Spectral energy balance in dry convective boundary layers

References

• Kaimal JC, Wyngaard JC, Haugen DA, Cote OR, Izumi Y, Caughey SJ, Readings CJ. Turbulence structure in the convective boundary layer. J Atmospheric Sci. 1976;33:2152–2169.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Schmidt H, Schumann U. Coherent structure of the convective boundary layer derived from large-eddy simulations. J Fluid Mech. 1989;200:511–562.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Kaiser R, Fedorovich E. Turbulence spectra and dissipation rates in a wind tunnel model of the atmospheric convective boundary layer. J Atmospheric Sci. 1998;55:580–594.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Lilly DK. On the numerical simulation of buoyant convection. Tellus. 1962;14:148–172.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Deardorff JW. On the magnitude of the subgrid scale eddy coefficient. J Computational Phys. 1971;7:120–133.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Deardorff JW. Numerical investigation of neutral and unstable planetary boundary layers. J Atmospheric Sci. 1972;29:91–115.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Smagorinsky J. General circulation experiments with the primitive equations. Monthly Weather Rev. 1963;91:99–164.
   Google Scholar
• Lilly DK. The representation of small-scale turbulence in numerical simulation experiments. In: Goldstine HH, editor. Proceedings of IBM Scientific Computing Symposium on Environmental Sciences; 1966 November 14–16; Yorktown Heights (NY): Thomas J. Watson Research Center; 1967.
   Google Scholar
• Deardorff JW. Stratocumulus-capped mixed layers derived from a three-dimensional model. Bound-Layer Meteorology. 1980;18:495–527.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Moeng CH. A large-eddy simulation model for the study of planetary boundary-layer turbulence. J Atmospheric Sci. 1984;41:2052–2062.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Deardorff JW. The use of subgrid transport equations in a three-dimensional model of atmospheric turbulence. J Fluids Eng. 1973;95:429–438.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Deardorff JW. Three dimensional numerical study of turbulence in an entraining mixed layer. Bound-Layer Meteorology. 1974;7:199–226.
   Google Scholar
• Moeng CH, Wyngaard JC. Spectral analysis of large-eddy simulations of the convective boundary layer. J Atmospheric Sci. 1988;45:3573–3587.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Sullivan PP, Patton EG. The effect of mesh resolution on convective boundary layer statistics and structures generated by large-eddy simulation. J Atmospheric Sci. 2011;68:2395–2415.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Wyngaard JC. Turbulence in the atmosphere. New York, NY: Cambridge University Press; 2010. pp. 348–349.
   Google Scholar
• Mestayer P. Local isotropy and anisotropy in a high-Reynolds-number turbulent boundary layer. J Fluid Mech. 1982;125:475–503.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Lenschow DH. Airplane measurements of planetary boundary layer structure. J Appl Meteorology. 1970;9:874–884.
   Google Scholar
• Caughey SJ, Palmer SG. Some aspects of turbulence through the depth of the convective boundary layer. Q J Royal Meteorological Soc. 1979;105:811–827.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Kaimal JC, Eversole RA. Spectral characteristics of the convective boundary layer over uneven terrain. J Atmospheric Sci. 1982;39:1098–1114.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Grossman RJ. An analysis of vertical velocity spectra obtained in the Bomex fair-weather, trade-wind boundary layer. Boundary-Layer Meteorology. 1982;23:323–357.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Deardorff JW, Willis GE. Further results from a laboratory model of the convective planetary boundary layer. Bound-Layer Meteorology. 1985;32:205–236.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Niewstadt FTM, Mason PJ, Moeng CH, Schumann U. Large-eddy simulation of the convective boundary layer: a comparison of four computer codes. In: Durst F, Friedrich R, Launder BE, Schmidt FW, Schumann U, and Whitelaw JH, editors. Turbulent shear flows 8. 1993. p. 343–367.
