Unlocking climate finance for social protection: an analysis of the Green Climate Fund

References

• Abay, K. A., Abay, M. H., Berhane, G., & Chamberlin, J. (2022). Social protection and resilience: The case of the Productive Safety Net program in Ethiopia. Food Policy, 112, 102367. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.foodpol.2022.102367
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Adaptation Fund. (2022). Medium-term strategy 2023–2027. https://www.adaptation-fund.org/document/medium-term-strategy-2023-2027/
   Google Scholar
• Agrawal, A., Costella, C., Kaur, N., Tenzing, J., Shakya, C., & Norton, A. (2019). Climate resilience through social protection. Background paper to the 2019 report of the Global Commission on Adaptation. https://gca.org/reports/climate-resilience-through-social-protection/
   Google Scholar
• Aleksandrova, M. (2020). Principles and considerations for mainstreaming climate change risk into national social protection frameworks in developing countries. Climate and Development, 12(6), 511–520. https://doi.org/10.1080/17565529.2019.1642180
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Aleksandrova, M., & Costella, C. (2021). Reaching the poorest and most vulnerable: Addressing loss and damage through social protection. Current Opinion in Environmental Sustainability, 50, 121–128. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.cosust.2021.03.010
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Arena, M., Guasti, A., & Hussein, H. (2023). Can conditional cash transfers reduce vulnerability to climate change? Climate Policy, 23(4), 462–476. https://doi.org/10.1080/14693062.2023.2183174
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Bastagli, F., Hagen-Zanker, J., Harman, L., Barca, V., Sturge, G., & Schmidt, T. (2019). The impact of cash transfers: A review of the evidence from low- and middle-income countries. Journal of Social Policy, 48(03), 569–594. https://doi.org/10.1017/S0047279418000715
   Google Scholar
• Beaton, C., Lontoh, L., & Wai-Poi, M. (2017). Indonesia: Pricing reforms, social assistance, and the importance of perceptions. In G. Inchauste & D. G. Victor (Eds.), The political economy of energy subsidy reform (pp. 133–207). World Bank Group.
   Google Scholar
• Béné, C., Cornelius, A., & Howland, F. (2018). Bridging humanitarian responses and long-term development through transformative changes—Some initial reflections from the World Bank’s Adaptive Social Protection Program in the Sahel. Sustainability, 10(6), 1697. https://doi.org/10.3390/su10061697
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Bertilsson, J. (2022). Managing vulnerability in the Green Climate Fund. Climate and Development, 15(4), 304–311. https://doi.org/10.1080/17565529.2022.2081118
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Borga, L., & D’Ambrosio, C. (2021). Social protection and multidimensional poverty: Lessons from Ethiopia, India and Peru. World Development, 147, 105634. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.worlddev.2021.105634
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Bowen, T., Del Ninno, C., Andrews, C., Coll-Black, S., Gentilini, U., Johnson, K., Kawasoe, Y., Kryeziu, A., Maher, B. P., & Williams, A. (2020). Adaptive social protection: Building resilience to shocks. World Bank. https://doi.org/10.1596/978-1-4648-1575-1
   Google Scholar
• Carter, B., Roelen, K., Enfield, S., & Avis, W. (2019). Social protection topic guide (Emerging Issues Report 18). Institute of Development Studies, International Development Department, University of Birmingham. https://opendocs.ids.ac.uk/opendocs/bitstream/handle/20.500.12413/14885/Social_Protection_Topic_Guide_online.pdf?sequence=1&isAllowed=y
   Google Scholar
• Cherrier, C. (2021). The humanitarian–development nexus. In E. Schüring & M. Loewe (Eds.), Handbook on social protection systems (pp. 295–306). Edward Elgar. https://www.elgaronline.com/display/edcoll/9781839109102/9781839109102.00041.xml
   Google Scholar
• Chirchir, R. (2021). Integrated information management. In E. Schüring & M. Loewe (Eds.), Handbook on social protection systems (pp. 448–457). Edward Elgar. https://www.elgaronline.com/display/edcoll/9781839109102/9781839109102.00059.xml
   Google Scholar
• Cookson, T. P., Sandoval, R., Staab, S., Tabbush, C., Bitterly, J., & Mathew, M. A. (2024). Do governments account for gender when designing their social protection systems? Findings from an analysis of national social protection strategies. Social Policy & Administration, 58(1), 78–92. https://doi.org/10.1111/spol.12944
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Costella, C., Jaime, C., Arrighi, J., De Perez, E. C., Suarez, P., & Van Aalst, M. (2017). Scalable and sustainable: How to build anticipatory capacity into social protection systems. IDS Bulletin, 48(4), 31–46. https://doi.org/10.19088/1968-2017.151
