585
Views
0
CrossRef citations to date
0
Altmetric
Research Article

The challenge of just transition in China’s coal power sector: a city-level employment vulnerability assessment

ORCID Icon, , &
Pages 555-576 | Received 25 May 2022, Accepted 12 Nov 2022, Published online: 10 Jan 2023

References

  • Abhyankar, N., Lin, J., Kahrl, F., Yin, S., Paliwal, U., Liu, X., Khanna, N., Phadke, A., & Luo, Q. (2022). China’s power system could be 80% carbon free by 2035. Berkeley Lab. https://www.sohu.com/a/580047353_121112996 (in Chinese).
  • Black, R., Cullen, K., Fay, B., Hale, T., Lang, J., Mahmood, S., & Smith, S. M. (2021). Taking stock: A global assessment of net zero targets. Energy & Climate Intelligence Unit and Oxford Net Zero. https://ca1-eci.edcdn.com/reports/ECIU-Oxford_Taking_Stock.pdf?v=1616461369.
  • Bobvan, Z., Lachlan, C., & Tom, K. (2012). Potential for renewable energy jobs in the Middle East. Energy Policy, 60, 296–304. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.enpol.2013.05.014
  • Burke, P., Best, R., & Jotzo, F. (2019). Closures of coal-fired power stations in Australia: Local unemployment effects. Australian Journal of Agricultural and Resource Economics, 63(1), 142–165. https://doi.org/10.1111/1467-8489.12289
  • Cao, Y., Chen, J., Liu, B., Turner, A., & Zhu, C. (2021). China zero-carbon electricity growth in the 2020S: A vital step toward carbon neutrality energy transitions commission and rocky mountain institute. https://rmi.org.Cn/wp-content/uploads/2021/08/202104091041057222.pdf.
  • Carbon Brief. (2020). Analysis: Will China build hundreds of new coal plants in the 2020s?. https://www.carbonbrief.org/analysis-will-china-build-hundreds-of-new-coal-plants-in-the-2020s.
  • Carley, S., Evans, T., Graff, M., & Konisky, D. (2018). A framework for evaluating geographic disparities in energy transition vulnerability. Nature Energy, 3(8), 621–627. https://doi.org/10.1038/s41560-018-0142-z
  • China Datang Corporation. (2016). China Datang Group Corporation coal-fired power generation enterprise establishment standards. https://max.book118.com/html/2017/0310/94941832.shtm.
  • China Electricity Council. (2019a). Study on flexible operation and life extension operation of coal power unit.https://news.bjx.com.cn/html/20210209/1135814.shtml.
  • China Electricity Council (CEC). (2019b). Mid-term evaluation and optimization of the 13th Five-Year Plan of electric power. China Power Enterprise Management, (4), 10–14.(in Chinese).
  • China Electricity Council (CEC). (2021a). China Electric Power Statistical Yearbook.
  • China Electricity Council (CEC). (2021b). China Electric Power Industry Annual Development Report 2021. https://cec.org.cn/detail/index.html?3-298413.
  • China Electricity Council (CEC). (2021). Power industry statistics compilation in 2020. Statistics and Data Center of China Electricity Council. in Chinese.
  • China Electricity Council (CEC). (2022). Study on power fuel supply and demand pattern in energy transition. (in Chinese).
  • Cui, R., Hultman, N., Cui, D., McJeon, H., Yu, S., Edwards, M., Sen, A., Song, K., Bowman, C., Clarke, L., Kang, J., Lou, J., Yang, F., Yuan, J., Zhang, W., & Zhu, M. (2021). A plant-by-plant strategy for high-ambition coal power phaseout in China. Nature Communications, 12, 1468. https://doi.org/10.1038/s41467-021-21786-0
  • El-Zein, A., & Tonmoy, F. (2015). Assessment of vulnerability to climate change using a multi-criteria outranking approach with application to heat stress in Sydney. Ecological Indicators, 48, 207–217. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.ecolind.2014.08.012
  • Global Coal Plant Tracker. (2021). Global coal plant tracker. https://endcoal.org/global-coal-plant-tracker.
  • Grubert. E.(2020). Fossil electricity retirement deadlines for a just transition. Science. https://www.science.org/doi/abs/10.1126science.abe0375.
