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Original Articles

Is Osama Bin Laden's ‘Fatwa urging Jihad against Americans’ dated 23 February 1998 justified by Islamic law?

Pages 44-65 | Published online: 19 Oct 2007

Notes

  • Tibi , Bassam . 1998 . The Challenge of Fundamentalism: Political Islam and the New World Disorder , 148 – 9 . London : Univ. of California Press .
  • Barber , Benjamin B. 1995 . Jihad vs McWorld: How the Planet is Both Falling Apart and Coming Together — And What it means for Democracy , NY : Random House .
  • Huntingdon , Samuel . 1996 . The Clash of Civilizations: And the Remaking of World Order , NY : Free Press .
  • Tzu , Sun and Clearly , Thomas . 1998 . The Art of War , 18 Boston , MA : Shumbala Publications .
  • Humphrys , John . 2001 . ‘Understanding the demons is the way to destroy them’ . The Sunday Times , 16 Sept. : 17
  • Porter , Henry . 2001 . ‘Nobler Manhattan: There is grief’, and there is a question, why did it happen?’ . The Observer , 23 Sept. : 23
  • Abramsky , Sasha . 2001 . ‘Decline and Fall.’ . The Independent , 29 Sept. : 29
  • Seaton , Matt . 2001 . ‘Go ahead and demonise Osama bin Laden if you like ‐ but the amateur psychology has got to stop’ . The Guardian , 16 Oct.
  • Steyn , Mark . 2002 . ‘Down with Saudi Arabia’ . The Spectator , 9 March : 18 – 19 .
  • Kelsay , John and Johnson , James , eds. 1991 . Just War: Historical and Theoretical Perspectives on War and Peace in the Western World , New York : Greenwood .
  • Johnson , James and Kelsay , John . 1990 . Cross, Crescent and Sword: The Justification and Limitation of War in Western and Islamic Tradition , New York : Greenwood .
  • Khadduri , Majid . 1966 . The Islamic Law of Nations: Shaybani's Siyar , Baltimore : John Hopkins UP .
  • Lawrence , Bruce . “ ‘Holy War (Jihad) in Islamic Religion and Nation‐State Ideologies’ ” . Edited by: Kelsay and Johnson . 143 (note 9)
  • Johnson , James Turner . “ ‘Historical roots and Sources of the Just War Tradition in Western Culture’ ” . Edited by: Kelsay and Johnson . 10 (note 9)
  • Wuthnow , Robert and Wuthnow , Robert , eds. Encyclopedia of Politics and Religion <www.cqpress.com/context/ articles/epr‐jihad.html>.
  • Pefers , Rudolph . l979 . Islam and Colonialism , 118 The Hague : Mouton .
  • Sachedina , Abdulaziz . “ ‘The Development of Jihad in Islamic Revelation and History’ ” . Edited by: Kelsay and Johnson . 37 (note 9)
  • Kelsay , John . “ ‘Islam and the Distinction between Combatants and Noncombatants’ ” . Edited by: Johnson and Kelsay . 200 (note 9)
  • Roberts and Guelff , eds. 2000 . Documents on the Laws of War , 243 – 98 . Oxford : OUP .
  • Lewis , Bernard . 1990 . ‘The Roots of Muslim Rage’ . The Atlantic Online , Sept. <www.theatlantic.com/issues/90sep/rage.htm>
  • Zakaria , Faeed . 2001 . ‘The Roots of Rage’ . Newsweek , 15 Oct.

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