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Costella, C., Van Aalst, M., Georgiadou, Y., Slater, R., Reilly, R., McCord, A., Holmes, R., Ammoun, J., & Barca, V. (2023). Can social protection tackle emerging risks from climate change, and how? A framework and a critical review. Climate Risk Management, 40, 100501. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.crm.2023.100501
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Cuesta, J., Devereux, S., Abdulai, A., Gupte, J., Ragno, L. P., Roelen, K., Sabates-Wheeler, R., & Spadafora, T. (2020). Urban social assistance: Evidence, challenges and the way forward, with application to Ghana. Development Policy Review, 39(3), 360–380. https://doi.org/10.1111/dpr.12513
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Davies, M., Guenther, B., Leavy, J., Mitchell, T., & Tanner, T. (2008). ‘Adaptive social protection’: Synergies for poverty reduction. IDS Bulletin, 39(4), 105–112. https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1759-5436.2008.tb00483.x
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Dercon, S. (2014). Is green growth good for the poor? The World Bank Research Observer, 29(2), 163–185. https://doi.org/10.1093/wbro/lku007
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Devereux, S., & Cuesta, J. (2021). Urban-sensitive social protection: How universalized social protection can reduce urban vulnerabilities post COVID-19. Progress in Development Studies, 21(4), 340–360. https://doi.org/10.1177/14649934211020858
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Donovan, M. G., & McHardy, P. (2016). The state of social housing in six Caribbean countries. Inter-American Development Bank. https://publications.iadb.org/en/state-social-housing-six-caribbean-countries
   Google Scholar
• Durán-Valverde, F., Pacheco-Jiménez, J. F., Muzaffar, T., & Elizondo-Barboza, H. (2020). Financing gaps in social protection; global estimates and strategies for developing countries in light of the Covid-19 crisis and beyond (ILO Working Paper No. 14). International Labour Organization.
   Google Scholar
• Fitrinitia, I. S., & Matsuyuki, M. (2022). Role of social protection in coping strategies for floods in poor households: A case study on the impact of Program Keluarga Harapan on labor households in Indonesia. International Journal of Disaster Risk Reduction, 80, 103239. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.ijdrr.2022.103239
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Fitrinitia, I. S., & Matsuyuki, M. (2023). Social protection for climate-disasters: A case study of the program Keluarga Harapan cash transfer program for smallholder farm household in Indonesia. Progress in Disaster Science, 17, 100278. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.pdisas.2023.100278
   Google Scholar
• Forino, G., Fraser, A., & Tandarić, N. (2023). Towards adaptive and transformative finance for urban areas? A framework to analyse the responsiveness of adaptation finance to urban challenges in the Global South. Environment and Urbanization, 35(1), 200–219. https://doi.org/10.1177/09562478221143591
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Garschagen, M., & Doshi, D. (2022). Does funds-based adaptation finance reach the most vulnerable countries? Global Environmental Change, 73, 102450. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.gloenvcha.2021.102450
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• GCF. (2020). Initial investment framework (updated). https://www.greenclimate.fund/document/initial-investment-framework-updated
   Google Scholar
• GCF. (2022). GCF/B.33/05: Steps to enhance the climate rationale of GCF-supported activities. https://www.greenclimate.fund/document/gcf-b20-inf11
   Google Scholar
• GCF. (2023). GCF’s 2024–2027 strategic plan sets out greater ambitions and results for critical global climate action. https://www.greenclimate.fund/document/gcf-b36-17-rev01
   Google Scholar
• GCF. (2024). GCF project portfolio. https://www.greenclimate.fund/projects/dashboard
   Google Scholar
• GEF. (2022). GEF programming strategy on adaptation to climate change for the least developed countries fund and the special climate change fund for the Gef-8 period of July 1, 2022, to June 30, 2026 and operational improvements (Report No: GEF/LDCF.SCCF.32/04/Rev.01). https://www.thegef.org/sites/default/files/documents/2022-06/EN_GEF.LDCF_.SCCF_.32.04.Rev_.01_GEF%20Programming_Strategy_Adaptation_Climate_Change_LDCF_SCCF_GEF8_July_2022_June%202026_Operational_Improvements.pdf
   Google Scholar
• GEF. (2024). GEF-8 resource allocation table. https://www.thegef.org/who-we-are/funding/gef-8-replenishment
   Google Scholar
• GEF. (n.d.). GEF-8 programming directions. https://www.thegef.org/sites/default/files/2023-01/GEF-8_Programming_Directions.pdf#page=140&zoom=100,92,96
   Google Scholar
• Hirvonen, K., De Oliveira, E. M., Simons, A. M., & Taraz, V. (2022). More than a safety net: Ethiopia’s flagship public works program increases tree cover. Global Environmental Change, 75, 102549. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.gloenvcha.2022.102549
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Huber, J. A., & Murray, Ú. (2023). Turning climate justice into practice? Channeling loss and damage funding through national social protection systems in climate-vulnerable countries. WIREs Climate Change, 15(2), e867. https://doi.org/10.1002/wcc.867
   Google Scholar
• ILO. (2017). World social protection report 2017–19: Universal social protection to achieve the sustainable development goals. International Labour Office. https://www.ilo.org/wcmsp5/groups/public/—dgreports/—dcomm/—publ/documents/publication/wcms_604882.pdf
   Google Scholar
• ILO. (2021). World social protection report 2020–22: Social protection at the crossroads ‒ In pursuit of a better future. https://www.ilo.org/wcmsp5/groups/public/@ed_protect/@soc_sec/documents/publication/wcms_817572.pdf
   Google Scholar
• IPCC. (2022). Summary for policymakers. In P. R. Shukla, J. Skea, R. Slade, A. Al Khourdajie, R. van Diemen, D. McCollum, M. Pathak, S. Some, P. Vyas, R. Fradera, M. Belkacemi, A. Hasija, G. Lisboa, S. Luz, & J. Malley (Eds.), Climate change 2022: Mitigation of climate change: Contribution of working group III to the sixth assessment report of the Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change (pp. 1–48). Cambridge University Press.
   Google Scholar
• Kalinowski, T. (2023). The Green Climate Fund and private sector climate finance in the Global South. Climate Policy, 24(3), 281–296. https://doi.org/10.1080/14693062.2023.2276857
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Kasdan, M., Kuhl, L., & Kurukulasuriya, P. (2021). The evolution of transformational change in multilateral funds dedicated to financing adaptation to climate change. Climate and Development, 13(5), 427–442. https://doi.org/10.1080/17565529.2020.1790333
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Kempa, L., Zamarioli, L., Pauw, W. P., & Çevik, C. (2021). Financing measures to avert, minimise and address loss and damage: Options for the Green Climate Fund. Frankfurt School – UNEP Collaborating Centre for Climate & Sustainable Energy Finance. https://www.fs-unep-centre.org/wp-content/uploads/2021/01/Financing-measures-to-avert-minimise-and-address-LD.pdf
   Google Scholar
• Kuhl, L. (2021). Policy making under scarcity: Reflections for designing socially just climate adaptation policy. One Earth, 4(2), 202–212. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.oneear.2021.01.008
   Google Scholar
• Kuhl, L., & Shinn, J. (2022). Transformational adaptation and country ownership: Competing priorities in international adaptation finance. Climate Policy, 22(9-10), 1290–1305. https://doi.org/10.1080/14693062.2022.2104791
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Kuhl, L., Shinn, J., Arango-Quiroga, J., Ahmed, I., & Rahman, M. F. (2023). The liberal limits to transformation in the Green Climate Fund. Climate and Development, 1–12. https://doi.org/10.1080/17565529.2023.2235318
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Kundo, H. K., Brueckner, M., Spencer, R., & Davis, J. K. (2021). Mainstreaming climate adaptation into social protection: The issues yet to be addressed. Journal of International Development, 33(6), 953–974. https://doi.org/10.1002/jid.3567
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Kundo, H. K., Brueckner, M., Spencer, R., & Davis, J. K. (2022). Enhancing the resilience and well-being of rural poor to climate risks: Are the economic functions of social protection enough? Disasters, 47(3), 651–675. https://doi.org/10.1111/disa.12559
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Kuriakose, A. T., Heltberg, R., Wiseman, W. D., Costella, C., Cipryk, R., & Cornelius, S. (2013). Climate-responsive social protection. Development Policy Review, 31(s2), o19–o34. https://doi.org/10.1111/dpr.12037
   Google Scholar
• Lamb, W. F., Antal, M., Bohnenberger, K., Brand-Correa, L. I., Müller-Hansen, F., Jakob, M., Minx, J. C., Raiser, K., Williams, L. W., & Sovacool, B. K. (2020). What are the social outcomes of climate policies? A systematic map and review of the ex-post literature. Environmental Research Letters, 15(11), 113006. https://doi.org/10.1088/1748-9326/abc11f
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Loewe, M., & Schüring, E. (2021). Introduction to the handbook on social protection systems. In E. Schüring & M. Loewe (Eds.), Handbook on social protection systems (pp. 1–35). Edward Elgar.
   Google Scholar
• Malerba, D. (2020). Poverty alleviation and local environmental degradation: An empirical analysis in Colombia. World Development, 127, 104776. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.worlddev.2019.104776
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Malerba, D. (2021). Climate change. In E. Schuring & M. Loewe (Eds.), Handbook on social protection systems (pp. 688–704). Edward Elgar.
   Google Scholar
• Malerba, D. (2023). The role of social protection in environmental fiscal reforms (IDOS Discussion Paper 10/2023). German Institute of Development and Sustainability (IDOS). https://www.idos-research.de/uploads/media/DP__10.2023.pdf
   Google Scholar
• Malerba, D., & Wiebe, K. S. (2021). Analysing the effect of climate policies on poverty through employment channels. Environmental Research Letters, 16(3), 035013. https://doi.org/10.1088/1748-9326/abd3d3
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Nenning, L., Bridgen, P., Zimmermann, K., Büchs, M., & Jokela, M. (2023). Climate crisis and social protection – From worker protection to post-growth transformation? Social Policy and Society, 22(4), 695–714. https://doi.org/10.1017/S1474746423000246
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Nino Zarazua, M., & Torm, N. (2022). Active labour market policies in Asia and the Pacific. A review of the literature (Working Paper Series June 2022). United Nations ESCAP.
   Google Scholar
• Norton, A., Seddon, N., Agrawal, A., Shakya, C. H., Kaur, N., & Porras, I. (2020). Harnessing employment-based social assistance programmes to scale up nature-based climate action. Philosophical Transactions of the Royal Society B: Biological Sciences, 375(1794), 20190127. https://doi.org/10.1098/rstb.2019.0127
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• OECD. (2019). Government at a glance 2019. https://doi.org/10.1787/8ccf5c38-en
   Google Scholar
• Oxford Policy Management. (2015). Conceptualising shock-responsive social protection (Working Paper 1). https://www.calpnetwork.org/publication/working-paper-1-conceptualising-shock-responsive-social-protection/
   Google Scholar
• Parby, J. I., Lozano, G. N., Mason, D., & Lall, S. V. (2015). Stocktaking of the housing sector in Sub-Saharan Africa: Challenges and opportunities (Vol. 2). World Bank Group. https://www.worldbank.org/content/dam/Worldbank/document/Africa/Report/stocktaking-of-the-housing-sector-in-sub-saharan-africa-full-report.pdf
   Google Scholar
• Premand, P., & Stoeffler, Q. (2022). Cash transfers, climatic shocks and resilience in the Sahel. Journal of Environmental Economics and Management, 116, 102744. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jeem.2022.102744
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Rana, I. A., Khaled, S., Jamshed, A., & Nawaz, A. (2022). Social protection in disaster risk reduction and climate change adaptation: A bibliometric and thematic review. Journal of Integrative Environmental Sciences, 19(1), 65–83. https://doi.org/10.1080/1943815X.2022.2108458
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Schwan, S., & Yu, X. (2018). Social protection as a strategy to address climate-induced migration. International Journal of Climate Change Strategies and Management, 10(1), 43–64. https://doi.org/10.1108/IJCCSM-01-2017-0019
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Sengupta, S., & Costella, C. (2023). A framework to assess the role of social cash transfers in building adaptive capacity for climate resilience. Journal of Integrative Environmental Sciences, 20(1), 1–20. https://doi.org/10.1080/1943815X.2023.2218472
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Shigute, Z., Strupat, C., Burchi, F., Alemu, G., & Bedi, A. S. (2019). Linking social protection schemes: The joint effects of a public works and a health insurance programme in Ethiopia. The Journal of Development Studies, 56(2), 431–448. https://doi.org/10.1080/00220388.2018.1563682