   Google Scholar
• Takemi T, Rotunno R. The effects of subgrid model mixing and numerical filtering in simulations of mesoscale cloud systems. Monthly Weather Rev. 2003;131:2085–2101.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Fedorovich E, Conzemius R, Esau I, Chow FK, Lewellen D, Moeng C-H, Sullivan P, Rino D, de Arellano JV-G. Entrainment into sheared convective boundary layers as predicted by different large eddy simulation codes. In: 16th Symposium on Boundary Layers and Turbulence; 2004 August 9–13; Portland, ME. American Meteorological Society; 2004.
   Google Scholar
• Huang H-Y, Stevens B, Margulis SA. Application of dynamic subgrid-scale models for large-eddy simulation of the daytime convective boundary layer over heterogeneous surfaces. Bound-Layer Meteorology. 2008;126:327–348.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Moeng CH, Sullivan PP. A comparison of shear and buoyancy driven planetary boundary layer flows. J Atmospheric Sci. 1994;51:999–1022.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Koshyk JN, Hamilton K. The horizontal kinetic energy spectrum and spectral budget simulated by a high-resolution troposphere-stratosphere-mesoshpere GCM. J Atmospheric Sci. 2001;58:329–348.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Capet X, McWilliams JC, Molemaker MJ, Shchepetkin AF. Mesoscale to submesoscale transition in the California current system. Part III: energy balance and flux. J Phys Oceanography. 2008;38:2256–2269.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Vallis GK. Atmospheric and ocean fluid dynamics. Fundamentals and large-scale circulation. New York, NY: Cambridge University Press; 2006. p. 73–77.
   Google Scholar
• Pope SB. Turbulent flows. New York, NY: Cambridge University Press; 2000. p. 558–639.
   Google Scholar
• Mason PJ. Large-eddy simulation of the convective atmospheric boundary layer. J Atmospheric Sci. 1989;46:1492–1516.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Stevens B, Moeng CH, Sullivan PP. Large-eddy simulations of radiatively driven convection: sensitivities to the representation of small scales. J Atmospheric Sci. 1999;56:3963–3984.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Chorin AJ. Numerical solution of the Navier-Stokes equations. Math Comput. 1968;22:745–762.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Durran DR. Numerical methods for fluid dynamics: with applications to geophysics. 2nd ed. New York, NY: Springer; 2010. p. 146–157.
   Google Scholar
• Driel RV, Jonker HJJ. Convective boundary layers driven by nonstationary surface heat fluxes. J Atmospheric Sci. 2011;60:727–738.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Waite ML, Snyder C. The mesoscale kinetic energy spectrum of a baroclinic life cycle. J Atmospheric Sci. 2009;66:883–901.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Mason PJ, Brown AR. On subgrid models and filter operations in large eddy simulations. J Atmospheric Sci. 1999;56:2101–2114.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Jonker HJJ, Duynkerke PG, Cuijpers JWM. Mesoscale fluctuations in scalars generated by boundary layer convection. J Atmospheric Sci. 1999;56:801–808.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Vallis GK, Shutts GJ, Gray MEB. Balanced mesoscale motion and stratified turbulence forced by convection. Q J R Meteorological Soc. 1996;123:1621–1652.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• De Roode SR, Duynkerke PG, Jonker HJJ. Large-eddy simulation: how large is large enough? J Atmospheric Sci. 2004;61:403–421.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Davidson PA. Turbulence: an introduction for scientists and engineers. New York, NY: Oxford University Press; 2004. p. 558–639.
   Google Scholar
• Gibbs JA, Fedorovich E. Comparison of convective boundary layer velocity spectra retrieved from large-eddy-simulation and weather research and forecasting model data. J Atmospheric Sci. 2014;53:377–394.
   Google Scholar
• Kirkpatrick MP, Ackerman AS, Stevens DE, Mansour NN. On the application of the dynamic Smagorinsky model to large-eddy simulations of the cloud-topped atmospheric boundary layer. J Atmospheric Sci. 2006;63:526–546.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar