510500520077.
- Grgić, G. 2021. The changing dynamics of regionalism in Central and Eastern Europe: The case of the Three Seas Initiative. Geopolitics, 1–23. doi:10.1080/14650045.2021.1881489
- Grochmalski, P., P. Lewandowski, and P. Paszak. 2020. US-China technological rivalry and its implications for the Three Seas Initiative (3SI). European Research Studies Journal, 23(2),840–53.
- Groseclose, T., and N. McCarty. 2001. The politics of blame: Bargaining before an audience. American Journal of Political Science, 45(1): 100–19. doi:10.2307/2669362.
- ICIS Editorial. 2007. Energy Focus: Adria LNG: A consortium of equals? https://www.icis.com/explore/resources/news/2007/10/05/9299541/energy-focus-adria-lng-a-consortium-of-equals-/
- Igoe Walsh, J. 2007. Do states play signaling games? Cooperation and Conflict, 42(4): 441–59. doi:10.1177/0010836707082651.
- Ji, P.Z.G., J. Kurose, and D. Towsley. 2007. A comparison of hard-state and soft-state signaling protocols. IEEE/ACM Transactions on Networking, 15(2): 281–94. doi:10.1109/TNET.2007.892849.
- Jia, F., and M.M. Bennett. 2018. Chinese infrastructure diplomacy in Russia: The geopolitics of project type, location, and scale. Eurasian Geography and Economics, 59(3–4): 340–77, p.5.
- Jiang, Y. 2018. The new silk road for China and Japan: Building on shared legacies. In M. Mayer ed. Rethinking the silk road: pp. 131–46. London: Palgrave Macmillan.
- Kapidžić, D. 2020. The rise of illiberal politics in Southeast Europe. Southeast European and Black Sea Studies, 20(1): 1–17. doi:10.1080/14683857.2020.1709701
- Kerry, J. 2016. Remarks with EU high representative Federica Mogherini. Secretary of energy Ernest Moniz [ Press release].
- Keukeleire, S. 2003. The European Union as a diplomatic actor: Internal, traditional, and structural diplomacy. Diplomacy & Statecraft, 14(3): 31–56.
- Kovách, I., and E. Kučerova. 2009. The social context of project proliferation—The rise of a project class. Journal of Environmental Policy & Planning, 11(3), 203–21. doi:10.1080/15239080903033804
- Kovách, I., and E. Kučerová. 2006. The project class in Central Europe: The Czech and Hungarian cases. Sociologia Ruralis, 46(1): 3–21. doi:10.1111/j.1467-9523.2006.00403.x
- Krzysztoszek, A. 2022. Ukraine becomes ‘participating partner’ of Three Seas Initiative, Euractiv, https://www.euractiv.com/section/politics/short_news/ukraine-becomes-participating-partner-of-three-seas-initiative/ (accessed June 21, 2022).
- Kubicek, P. 2021. Strictly Pragmatism? Prospects for a Russian-Turkish Partnership. Journal of Balkan and Near Eastern Studies, 23(2): 233–50.
- Kynge, J., and M. Peel. 2017. Brussels rattled as China reaches out to eastern Europe. The Financial Times, https://www.ft.com/content/16abbf2a-cf9b-11e7-9dbb-291a884dd8c6 (accessed November 27 2017).
- Lall, M. 2006. Indo-Myanmar relations in the era of pipeline diplomacy. Contemporary Southeast Asia, 28(3): 424–46.
- Lapavitsas, C., A. Kaltenbrunner, D. Lindo, J. Michell, J.P. Painceira, E. Pires, J. Powell, A. Stenfors, and N. Teles. 2010. Eurozone crisis: Beggar thyself and thy neighbour. Journal of Balkan and Near Eastern Studies, 12 (4): 321–73. doi:10.1080/19448953.2010.510012
- Le Corre, P., and E. Brattberg. 2020. ’How the coronavirus pandemic shattered Europe’s illusions of China’ Carnegie Endowment, https://carnegieendowment.org/2020/07/09/how-coronavirus-pandemic-shattered-europe-s-illusions-of-china-pub-82265 (accessed July 09).