  • Harrahill, K., & Douglas, O. (2019). Framework development for ‘just transition’ in coal producing jurisdictions. Energy Policy, 134(11), 1–11. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.enpol.2019.110990
  • He, G., Lin, J., Zhang, Y., Zhang, W., Larangeira, G., Zhang, C., Peng, W., Liu, M., & Yang, F. (2020). Enabling a Rapid and Just Transition away from Coal in China. One Earth, 3(2), 187–194. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.oneear.2020.07.012
  • Heinrichs, H., Schumann, D., Vögele, S., Biß, K., Shamon, H., Markewitz, P., & Ernst, A. (2017). Integrated assessment of a phase-out of coal-fired power plants in Germany. Energy, 126, 285–305. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.energy.2017.03.017
  • Henriques, C., Coelho, D., & Cassidy, N. (2016). Employment impact assessment of renewable energy targets for electricity generation by 2020—An IO LCA approach. Sustainable Cities and Society, 26, 519–530. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.scs.2016.05.013
  • Huang, X., Huang , X., Cui, C., & Yang, X. (2014). The concept, analytical framework and assessment method of social vulnerability. Progress in Geography, 33(11), 1512–1525. in Chinese.
  • Inostroza, L., Palme, M., & Barrera, F. (2016). A heat vulnerability index: Spatial patterns of exposure, sensitivity and adaptive capacity for Santiago de Chile. PLOS One, 11(9), e0162464. https://doi.org/10.1371/journal.pone.0162464
  • IPCC. (2001). Climate change: Impacts, adaptation and vulnerability. Cambridge University Press.
  • Jolley, G., Khalaf, C., Michaud, G., & Sandler, A. (2019). The economic, fiscal, and workforce impacts of coal-fired power plant closures in Appalachian Ohio. Regional Science Policy & Practice, 11(2), 403–422. https://doi.org/10.1111/rsp3.12191
  • Juan, J., Manuel, L., María, P., & Alfredo, C. (2017). Comparative analysis of direct employment generated by renewable and non-renewable power plants. Energy, 139, 542–554. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.energy.2017.08.025
  • Kakanyo, F., Gobopamang, L., & Kannan, N. (2019). Quantifying social vulnerability to natural hazards in Botswana: An application of cutter model. International Journal of Disaster Risk Reduction, 37, 101189, https://doi.org/10.1016/j.ijdrr.2019.101189.
  • Kang, J., Tsan, S., Su, B., & Alexandre, M. (2021). Electrifying light-duty passenger transport for CO emissions reduction: A stochastic-robust input–output linear programming model. Energy Economics, 104, 105623, https://doi.org/10.1016/j.eneco.2021.105623.
  • Laura, H., Sanya, C., & David, M. (2022). Municipal government adaptive capacity programs for vulnerable populations during the U.S. energy transition. Energy Policy, 167, 113058. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.enpol.2022.113058
  • Li, Z., Chen, S., Dong, W., Liu, P., Du, E., Ma, L., & He, J. (2021). Low carbon transition pathway of power sector under carbon emission constraints. Proceedings of the CSEE, 41(12), 3987–4001. DOI:10.13334/j.0258-8013.pcsee.210671 (in Chinese)
  • Liu, A., Zhang, J., Zhao, S., & Song, B. (2022). Study on life extension and economic analysis of coal-fired power units in China. Thermal Power Generation. https://kns.cnki.net/kcms/detail/61.1111.TM.20220408.1509.001.html.
  • Lobao, L., Zhou, M., Partridge, M., & Michael, B. (2016). Poverty, place, and coal employment across Appalachia and the United States in a new economic era. Rural Sociology, 81(3), 343–386. https://doi.org/10.1111/ruso.12098
  • Manish, R., Arman, A., & Christian, B. (2020). Job creation during the global energy transition towards 100% renewable power system by 2050. Technological Forecasting & Social Change, 151, 119682. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.techfore.2019.06.008