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Silchenko, D., & Murray, U. (2023). Migration and climate change – The role of social protection. Climate Risk Management, 39, 100472. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.crm.2022.100472
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Stoll, P. P., Pauw, W. P., Tohme, F., & Gruening, C. (2021). Mobilizing private adaptation finance: Lessons learned from the Green Climate Fund. Climatic Change, 167(3-4), 45. https://doi.org/10.1007/s10584-021-03190-1
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Tadesse, T., & Zeleke, T. G. (2022). The impact of the productive safety net program (PSNP) on food security and asset accumulation of rural households’: Evidence from Gedeo zone, Southern Ethiopia. Cogent Economics & Finance, 10(1), 1–28. https://doi.org/10.1080/23322039.2022.2087285
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Tenzing, J. (2020). Integrating social protection and climate change adaptation: A review. WIREs Climate Change, 11(2), e626. https://doi.org/10.1002/wcc.626
   Google Scholar
• Ulrichs, M., Slater, R., & Costella, C. (2019). Building resilience to climate risks through social protection: From individualised models to systemic transformation. Disasters, 43(S3), 368–387. https://doi.org/10.1111/disa.12339
   Google Scholar
• UNFCCC. (2006). Decision 5/CMP.2. Adaptation fund. Retrieved December 30, 2023, from https://unfccc.int/sites/default/files/resource/docs/2006/cmp2/eng/10a01.pdf?download
   Google Scholar
• UNFCCC. (2015). Decision 1/CP.21. Adoption of the Paris Agreement (FCCC/CP/2015/10/Add.1). Retrieved December 30, 2023, from https://unfccc.int/resource/docs/2015/cop21/eng/10a01.pdf#page=2
   Google Scholar
• UNFCCC. (2020). Decision 12/CP.25 (FCCC/CP/2019/13/Add.2, pp. 12–14). Retrieved January 4, 2023, from https://unfccc.int/sites/default/files/resource/cp2019_13_a02E.pdf
   Google Scholar
• UNFCCC. (2022). Report of the Green Climate Fund to the conference of the parties (Report No. FCCC/CP/2022/4).
   Google Scholar
• UNFCCC. (2023a). Decision -/CP.28 -/CMA.5. Operationalization of the new funding arrangements, including a fund, for responding to loss and damage referred to in paragraphs 2–3 of decisions 2/CP.27 and 2/CMA.4. Retrieved December 28, 2023, from https://unfccc.int/documents/636558
   Google Scholar
• UNFCCC. (2023b). Decision -/CMA.5. UAE just transition work programme. Retrieved December 28, 2023, from https://unfccc.int/documents/636589
   Google Scholar
• UNFCCC. (2023c). Decision -/CMA.5. Glasgow–Sharm el-Sheikh work programme on the global goal on adaptation referred to in decision 7/CMA.3. Retrieved December 28, 2023, from https://unfccc.int/documents/636595
   Google Scholar
• UNFCCC. (2023d). Draft decision -/CMA.5. Guidance to the global environment facility. Retrieved December 28, 2023, from https://unfccc.int/documents/636614
   Google Scholar
• UNFCCC. (2023e). Draft decision -/CMA.5. Guidance to the Green Climate Fund. Retrieved December 28, 2023, from https://unfccc.int/documents/636612
   Google Scholar
• UNFCCC. (2023f). Nationally determined contributions under the Paris Agreement (Report No. FCCC/PA/CMA/2023/12). https://unfccc.int/documents/632334
   Google Scholar
• UN Habitat. (2020). The World cities report 2020: The value of sustainable urbanization. https://unhabitat.org/sites/default/files/2020/10/wcr_2020_report.pdf
   Google Scholar
• Woolf, D., Solomon, D., & Lehmann, J. (2018). Land restoration in food security programmes: Synergies with climate change mitigation. Climate Policy, 18(10), 1260–1270. https://doi.org/10.1080/14693062.2018.1427537
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Zagema, B., Kowalzig, J., Walsh, L., Hattle, A., Roy, C., & Dejgaard, H. P. (2023). Climate finance shadow report 2023: Assessing the delivery of the $100 billion commitment. Oxfam.
   Google Scholar