- Lew, J.J. 2020. The present state of American economic statecraft. Horizons: Journal of International Relations and Sustainable Development, (15), 120–29.
- Liberti, J.M., and M.A. Petersen. 2018. Information: hard and soft. doi:10.2139/ssrn.3252869.
- Littler, C.R. 2006. A signalling theory of strategy. In Academy of Management Proceedings, (1): S1–S6. Briarcliff Manor, NY 10510: Academy of Management. https://journals.aom.org/doi/pdf/10.5465/ambpp.2006.22896822.
- Luttwak, E. 1990. From Geopolitics to Geo-Economics: logic of conflict, grammar of commerce, The National Interest, 20: 17–23.
- Macchiarini Crosson, D. 2022. The European Peace Facility – Supporting Ukraine and bolstering the EU’s strategic responsibility, Centre for European Policy Studies, https://www.ceps.eu/the-european-peace-facility/ (accessed March 7, 2022).
- Mansfield, E.D., H.V. Milner, and B.P. Rosendorff. 2002. Why democracies cooperate more: Electoral control and international trade agreements. International Organization, 56(3): 477–513. doi:10.1162/002081802760199863.
- Martin, L.L. 2005. The president and international commitments: Treaties as signaling devices. Presidential Studies Quarterly, 35(3): 440–65. doi:10.1111/j.1741-5705.2005.00259.x.
- Martin, R., and P. Sunley, 2006. Path dependence and regional economic evolution. Journal of Economic Geography, 6(4): 395–437.
- McCarty, N., and A. Meirowitz. 2007. Political game theory: An introduction. Cambridge, UK: Cambridge University Press.
- Milner, H., & B.P. Rosendorff. 1993. Domestic politics and International Cooperation: A signaling model, Papers 9311, University of Southern California - Department of Economics.
- Mission of the People’s Republic of China to the European Union. 2016. Li Keqiang Attends the 5th China-CEEC Summit, https://www.fmprc.gov.cn/ce/cebe/eng/mhs/t1413715.htm (accessed November 6, 2016).
- Morrow, J.D. 2020. The strategic setting of choices: signaling, commitment, and negotiation in international politics. In In Lake, D. A., and Powell, R. (Eds.), Strategic choice and international relations,(pp. 77-114), Princeton, NJ: Princeton University Press.
- Persson, T., and S. van Wijnbergen. 1993. Signalling, wage controls and monetary disinflation policy. The Economic Journal, 103(416): 79–97. doi:10.2307/2234338.
- Petsinger, M. 2017. What is geoeconomics? The World Today, 72(6): 1.
- Pierson, P. 2000. Increasing returns, path dependence, and the study of politics. The American Political Science Review, 94(2): 251–67, p.252.
- Proedrou, F. 2018. Russian energy policy and structural power in Europe. Europe-Asia Studies, 70(1): 75–89. doi:10.1080/09668136.2017.1419169
- Putnam, R.D. 1988. Diplomacy and domestic politics: The logic of two-level games. International Organization, 42(3): 427–60. doi:10.1017/S0020818300027697.
- Rant, V., M. Mrak, and M. Marinč. 2020. The Western Balkans and the EU budget: The effects of enlargement. Southeast European and Black Sea Studies, 20(3): 431–53. doi:10.1080/14683857.2020.1793061
- Reuber, A.R., and E. Fischer. 2009. Signalling reputation in international online markets’. Strategic Entrepreneurship Journal, 3(4): 369–86. doi:10.1002/sej.79.
- Rogers, S. 2019. China, Hungary, and the Belgrade-Budapest Railway Upgrade: New politically-induced dimensions of FDI and the trajectory of Hungarian economic development’. Journal of East-West Business, 25(1): 84–106. doi:10.1080/10669868.2018.1561589
- Sanders, D. 2021. Can China promote stability in the Black Sea Region? Southeast European and Black Sea Studies, 21(3): 415–36. doi:10.1080/14683857.2021.1935771
- Schultz, K.A. 1998. Domestic opposition and signaling in international crises. The American Political Science Review, 92(4): 829–44. doi:10.2307/2586306.