  • Moesker, K., & Psch, U. (2022). The just transition fund – Did the European Union learn from Europe's past transition experiences? Energy Research & Social Science, 91, 102750,https://doi.org/10.1016/j.erss.2022.102750.
  • National Bureau of Statistics (NBS). (2020a). China Energy Statistical Yearbook 2020.
  • National Bureau of Statistics (NBS). (2020b). China Population and Employment Statistical Yearbook.
  • National Bureau of Statistics (NBS). (2020c). China Labor Statistics Yearbook.
  • National Bureau of Statistics (NBS). (2021). China Labor Statistics Yearbook 2021. (in Chinese).
  • National Energy Administration (NEA). (2022). Opinions on improving the institutions, mechanisms, policies and measures for energy, green and low-carbon transformation. http://zfxxgk.nea.gov.cn/2022-01/30/c_1310464313.htm (in Chinese).
  • Oei, P., Brauers, H., & Herpich, P. (2020b). Lessons from Germany’s hard coal mining phase-out: Policies and transition from 1950 to 2018. Climate Policy, 20(8), 963–979. https://doi.org/10.1080/14693062.2019.1688636
  • Oei, P., Hermann, H., Herpich, P., Holtemöller, O., Lünenbürger, B., & Schult, C. (2020a). Coal phase-out in Germany – Implications and policies for affected regions. Energy, 196, 117004,https://doi.org/10.1016/j.energy.2020.117004.
  • Polaris Power Network. (2021). Summary of approved, awarded and started thermal power projects in one week. https://news.bjx.com.cn/ (in Chinese).
  • Polsky, C., Neff, R., & Yarnal, B. (2007). Building comparable global change vulnerability assessments: The vulnerability scoping diagram. Global Environmental Change, 17(3-4), 472–485. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.gloenvcha.2007.01.005
  • Qin, Y., Mueller, N., Siebert, S., Jackson, R., AghaKouchak, A., Zimmerman, J., Tong, D., Hong, C., & Davis, S. (2019). Flexibility and intensity of global water use. Nature Sustainability, 2(6), 515–523. https://doi.org/10.1038/s41893-019-0294-2
  • Rauner, S., Bauer, N., Dirnaichner, A., Dingenen, R. V., Mutel, C., & Luderer, G. (2020). Coal-exit health and environmental damage reductions outweigh economic impacts. Nature Climate Change, 10, 308–312. https://doi.org/10.1038/s41558-020-0728-x
  • Sampedro, J., Cui, R., Mcjeon, H., Smith, S., Hultman, N., He, L., Sen, A., Dingenen, R., & Cazcarro, L. (2021). Quantifying the reductions in mortality from air-pollution by cancelling new coal power plants. Energy and Climate Change, 2, 100023. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.egycc.2020.100023
  • Spencer, T., Colombier, M., Sartor, O., Garg, A., Tiwari, V., Burton, J., Caetano, T., Green, F., Teng, F., & Wiseman, J. (2017). The 1.5 degrees C target and coal sector transition: At the limits of societal feasibility. Climate Policy, 18(3), 335–351. https://doi.org/10.1080/14693062.2017.1386540
  • State Administration of Coal Mine Safety(SACSS). (2018). China Coal Industry Yearbook 2017.
  • State Electric Power Corporation. (1998). Labor standards for thermal power plants. https://wenku.baidu.com/view/a9ad00e61fd9ad51f01dc281e53a580217fc504a.html.
  • Su, N. (2021). State Grid Energy Research Institute: It is estimated that the installed capacity of coal power during the 14th Five-Year Plan will increase by 150 million kW. China Energy News, 012. https://news.bjx.com.cn/html/20211215/1193779.shtml.
  • Sun, D., Liu, Y., Yang, X., Lyu, L., & Yuan, J. (2022). Economic and employment effects of China’s power transition based on input-output and scenario simulation. Advances in Climate Change Research, 13(5), 721–728. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.accre.2022.09.001.
  • The German Coal Commission. (2019). A roadmap for a just transition from coal to renewables. https://static.agoraenergiewende.de/fileadmin/Projekte/2019/Kohlekommission_Ergebnisse/168_Kohlekommission_EN.pdf.
  • US Environmental Protection Agency (EPA). (2010). Assessing the multiple benefits of clean energy: A resource for states. U. S. State and Local Climate and Energy Programs. https://nepis.epa.gov/Exe/ZyPDF.cgi/P100FLQ9.PDF?Dockey=P100FLQ9.PDF.
  • Wang, C., Zhang, W., Cai, W., & Xie, X. (2013). Employment impacts of CDM projects in China's power sector. Energy Policy, 59, 481–491. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.enpol.2013.04.010.
  • Wang, P., Cheng, K., Wang, Y., Liu, D., Song, D., & Wu, T. (2021). Location-specific co-benefits of carbon emissions reduction from coal-fired power plants in China. Nature Communications, 12(1), 6948. https://doi.org/10.1038/s41467-021-27252-1
  • Wang, Z. (2020). Strategic thinking of China's electric power transformation under carbon neutrality goal. China Power. http://www.chinapower.com.cn/zk/zjgd/20201113/34541.html (in Chinese).
  • Wei, M., Patadia, S., & Kammen, D. (2010). Putting renewables and energy efficiency to work: How many jobs can the clean energy industry generate in the US? Energy Policy, 38(2), 919–931. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.enpol.2009.10.044
  • Xiao, J., Li, G., Xie, L., Wang, S., & Yu, L. (2021). Decarbonizing China’s power sector by 2030 with consideration of technological progress and cross-regional power transmission. Energy Policy, 150, 112150. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.enpol.2021.112150
  • Xinhuanet. (2020). Xi Jinping delivers an important speech at the General debate of the 75th session of the UN General Assembly.http://www.xinhuanet.com/politics/leaders/2020-09/22/c_1126527652.htm (in Chinese).
  • Yuan, J. (2021). From phase down to phase out. China Daily. http://www.chinadaily.com.cn/a/202111/19/WS6196e6faa310cdd39bc76301.html.
  • Yue, H., Worrell, E., Crijns, W., & Zhang, S. (2021). The potential of industrial electricity savings to reduce air pollution from coal-fired power generation in China. Journal of Cleaner Production, 301, 126978. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jclepro.2021.126978
  • Zhang, X., Cui, X., Li, B., Patricia, H., Daniel, M., Zou, J., & Wang, K. (2022). Immediate actions on coal phase-out enable a just low-carbon transition in China's power sector. Applied Energy, 308, 118401. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.apenergy.2021.118401
  • Zhang, Y., Ji, X., & Wang, M. (2021). Just transition in climate regime: Concept development and governance progress. Climate Change Research, 17(2), 245–254. DOI: 10.12006/j.issn.1673-1719.2020.179. in Chinese.
  • Zheng, X. (2021). New power system in pipeline to help achieve green goals. People’s Republic of China Daily. https://global.chinadaily.com.cn/a/202110/28/WS6179f72ea310cdd39bc71c40.html.
  • Zhou, D. (2021). China is still “coal-heavy”. How can it achieve a zero-carbon energy system? https://new.qq.com/rain/a/20211128A065AP00 (in Chinese).
  • Zhou, S., Chen, B., Wei, W., Liu, Z., Song, S., Feng, K., & Li, J. (2022). China’s power transformation may drastically change employment patterns in the power sector and its upstream supply chains. Environmental Research Letters, 17(6), 065005. doi:10.1088/1748-9326/ac5769

Reprints and Corporate Permissions

Please note: Selecting permissions does not provide access to the full text of the article, please see our help page How do I view content?

To request a reprint or corporate permissions for this article, please click on the relevant link below:

Academic Permissions

Please note: Selecting permissions does not provide access to the full text of the article, please see our help page How do I view content?

Obtain permissions instantly via Rightslink by clicking on the button below:

If you are unable to obtain permissions via Rightslink, please complete and submit this Permissions form. For more information, please visit our Permissions help page.