- Sharples, J.D. 2016. The shifting geopolitics of Russia’s natural gas exports and their impact on EU-Russia gas relations. Geopolitics, 21(4): 880–912. doi:10.1080/14650045.2016.1148690
- Sheahan, M., and S. Marsh. 2022 Germany to increase defence spending in response to ‘Putin’s war’ – Scholz. Reuters, https://www.reuters.com/business/aerospace-defense/germany-hike-defense-spending-scholz-says-further-policy-shift-2022-02-27/ (accessed February 27, 2022).
- Shen, S., and W. Chan. 2018. A comparative study of the Belt and Road Initiative and the Marshall plan. Palgrave Communications, 4(32). doi:10.1057/s41599-018-0077-9.
- Shepard, W. 2017. Another silk road Fiasco? China’s Belgrade to Budapest high-speed rail line is probed by Brussels. Forbes https://www.forbes.com/sites/wadeshepard/2017/02/25/another-silk-road-fiasco-chinas-belgrade-to-budapest-high-speed-rail-line-is-probed-by-brussels/?sh=10f2c3433c00 (accessed February 10, 2021), 25 February 2017.
- Slovenia Times. 2021. Slovenia calls for cooperation in dealing with Covid fallout at 17+1 summit, https://sloveniatimes.com/slovenia-calls-for-cooperation-in-dealing-with-covid-fallout-at-171-summit/ (accessed February 10, 2021).
- Smith, K. 2016. China steps up railway diplomacy in East Asia. International Railway Journal, 56(1): 30–32.
- Soroka, G., and T. Stępniewski. 2019. The Three Seas Initiative: Geopolitical determinants and Polish interests. Yearbook of the Institute of East-Central Europe, 17(3), 15–29.
- Spence, M. 1973. Job market signaling. The Quarterly Journal of Economics, 87(3): 355–74. doi:10.2307/1882010.
- Spence, M. 2002. Signaling in retrospect and the informational structure of markets. The American Economic Review, 92(3): 434–59. doi:10.1257/00028280260136200.
- Stulberg, A.N. 2015. Out of gas?: Russia, Ukraine, Europe, and the changing geopolitics of natural gas. Problems of Post-Communism, 62(2), 112–30. doi:10.1080/10758216.2015.1010914
- Thomann, P.E. 2019. The Three Seas Initiative. A new project at the heart of European and global geopolitical rivalries. Yearbook of the Institute of East-Central Europe, 17(3), 31–63.
- The Three Seas Initiative. 2016. The Dubrovnik Statement, http://three-seas.eu/wp-content/uploads/2018/06/DUBROVNIK.pdf.
- Varró, K., and Á. Szalai. 2021. Discourses and practices of the smart city in Central Eastern Europe: Insights from Hungary’s ‘big’ cities. Urban Research & Practice: 1–25.
- Volker, K. 2021. Three Seas Initiative Merits Full U.S. Support. Center for European Policy Analysis, https://cepa.org/three-seas-initiative-merits-full-u-s-support/ (accessed July 12, 2021.
- Wilburn, K. 1988. The nature of the Rothschild Loan: International Capital and South African railway diplomacy, politics, and construction 1891–1892. South African Journal of Economic History, 3(1): 4–19. doi:10.1080/10113436.1988.10417140
- Will, R. 2012. China’s stadium diplomacy. World Policy Journal, 29(2): 36–43. doi:10.1177/0740277512451487
- Yin, R.K. 2009. Case study research: Design and methods (4th Ed.). Thousand Oaks, CA: Sage.
- Zbińkowski, G. 2019. The Three Seas Initiative and its economic and geopolitical effect on the European Union and Central and Eastern Europe. Comparative Economic Research. Central and Eastern Europe, 22(2), 105–19.
- Zhao, Y., and M. Tan-Mullins. 2021. From the ancient Silk Road to the belt and road initiative: Narratives, signalling and trust-building. The British Journal of Politics and International Relations, 23(2): 280–96. doi:10.1177/1369148120987464.
- Zollman, K.J. 2011. Separating directives and assertions using simple signaling games. The Journal of Philosophy, 108(3): 158–69.